Crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis of 3-(hy-droxy-meth-yl)-3-methyl-2,6-di-phenyl-piperidin-4-one.

A new synthesis of the title compound, C19H21NO2, was developed with good yield and purity using the reaction of 4-hy-droxy-3-methyl-2-butanone, benzaldehyde and ammonium acetate in glacial acetic acid as a solvent. The central piperidine ring adopts a chair conformation, and its least-squares basal plane forms dihedral angles of 85.71 (11) and 77.27 (11)° with the terminal aromatic rings. In the crystal, the mol-ecules are linked by O-H⋯O and C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds into double ribbons. The Hirshfeld surface analysis shows that the most important contributions are from H⋯H (68%), C⋯H/H⋯C (19%) and O⋯H/H⋯O (12%) inter-actions.

Crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis of 2-{[(E)-(3-cyclo-butyl-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-yl)imino]-meth-yl}phenol.

The title compound, C13H14N4O, was developed using the reaction of salicyl-aldehyde and 3-amino-5-cyclo-butyl-1,2,4-triazole in ethanol under microwave irradiation. This eco-friendly microwave-promoted method proved to be efficient in the synthesis of 2-{[(E)-(3-cyclo-butyl-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-yl)imino]-meth-yl}phenol in good yields and purity. The title compound is a Schiff base that exists in the phenol-imine tautomeric form and adopts an E configuration. The three independent mol-ecules in the asymmetric unit (A, B and C) are not planar, the cyclo-butyl and the phenol-imine rings are twisted to each other making a dihedral angle of 67.8 (4)° in mol-ecule A, 69.1 (2)° in mol-ecule B and 89.1 (2)° in mol-ecule C. In each mol-ecule an intra-molecular O-H⋯N hydrogen bond is present, forming an S(6) ring motif. A Hirshfeld surface analysis was performed to investigate the contributions of the different inter-molecular contacts within the supra-molecular structure. The major inter-actions are H⋯H (53%), C⋯H (19%) and N⋯H (17%) for mol-ecule A, H⋯H (50%), N⋯H (20%) and C⋯H (20%) for mol-ecule B and H⋯H (57%), C⋯H (14%) and N⋯H (13%) for mol-ecule C.

Crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis of two 5,11-methano-benzo[g][1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c][1,3,5]oxa-diazo-cine derivatives.

In the title compounds, 9-bromo-2,5-dimethyl-11,12-di-hydro-5H-5,11-methano-benzo[g][1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c][1,3,5]oxa-diazo-cine, C13H13BrN4O (I), and 7-meth-oxy-5-methyl-2-(pyridin-4-yl)-11,12-di-hydro-5H-5,11-methano-benzo[g][1,2,4]tri-azolo[1,5-c][1,3,5]oxa-diazo-cine, C18H17N5O2 (II), the triazole ring is inclined to the benzene ring by 85.15 (9) and 76.98 (5)° in compounds I and II, respectively. In II, the pyridine ring is almost coplanar with the triazole ring, having a dihedral angle of 4.19 (8)°. In the crystal of I, pairs of N-H⋯N hydrogen bonds link the mol-ecules to form inversion dimers with an R 2 2(8) ring motif. The dimers are linked by C-H⋯π and C-Br⋯π inter-actions forming layers parallel to the bc plane. In the crystal of II, mol-ecules are linked by N-H⋯N and C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds forming chains propagating along the b-axis direction. The inter-molecular inter-actions were investigated using Hirshfeld surface analysis and two-dimensional fingerprint plots, and the mol-ecular electrostatic potential surface was also analysed. The Hirshfeld surface analysis of I suggests that the most significant contributions to the crystal packing are H⋯H (42.4%) and O⋯H/H⋯O (17.9%) contacts. For compound II, the H⋯H (48.5%), C⋯H/H⋯C (19.6%) and N⋯H/H⋯N (16.9%) inter-actions are the most important contributions.

Green Formation of Novel Pyridinyltriazole-Salicylidene Schiff Bases.

AIM AND OBJECTIVE: In this work, water was used as solvent for the eco-friendly synthesis of imines under microwave irradiation. In the first step of the study, 5-pyridinyl-3-amino-1,2,4-triazole hydrochlorides were synthesized in the reaction of amino guanidine hydrochloride with different pyridine carboxylic acids under acid catalysis. A green method for 5-pyridinyl-3-amino-1,2,4-triazoles was developed with the assistance of microwave synthesis. In the second step, the eco-friendly synthesis of imines was achieved by reacting 5- pyridinyl-2H-1,2,4-triazol-3-amine hydrochlorides with salicylic aldehyde derivatives to produce 2-(5- pyridinyl-2H-1,2,4-triazol-3-ylimino)methyl)phenol imines. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Microwave experiments were done using a monomode Anton Paar Monowave 300 microwave reactor (2.45 GHz). Reaction temperatures were monitored by an IR sensor. Microwave experiments were carried out in sealed microwave process vials G10 with maximum reaction volume of 10 mL. RESULTS: When alternative methods were used, it was impossible to obtain good yields from ethanol. Nevertheless, the use of water was successful for this reaction. After 1-h microwave irritation, a yellow solid was obtained in 82% yield. CONCLUSION: In this work an eco-friendly protocol for the synthesis of Schiff bases from 5-(pyridin-2-, 3- or 4- yl)-3-amino-1,2,4-triazoles and substituted salicylic aldehydes in water under microwave irradiation was developed. Under the found conditions the high yields for the products were achieved at short reaction time and with an easy isolation procedure.

Hirshfeld surface analysis and crystal structure of 7-meth-oxy-5-methyl-2-phenyl-11,12-di-hydro-5,11-methano-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c][1,3,5]benzoxadiazo-cine.

The title compound, C19H18N4O2, crystallizes with two independent mol-ecules in the asymmetric unit. The triazole ring is inclined to the benzene rings by 9.63 (13) and 87.37 (12)° in one mol-ecule, and by 4.46 (13) and 86.15 (11)° in the other. In the crystal, classical N-H⋯N hydrogen bonds, weak C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds and weak C-H⋯π inter-actions link the mol-ecules into a three-dimensional supra-molecular network. Hirshfeld surface analysis and two-dimensional fingerprint plots were used to investigate the inter-molecular inter-actions present in the crystal, indicating that the most important contributions for the crystal packing are from H⋯H (51.4%), H⋯C/C⋯H (26.7%), H⋯O/O⋯H (8.9%) and H⋯N/N⋯H (8%) inter-actions.

Crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis of 7-eth-oxy-5-methyl-2-(pyridin-3-yl)-11,12-di-hydro-5,11-methano-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c][1,3,5]benzoxadiazo-cine.

The title compound, C19H19N5O2, was prepared by the reaction of 3-amino-5-(pyridin-3-yl)-1,2,4-triazole with acetone and 2-hy-droxy-3-eth-oxy-benzaldehyde. It crystallizes from ethanol in a tetra-gonal space group, with one mol-ecule in the asymmetric unit. The 1,2,4-triazole five-membered ring is planar (maximum deviation = 0.0028 Å). The pyridine and phenyl rings are also planar with maximum deviations of 0.0091 and 0.0094 Å, respectively. In the crystal, N-H⋯N hydrogen bonds link the mol-ecules into supra-molecular chains propagating along the c-axis direction. Hirshfeld surface analysis and two-dimensional fingerprint plots have been used to analyse the inter-molecular inter-actions present in the crystal.

Growth and pubertal development in adolescent male wrestlers.

BACKGROUNDː Adolescence is a crucial period for linear growth, and sports training during this time may have positive or negative effects on some physiological processes as growth. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of intense training during somatic growth on the onset of puberty and growth development in adolescent wrestlers. METHODS: Fifty adolescent male wrestlers and twenty-one sedentary healthy male controls aged between 13-15 years were selected. The wrestlers were from five different wrestling schools and were active at competitive level. The maturity status of the subjects and data about the anthropometric characteristics including age, body weight, height, and Body Mass Index (BMI) were evaluated. Serum testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, prolactin, cortisol, insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxin were determined. RESULTS: Anthropometric characteristics and puberty levels according to the Tanner stage were similar in both groups. There were no significant differences between wrestlers and sedentary control groups in sex hormones, cortisol, IGF-1, prolactin levels (P>0.05) but TSH concentrations differed significantly (P=0.015). CONCLUSIONS: The results suggested that training in adolescent male wrestlers did not significantly change resting sex hormones or alter the onset of puberty as determined by assessment of pubertal stages. The wrestlers had lower body fat and greater energy expenditure per week, there were no significant differences in height, weight, or BMI.

2-[(E)-4-Quinolylmethyl-ideneamino]-phenol.

In the title compound, C(16)H(12)N(2)O, the dihedral angle between the two aromatic ring systems is 68.54 (5)°. The mol-ecular packing is stabilized by intra- and inter-molecular O-H⋯N and intra-molecular C-H⋯N hydrogen-bond inter-actions.

Relationships between hand and foot preferences.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the relations between hand and foot preferences in male and female individuals (343 male, 290 female) aged between 18-42 years (22.11 +/- 2.07). Of the right-handed men, 75.5% preferred the right foot, 7.1% the left foot, and 17.4% both feet. Of ambidextrous men, 44.0% preferred the right foot, 28.0% the left foot, and 28.0% both feet. Of left-handed men, 32.3% preferred the right foot, 56.9% the left foot, and 10.8% both feet. The differences between these percentages were found to be statistically significant. Of the right-handed women, 89.9% preferred the right foot, left foot 1.2%, both feet 8.9%, whereas 50.0% preferred the right foot, 12.5% the left foot, and 37.5% both feet in the ambidextrous women. In the left-handed women, 8.8% preferred the right foot, 79.4% the left foot, and 11.8% both feet. The differences between these percentages were found to be statistically significant. The results suggested that the cultural differences among the difference study groups may be the reason for the inconsistencies with regard to hand and foot preferences. Moreover, the results may bring insight into the foot preference in relation to hand preference in the Turkish population.

Assessment of peripheral DNA damage by alkaline comet assay in maintenance hemodialysis subjects with hepatitis C infection.

Despite the high prevalence of hepatitis C infection among hemodialysis subjects, there is no information concerning the DNA damage of hepatitis C (+) hemodialysis subjects. We aimed to find out if there is any additional effect of hepatitis C infection on peripheral DNA damage in maintenance hemodialysis subjects. Fifteen hepatitis C (+) and 22 hepatitis C (-) hemodialysis subjects, 21 hepatitis C subjects without renal disease, and 22 healthy controls were enrolled. Peripheral DNA damage was assayed using alkaline comet assay. Median DNA damage levels of the study groups were as follows: hepatitis C (+) maintenance hemodialysis subjects, 88 (0-232); hepatitis C (-) maintenance hemodialysis subjects, 58 (0-228); hepatitis C (+) subjects without renal disease, 112 (44-252); controls, 26 (0-72). DNA damage level was significantly higher among hepatitis C (+) subjects without renal disease than hepatitis C (-) maintenance hemodialysis subjects and healthy controls (both p<0.05/6). Both maintenance hemodialysis subjects with and without HCV infection had significantly higher DNA damage level than healthy controls (both p<0.05/6). DNA damage level was comparable between hepatitis C (+) subjects without renal disease and HCV (+) hemodialysis subjects, and between hemodialysis subjects with and without hepatitis C infection (all p>0.05/6). Linear regression analysis revealed that hepatitis C infection was the only independent factor in predicting the peripheral DNA damage (p<0.05, beta=0.395). Each one of end-stage renal disease and hepatitis C infection significantly increases DNA damage level. However, in hemodialysis subjects, hepatitis C infection does not cause significant additional increase in DNA damage level, and it may be partly due to protective effect of hemodialysis on hepatitis C infection.