Machine learning based androgen receptor regulatory gene-related random forest survival model for precise treatment decision in prostate cancer.

Background: It has been demonstrated that aberrant androgen receptor (AR) signaling contributes to the pathogenesis of prostate cancer (PCa). To date, the most efficacious strategy for the treatment of PCa remains to target the AR signaling axis. However, numerous PCa patients still face the issue of overtreatment or undertreatment. The establishment of a precise risk prediction model is urgently needed to distinguish patients with high-risk and select appropriate treatment modalities. Methods: In this study, a consensus AR regulatory gene-related signature (ARS) was developed by integrating a total of 101 algorithm combinations of 10 machine learning algorithms. We evaluated the value of ARS in predicting patient prognosis and the therapeutic effects of the various treatments. Additionally, we conducted a screening of therapeutic targets and agents for high-risk patients, followed by the verification in vitro and in vivo. Results: ARS was an independent risk factor for biochemical recurrence and distant metastasis in PCa patients. The enhanced and consistent prognostic predictive capability of ARS across various platforms was confirmed when compared with 44 previously published signatures. More importantly, PCa patients in the ARShigh group benefit more from PARP inhibitors and immunotherapy, while chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and AR-targeted therapy are more effective for ARSlow patients. The results of in silico screening suggest that AURKB could potentially serve as a promising therapeutic target for ARShigh patients. Conclusions: Collectively, this prediction model based on AR regulatory genes holds great clinical translational potential to solve the dilemma of treatment choice and identify potential novel therapeutic targets in PCa.

Fractures in women with type 2 diabetes are associated with marked deficits in cortical parameters and trabecular plates.

The basis for increased fracture risk in type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is not well understood. In this multi-ethnic, population-based study (n = 565), we investigated bone microstructure, trabecular plate/rod morphology, and mineralization in women with T2DM (n = 175) with and without fracture using a second-generation HRpQCT and individual trabecula segmentation and mineralization (ITS; ITM). Covariate-adjusted aBMD was 3.0%-6.5% higher at all sites (all p<.005) in T2DM vs controls. By HRpQCT, T2DM had higher covariate-adjusted trabecular vBMD (5.3%-6.4%) and number (3.8%-5.1%) and greater cortical area at the radius and tibia. Covariate-adjusted cortical porosity was 10.0% higher at the tibia only in T2DM vs controls, but failure load did not differ. Among women with T2DM, those with adult atraumatic fracture (n = 59) had 5.2%-8.5% lower adjusted aBMD at all sites by DXA compared with those without fracture (n = 103). By HRpQCT, those with fracture had lower adjusted total vBMD and smaller cortical area (10.2%-16.1%), lower cortical thickness (10.5-15.8%) and lower cortical vBMD associated with 18.1 and 17.2% lower failure load at the radius and tibia, respectively (all p<.05); plate volume and thickness were 5.7% and 4.7% lower, respectively, (p<.05) while rod volume fraction was 12.8% higher in the fracture group at the tibia only. Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor users (SGLT2i; n = 19), tended to have lower radial rod tissue mineral density by ITS (p=.06). GLP1 agonist users (n = 19) had trabecular deficits at both sites and higher cortical porosity and larger pores at the distal tibia. In summary, T2DM is associated with increased cortical porosity while those with T2DM and fracture have more marked cortical deficits and fewer trabecular plates associated with lower failure load.

Reasons for increased fracture risk in type 2 diabetes (T2DM) are not well-understood. We used a multi-ethnic, population-based cohort (n = 565), to study bone structure in women with T2DM (n = 175) using advanced imaging and analysis techniques. Participants with T2DM tended to have higher bone density and better structure by DXA and HRpQCT, respectively, at the radius and tibia; only cortical porosity was higher (worse) in participants with diabetes compared with those without diabetes but there was no difference in bone strength. Participants with T2DM and fracture had lower cortical parameters and bone strength compared with participants with T2DM without fracture at both sites. In summary, T2DM is associated with increased cortical porosity while those with T2DM and fracture have more marked cortical deficits associated with lower failure load.

SLC7A5 correlated with malignancies and immunotherapy response in bladder cancer.

BACKGROUND: Metabolic reprogramming contributes to bladder cancer development. This study aimed to understand the role of SLC7A5 in bladder cancer. METHODS: We systematically analyzed the correlation between SLC7A5 and bladder cancer through various approaches, including bioinformatics, western blotting, cell cycle analysis, cell proliferation assays, and invasion experiments. We also investigated the immunological features within the tumor microenvironment (TME), encompassing cancer immune cycles, immune modulators, immune checkpoints, tumor-infiltrating immune cells (TIIC), T cell inflammation scores, and treatment responses. Additionally, for a comprehensive assessment of the expression patterns and immunological roles of SLC7A5, pan-cancer analysis was performed using cancer genomics datasets. RESULTS: SLC7A5 was associated with adverse prognosis in bladder cancer patients, activating the Wnt pathway and promoting bladder cancer cell cycle progression, proliferation, migration, and invasion. Based on the evidence that SLC7A5 positively correlated with immunomodulators, TIIC, the cancer immune cycle, immune checkpoint and T cell inflammation scores, we also found that SLC7A5 was associated with the inflammatory tumor immune microenvironment. EGFR-targeted therapy, cancer immunotherapy, and radiation therapy were effective for patients with high SLC7A5 expression in bladder cancer. Low SLC7A5 patients were, however, sensitive to targeted therapies and anti-angiogenic therapy, such as blocking ß-catenin network, PPAR-γ and FGFR3 signaling. Anti-SLC7A5 combined with cancer immunotherapy may have greater effectiveness than either therapy alone. Furthermore, we observed specific overexpression of SLC7A5 in TME of various cancers. CONCLUSION: SLC7A5 can predict therapeutic response to immunotherapy, radiotherapy and chemotherapy in bladder cancer patients. Targeting SLC7A5 in combination with immunotherapy may be a potentially appropriate treatment option.

In-situ observation of silk nanofibril assembly via graphene plasmonic infrared sensor.

Silk nanofibrils (SNFs), the fundamental building blocks of silk fibers, endow them with exceptional properties. However, the intricate mechanism governing SNF assembly, a process involving both protein conformational transitions and protein molecule conjunctions, remains elusive. This lack of understanding has hindered the development of artificial silk spinning techniques. In this study, we address this challenge by employing a graphene plasmonic infrared sensor in conjunction with multi-scale molecular dynamics (MD). This unique approach allows us to probe the secondary structure of nanoscale assembly intermediates (0.8-6.2 nm) and their morphological evolution. It also provides insights into the dynamics of silk fibroin (SF) over extended molecular timeframes. Our novel findings reveal that amorphous SFs undergo a conformational transition towards ß-sheet-rich oligomers on graphene. These oligomers then connect to evolve into SNFs. These insights provide a comprehensive picture of SNF assembly, paving the way for advancements in biomimetic silk spinning.

Individual trabecula segmentation validation in first- and second-generation high-resolution peripheral computed tomography compared to micro-computed tomography in the distal radius and tibia.

High-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT) has been used for in vivo 3D visualization of trabecular microstructure. Second-generation HR-pQCT (HR-pQCT II) has been shown to have good agreement with first generation HR-pQCT (HR-pQCT I). Advanced Individual Trabecula Segmentation (ITS) decomposes the trabecula network into individual plates and rods. ITS based on HR-pQCT I showed a strong correlation to ITS based on micro-computed tomography (µCT) and identified trabecular changes in metabolic bone diseases. ITS based on HR-pQCT II has new potential because of the enhanced resolution but has yet to be validated. The objective of this study was to assess the agreement between ITS based on HR-pQCT I, HR-pQCT II, and µCT to assess the capability of ITS on HR-pQCT images as a tool for studying bone structure. Freshly frozen tibia and radius bones were scanned in the distal region using HR-pQCT I at 82 µm, HR-pQCT II at 60.7 µm, and µCT at 37 µm. Images were registered, binarized, and ITS analysis was performed. Bone volume fraction (pBV/TV, rBV/TV), number density (pTb.N, rTb.N), thickness (pTb.Th, rTb.Th), and plate-to-rod (PR) ratio (pBV/rBV) of trabecular plates and rods were obtained. Paired Student's t-tests with post hoc Bonferroni analysis were used to examine the differences. Linear regression was used to determine the correlation coefficient. The HR-pQCT I parameters were different from the µCT measurements. The HR-pQCT II parameters were different from the µCT measurements except for rTb.N, and the HR-pQCT I parameters were different from the HR-pQCT II measurements except for pTb.Th. The strong correlation between HR-pQCT II and µCT microstructural analysis (R2 = 0.55-0.94) suggests that HR-pQCT II can be used to assess changes in plate and rod microstructure and that values from HR-pQCT I can be corrected.

Effectively coupling of SnSe2nanosheet with N, Se co-doped carbon nanofibers as self-standing anode for lithium-ion batteries.

Tin selenides possess layered structure and high theoretical capacity, which is considered as desirable anode material for lithium-ion batteries. However, its further development is limited by the low intrinsic electrical conductivity and sluggish reaction kinetics. Herein, a well-designed structure of SnSe2nanosheet attached on N, Se co-doped carbon nanofibers (SnSe2@CNFs) is fabricated as self-standing anodes for lithium-ion batteries. The integration of structural engineering and heteroatom doping enables accelerated electrons transfer and rapid ion diffusion for boosting Li+storage performance. Impressively, the flexible SnSe2@CNFs anodes exhibit inspiring capacity of 837.7 mAh g-1after 800 cycles at 1.2 C with coulombic efficiency almost 100% and superior rate performance 419.5 mAh g-1at 2.4 C. The kinetics analysis demonstrates the pseudocapacitive characteristic of SnSe2@CNFs promotes the storage property. This work sheds light on the hierarchical electrode construction towards high-performance energy storage applications.

Electron/infrared-phonon coupling in ABC trilayer graphene.

Stacking order plays a crucial role in determining the crystal symmetry and has significant impacts on electronic, optical, magnetic, and topological properties. Electron-phonon coupling, which is central to a wide range of intriguing quantum phenomena, is expected to be intricately connected with stacking order. Understanding the stacking order-dependent electron-phonon coupling is essential for understanding peculiar physical phenomena associated with electron-phonon coupling, such as superconductivity and charge density waves. In this study, we investigate the effect of stacking order on electron-infrared phonon coupling in graphene trilayers. By using gate-tunable Raman spectroscopy and excitation frequency-dependent near-field infrared nanoscopy, we show that rhombohedral ABC-stacked trilayer graphene has a significant electron-infrared phonon coupling strength. Our findings provide novel insights into the superconductivity and other fundamental physical properties of rhombohedral ABC-stacked trilayer graphene, and can enable nondestructive and high-throughput imaging of trilayer graphene stacking order using Raman scattering.

Compensating losses in polariton propagation with synthesized complex frequency excitation.

Surface plasmon polaritons and phonon polaritons offer a means of surpassing the diffraction limit of conventional optics and facilitate efficient energy storage, local field enhancement and highsensitivity sensing, benefiting from their subwavelength confinement of light. Unfortunately, losses severely limit the propagation decay length, thus restricting the practical use of polaritons. While optimizing the fabrication technique can help circumvent the scattering loss of imperfect structures, the intrinsic absorption channel leading to heat production cannot be eliminated. Here, we utilize synthetic optical excitation of complex frequency with virtual gain, synthesized by combining the measurements made at multiple real frequencies, to compensate losses in the propagations of phonon polaritons with dramatically enhanced propagation distance. The concept of synthetic complex frequency excitation represents a viable solution to the loss problem for various applications including photonic circuits, waveguiding and plasmonic/phononic structured illumination microscopy.

Autophagy is involved in degradation of AQP1 in response to an acute decrement in tonicity.

Renal medullary aquaporin-1 (AQP1) plays an important role in the urinary concentration. This study aimed to investigate the regulation of AQP1 by low osmotic stress and a potential role of autophagy. Low osmotic stress induced a dramatically decreased AQP1 protein expression in murine inner medullary collecting duct 3 (mIMCD3) cells, which was associated with a marked activation of autophagy. Inhibition of autophagy by 3-methyladenine (3-MA), chloroquine, or knockdown of autophagy-related protein 5 (ATG5) prevented the decrease in AQP1 protein abundance. Rapamycin-induced autophagy was associated with a decreased AQP1 protein expression and an enhanced interaction between AQP1 and ATG5 in mIMCD3 cells under low osmotic stress. In kidney inner medulla of mice given a 3% NaCl solution, activation of autophagy was associated with decreased AQP1 protein expression, which was prevented by 3-MA. In conclusion, low osmotic stress induced autophagy which contributed to the decreased AQP1 protein expression in the renal medulla.

Poly (ADP-ribose) Polymerase Inhibitors in Patients with Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

Context: Several recent randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have reported on the survival benefits of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPi) compared to standard-of-care (SOC) treatment (enzalutamide, abiraterone, or docetaxel) in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). However, there is a limited integrated analysis of high-quality evidence comparing the efficacy and safety of PARPi and SOC treatments in this context. Objective: This study aims to comprehensively analyze the survival benefits and adverse events associated with PARPi and SOC treatments through a head-to-head meta-analysis in mCRPC. Evidence acquisition: A systematic review search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, Clinical trials, and the Central Cochrane Registry in July 2023. RCTs were assessed following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The systematic review was prospectively registered on PROSPERO (CRD42023441034). Evidence synthesis: A total of 8 studies, encompassing 2341 cases in the PARPi treatment arm and 1810 cases in the controlled arm, were included in the qualitative synthesis. The hazard ratio (HR) for radiographic progression-free survival (rPFS) and overall survival (OS) were 0.74 (95% CI, 0.61-0.90) and 0.89 (95% CI, 0.80-0.99), respectively, in the intention-to-treatment patients. For subgroup analysis, HRs for rPFS and OS in the BRCA-mutated subgroup were 0.39 (95% CI, 0.28-0.55) and 0.62 (95% CI, 0.38-0.99), while in the HRR-mutated subgroup, HR for rPFS was 0.57 (95% CI, 0.48-0.69) and for OS was 0.77 (95% CI, 0.64-0.93). The odds ratio (OR) for all grades of adverse events (AEs) and AEs with severity of at least grade 3 were 3.86 (95% CI, 2.53-5.90) and 2.30 (95% CI, 1.63-3.26), respectively. Conclusions: PARP inhibitors demonstrate greater effectiveness than SOC treatments in HRR/BRCA-positive patients with mCRPC. Further research is required to explore ways to reduce adverse event rates and investigate the efficacy of HRR/BRCA-negative patients.

Overcoming losses in superlenses with synthetic waves of complex frequency.

Superlenses made of plasmonic materials and metamaterials can image features at the subdiffraction scale. However, intrinsic losses impose a serious restriction on imaging resolution, a problem that has hindered widespread applications of superlenses. Optical waves of complex frequency that exhibit a temporally attenuating behavior have been proposed to offset the intrinsic losses in superlenses through the introduction of virtual gain, but experimental realization has been lacking because of the difficulty of imaging measurements with temporal decay. In this work, we present a multifrequency approach to constructing synthetic excitation waves of complex frequency based on measurements at real frequencies. This approach allows us to implement virtual gain experimentally and observe deep-subwavelength images. Our work offers a practical solution to overcome the intrinsic losses of plasmonic systems for imaging and sensing applications.

Phonon transition across an isotopic interface.

Isotopic mixtures result in distinct properties of materials such as thermal conductivity and nuclear process. However, the knowledge of isotopic interface remains largely unexplored mainly due to the challenges in atomic-scale isotopic identification. Here, using electron energy-loss spectroscopy in a scanning transmission electron microscope, we reveal momentum-transfer-dependent phonon behavior at the h-10BN/h-11BN isotope heterostructure with sub-unit-cell resolution. We find the phonons' energy changes gradually across the interface, featuring a wide transition regime. Phonons near the Brillouin zone center have a transition regime of ~3.34 nm, whereas phonons at the Brillouin zone boundary have a transition regime of ~1.66 nm. We propose that the isotope-induced charge effect at the interface accounts for the distinct delocalization behavior. Moreover, the variation of phonon energy between atom layers near the interface depends on both of momentum transfer and mass change. This study provides new insights into the isotopic effects in natural materials.

Metabolic reprogramming of renal epithelial cells contributes to lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.

Lithium, mainstay treatment for bipolar disorder, frequently causes nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) and renal injury. However, the detailed mechanism remains unclear. Here we used the analysis of metabolomics and transcriptomics and metabolic intervention in a lithium-induced NDI model. Mice were treated with lithium chloride (40 mmol/kg chow) and rotenone (ROT, 100 ppm) in diet for 28 days. Transmission electron microscopy showed extensive mitochondrial structural abnormalities in whole nephron. ROT treatment markedly ameliorated lithium-induced NDI and mitochondrial structural abnormalities. Moreover, ROT attenuated the decrease of mitochondrial membrane potential in line with the upregulation of mitochondrial genes in kidney. Metabolomics and transcriptomics data demonstrated that lithium activated galactose metabolism, glycolysis, and amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism. All these events were indicative of metabolic reprogramming in kidney cells. Importantly, ROT ameliorated metabolic reprogramming in NDI model. Based on transcriptomics analysis, we also found the activation of MAPK, mTOR and PI3K-Akt signaling pathways and impaired focal adhesion, ECM-receptor interaction and actin cytoskeleton in Li-NDI model were inhibited or attenuated by ROT treatment. Meanwhile, ROT administration inhibited the increase of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in NDI kidneys along with enhanced SOD2 expression. Finally, we observed that ROT partially restored the reduced AQP2 and enhanced urinary sodium excretion along with the blockade of increased PGE2 output. Taken together, the current study demonstrates that mitochondrial abnormalities and metabolic reprogramming play a key role in lithium-induced NDI, as well as the dysregulated signaling pathways, thereby serving as a novel therapeutic target.

Mid-infrared analogue polaritonic reversed Cherenkov radiation in natural anisotropic crystals.

Cherenkov radiation (CR) excited by fast charges can serve as on-chip light sources with a nanoscale footprint and broad frequency range. The reversed CR, which usually occurs in media with the negative refractive index or negative group-velocity dispersion, is highly desired because it can effectively separate the radiated light from fast charges thanks to the obtuse radiation angle. However, reversed CR at the mid-infrared remains challenging due to the significant loss of conventional artificial structures. Here we observe mid-infrared analogue polaritonic reversed CR in a natural van der Waals (vdW) material (i.e., α-MoO3), whose hyperbolic phonon polaritons exhibit negative group velocity. Further, the real-space image results of analogue polaritonic reversed CR indicate that the radiation distributions and angles are closely related to the in-plane isofrequency contours of α-MoO3, which can be further tuned in the heterostructures based on α-MoO3. This work demonstrates that natural vdW heterostructures can be used as a promising platform of reversed CR to design on-chip mid-infrared nano-light sources.

Autophagy and regulation of aquaporins in the kidneys.

Aquaporins (AQPs) are water channel proteins that facilitate the transport of water molecules across cell membranes. To date, seven AQPs have been found to be expressed in mammal kidneys. The cellular localization and regulation of the transport properties of AQPs in the kidney have been widely investigated. Autophagy is known as a highly conserved lysosomal pathway, which degrades cytoplasmic components. Through basal autophagy, kidney cells maintain their functions and structure. As a part of the adaptive responses of the kidney, autophagy may be altered in response to stress conditions. Recent studies revealed that autophagic degradation of AQP2 in the kidney collecting ducts leads to impaired urine concentration in animal models with polyuria. Therefore, the modulation of autophagy could be a therapeutic approach to treat water balance disorders. However, as autophagy is either protective or deleterious, it is crucial to establish an optimal condition and therapeutic window where autophagy induction or inhibition could yield beneficial effects. Further studies are needed to understand both the regulation of autophagy and the interaction between AQPs and autophagy in the kidneys in renal diseases, including nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.

Hyperbolic whispering-gallery phonon polaritons in boron nitride nanotubes.

Light confinement in nanostructures produces an enhanced light-matter interaction that enables a vast range of applications including single-photon sources, nanolasers and nanosensors. In particular, nanocavity-confined polaritons display a strongly enhanced light-matter interaction in the infrared regime. This interaction could be further boosted if polaritonic modes were moulded to form whispering-gallery modes; but scattering losses within nanocavities have so far prevented their observation. Here, we show that hexagonal BN nanotubes act as an atomically smooth nanocavity that can sustain phonon-polariton whispering-gallery modes, owing to their intrinsic hyperbolic dispersion and low scattering losses. Hyperbolic whispering-gallery phonon polaritons on BN nanotubes of ～4 nm radius (sidewall of six atomic layers) are characterized by an ultrasmall nanocavity mode volume (Vm ≈ 10-10λ03 at an optical wavelength λ0 ≈ 6.4 µm) and a Purcell factor (Q/Vm) as high as 1012. We posit that BN nanotubes could become an important material platform for the realization of one-dimensional, ultrastrong light-matter interactions, with exciting implications for compact photonic devices.

Classification and Gene Structure of Aquaporins.

Aquaporins (AQPs) are a family of membrane water channels that basically function as regulators of intracellular and intercellular water flow. To date, 13 AQPs, distributed widely in specific cell types in various organs and tissues, have been characterized in humans. A pair of NPA boxes forming a pore is highly conserved among all aquaporins and is also key residues for the classification of AQP superfamily into four groups according to primary sequences. AQPs may also be classified based on their transport properties. So far, chromosome localization and gene structure of 13 human AQPs have been identified, which is definitely helpful for studying phenotypes and potential targets in naturally occurring and synthetic mutations in human or cells.

Polaritons in Van der Waals Heterostructures.

2D monolayers supporting a wide variety of highly confined plasmons, phonon polaritons, and exciton polaritons can be vertically stacked in van der Waals heterostructures (vdWHs) with controlled constituent layers, stacking sequence, and even twist angles. vdWHs combine advantages of 2D material polaritons, rich optical structure design, and atomic scale integration, which have greatly extended the performance and functions of polaritons, such as wide frequency range, long lifetime, ultrafast all-optical modulation, and photonic crystals for nanoscale light. Here, the state of the art of 2D material polaritons in vdWHs from the perspective of design principles and potential applications is reviewed. Some fundamental properties of polaritons in vdWHs are initially discussed, followed by recent discoveries of plasmons, phonon polaritons, exciton polaritons, and their hybrid modes in vdWHs. The review concludes with a perspective discussion on potential applications of these polaritons such as nanophotonic integrated circuits, which will benefit from the intersection between nanophotonics and materials science.

Studying Plasmon Dispersion of MXene for Enhanced Electromagnetic Absorption.

2D metal carbides and nitrides (MXene) are promising candidates for electromagnetic (EM) shielding, saturable absorption, thermal therapy, and photocatalysis owing to their excellent EM absorption. The plasmon resonances in metallic MXene micro/nanostructures may play an important role in enhancing the EM absorption; however, their contribution has not been determined due to the lack of a precise understanding of its plasmon behavior. Here, the use of high-spatial-resolution electron energy-loss spectroscopy to measure the plasmon dispersion of MXene films with different thicknesses is reported, enabling accurate analysis of the EM absorption of complex MXene structures in a wide frequency range via a theoretical model. The EM absorption of MXene can be excited at the desired frequency by controlling the momentum (e.g., the sizes of the nanoflakes for EM excitation) as the strength can be enhanced by increasing the layer number and the interlayer distance in MXene. For example, a 3 nm interlayer distance can nearly double the plasmon-enhanced EM absorption in MXene nanostructures. These findings can guide the design of advanced ultrathin EM absorption materials for a broad range of applications.

Ultrasensitive Mid-Infrared Biosensing in Aqueous Solutions with Graphene Plasmons.

Identifying nanoscale biomolecules in aqueous solutions by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) provides an in situ and noninvasive method for exploring the structure, reactions, and transport of biologically active molecules. However, this remains a challenge due to the strong and broad IR absorption of water which overwhelms the respective vibrational fingerprints of the biomolecules. In this work, a tunable IR transparent microfluidic system with graphene plasmons is exploited to identify ≈2 nm-thick proteins in physiological conditions. The acquired in situ tunability makes it possible to eliminate the IR absorption of water outside the graphene plasmonic hotspots by background subtraction. Most importantly, the ultrahigh confinement of graphene plasmons (confined to ≈15 nm) permits the implementation of nanoscale sensitivity. Then, the deuterium effects on monolayer proteins are characterized within an aqueous solution. The tunable graphene-plasmon-enhanced FTIR technology provides a novel platform for studying biological processes in an aqueous solution at the nanoscale.