Corilagin Interferes With Toll-Like Receptor 3-Mediated Immune Response in Herpes Simplex Encephalitis.

Herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) is the most common infectious disease of the central nervous system worldwide. However, the pathogenesis of HSE is not clear. Research has shown that the immune response mediated by the toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) signaling pathway is essential to protect the central nervous system against herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection. However, an excessive immune response may cause tissue damage accompanied by pathological changes. The aim of this study was to explore the molecular mechanism via which corilagin controls HSE through the TLR3 signaling pathway in vitro and in vivo. Cells and mice were pre-treated with polyriboinosinic polyribocytidylic acid [poly(I:C)] or HSV type 1, and then treated with corilagin. After treatment, the mRNA and protein levels of TLR3, TLR-like receptor-associated interferon factor (TRIF), tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor type 1-associated DEATH domain protein (TRADD), TNF receptor-associated factor (TRAF) 3 and 6, nuclear factor-kappa-B (NF-κB) essential modulator (NEMO), P38, and interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) were decreased. Interleukin-6 (IL-6), TNF-α, and type 1 interferon-ß were also decreased. When TLR3 expression was silenced or increased, corilagin still inhibited the expression of TLR3 and its downstream mediators. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and immunohistochemical examinations of mouse brain tissues revealed that corilagin lessened the degree of brain inflammation. Altogether, these results suggest that corilagin may regulate the immune response in HSE and relieve inflammatory injury by interfering with the TLR3 signaling pathway.

Corilagin ameliorates the extreme inflammatory status in sepsis through TLR4 signaling pathways.

BACKGROUND: Sepsis is one of the serious disorders in clinical practice. Recent studies found toll-like receptors 4 (TLR4) played an important role in sepsis. In this study, we tried to find the influence of Corilagin on TLR4 signal pathways in vitro and in vivo. METHODS: The cellular and animal models of sepsis were established by LPS and then interfered with Corilagin. Real-time PCR and western blot were employed to detect the mRNA and protein expressions of TLR4, MyD88, TRIF and TRAF6. ELISA was used to determine the IL-6 and IL-1ß levels in supernatant and serum. RESULTS: The survival rate was improved in the LPS + Corilagin group, and the mRNA and protein expressions of TLR4, MyD88, TRIF and TRAF6 were significantly decreased than that in the LPS group both in cellular and animal models (P < 0.01). The pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-1ß were greatly decreased in the LPS + Corilagin group both in supernatant and serum (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Corilagin exerts the anti-inflammatory effects by down-regulating the TLR4 signaling molecules to ameliorate the extreme inflammatory status in sepsis.

Corilagin ameliorates schistosomiasis hepatic fibrosis through regulating IL-13 associated signal pathway in vitro and in vivo.

Interleukin (IL)-13-associated signal pathway plays an important role in schistosomiasis hepatic fibrosis. In this study we tried to investigate the effects of corilagin to ameliorate schistosomiasis hepatic fibrosis through regulating IL-13-associated signal pathway in vitro and in vivo. Cellular model was set up with hepatic stellate cells-T6 cells stimulated by rIL-13 and male Balb/c mice were infected with Schistosoma japonicum cercariaeas as animal model. Liver histological changes were observed with haematoxylin and eosin staining. Masson staining was employed to observe the change of egg granulomas. Expression of Col (collagen) and Col III were examined with Immunohistochemistry. Western bolt was employed to detect the JAK-1 and IL13Rα1 proteins. The mRNA expression of Col I, Col III, IL-13, JAK-1 and IL13Rα1 were tested by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. As a result, less inflammatory changes were found in all corilagin groups compared with model group and praziquantel group. The mRNA levels of Col I, Col III, IL-13, JAK-1 and IL13Rα1 were significantly decreased after corilagin intervention (P < 0·01). JAK-1 and IL-13Rα1 protein levels were also greatly decreased in the corilagin groups (P < 0·01). In conclusion, corilagin could ameliorate schistosomiasis hepatic fibrosis by down-regulating the expression of IL-13 and signal molecules in IL-13 pathway.

Involvement of TLR2 and TLR9 in the anti-inflammatory effects of chlorogenic acid in HSV-1-infected microglia.

AIMS: There is no effective medication to date for herpes simplex virus encephalitis (HSE). In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effect of chlorogenic acid (CGA) on herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1-induced responses in BV2 microglia. MAIN METHODS: The cellular model was established with BV2 cells stimulated by HSV-1 and then treated with CGA at different concentrations. Cell viability was assayed by the MTT assay. The mRNA expression of Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2, TLR9 and myeloid differentiation factor88 (Myd88) was assayed by real-time quantitative PCR, and the protein expression was assayed by flow cytometry or Western blotting. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-6 were measured by ELISA as well as real-time quantitative PCR. Nuclear NF-κB p65 protein was assayed by Western blotting. KEY FINDINGS: The cell survival rate was significantly improved after CGA treatment, and CGA prevented increases in TLR2, TLR9 and Myd88 following HSV-1 challenge in BV2 cells both at the mRNA and protein levels. Moreover, CGA could attenuate HSV-induced TNF-α and IL-6 release into the supernatant. The mRNA levels of TNF-α and IL-6 were also significantly inhibited by CGA. The expression of NF-κB p65 increased significantly in the nucleus in HSV-1-stimulated microglia but could be reduced by CGA. SIGNIFICANCE: CGA inhibits the inflammatory reaction in HSE via the suppression of TLR2/TLR9-Myd88 signaling pathways. CGA may serve as an anti-inflammatory agent and provide a new strategy for treating HSE.

Corilagin Protects Against HSV1 Encephalitis Through Inhibiting the TLR2 Signaling Pathways In Vivo and In Vitro.

In this study, we tried to explore the molecular mechanism that Corilagin protected against herpes simplex virus-1 encephalitis through inhibiting the TLR2 signaling pathways in vivo and in vitro. As a result, Corilagin significantly prevented increase in the levels of TLR2 and its downstream mediators following Malp2 or HSV-1 challenge. On the other hand, in spite of TLR2 knockdown, Corilagin could still significantly suppress the expression of P38 and NEMO, phosphor-P38, and nuclear factor kappa B. The mRNA and protein expression of TLR2 and its downstream mediators in the brain tissue were also significantly lowered in mice treated with Corilagin. In addition, Corilagin inhibited expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-6 protein. In conclusion, Corilagin shows the potential to protect against HSV-1-induced encephalitis, and the beneficial effects may be mediated by inhibiting TLR2 signaling pathways.

Anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects of corilagin in a rat model of acute cholestasis.

BACKGROUND: Nowadays, treatments for cholestasis remain largely nonspecific and often ineffective. Recent studies showed that inflammatory injuries and oxidative stress occur in the liver with cholestasis. In this study, we would use corilagin to treat the animal model of acute cholestasis in order to define the activity to interfere with inflammation-related and oxidative stress pathway in cholestatic pathogenesis. METHODS: Rats were administrated with alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate to establish model of cholestasis and divided into corilagin, ursodeoxycholic acid, dexamethasone, model and normal groups with treatment of related agent. At 24h, 48h and 72h time points after administration, living condition, serum markers of liver damage, pathological changes of hepatic tissue, nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB, myeloperoxidase (MPO), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and nitric oxide (NO) were examined and observed. RESULTS: Compared to model group, corilagin had remarkable effect on living condition, pathological manifestation of liver tissue, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, (P<0.01), but no effect on alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). With corilagin intervention, levels of MPO, MDA and translocation of NF-κB were notably decreased, and levels of SOD and NO were markedly increased (P<0.05 or P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: It is shown that corilagin is a potential component to relieve cholestasis through inflammation-related and oxidation-related pathway.

S-methylisothiourea induces apoptosis of herpes simplex virus-1-infected microglial cells.

Our study showed that S-methylisothiourea (SMT) had anti-inflammatory effects in treating herpes simplex encephalitis in mice, and SMT also induced apoptosis of herpes simplex virus (HSV-1)-infected microglial cells. Both animal and cell models were employed in this study. Both models included the following five groups: a normal control group, a virus group (HSV-1 infected), an SMT group (HSV-1-infected + SMT (0.1 mg/10 g)), a dexamethasone group (HSV-1 infected + dexamethasone (2 µg/10 g)), and an APS group (HSV-1-infected + APS (0.8 mg/10 g)). ELISA was used to measure tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1ß, and IL-10, and Greiss method was used for measuring nitric oxide (NO) secretion. HE staining was performed for detecting changes in mice brain. Flow cytometry assay for caspase-3, caspase-8, caspase-9, and caspase-12 expressions was also carried out to assess apoptosis. Expressions of TNF-α, IL-1ß, and NO were significantly elevated after stimulation of microglial cells with HSV-1. Following SMT intervention, TNF-α, IL-1ß, and NO levels were significantly decreased. The inflammatory changes in HSV-1-infected murine brain tissues were also reduced. SMT induction of apoptosis of HSV-stimulated microglia seemed to be through three pathways: the death receptor, mitochondrially gated, and endoplasmic reticulum. SMT can reduce HSV-induced inflammatory insult to the brain. Its mechanism of action is most probably due to the induction of microglial cell apoptosis.

Favorable effects of MMP-9 knockdown in murine herpes simplex encephalitis using small interfering RNA.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The prognosis of herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) remains poor despite available antiviral treatment. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) is currently considered to play a major role in promoting cerebrovascular complications which contribute to the high mortality and morbidity of HSE. We hypothesize that temporally knockdown MMP-9 expression in early phase of HSE might be an effective treatment strategy. METHODS: The animal models of herpes simplex encephalitis were established by intracerebrally inoculated herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) in mice. Mice were inoculated intracerebrally with MMP-9 targeting siRNA (MMP-9 siRNA). MMP-9 expression was assessed by RT-PCR and western blot analysis at 3 and 7 days after HSV-1 infected. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability was quantitated by Evans blue dye extravasations and brain water content. Immunohistochemistry method was adopted to analyse the expression of AQP4 protein. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis was used to detect cytokines expression. Neurological score was quantified using an established neurological scale at 7 days after HSE. RESULTS: Using synthetic small interfering RNA, we found a single intracerebral injection of siRNA targeting murine MMP-9 mRNA (MMP-9 siRNA) silenced MMP-9 expression and reduced it to normal level at day 7 post-infection. The improvement in neurological function and increased cumulative survival reflected the functional consequence of this therapy. MMP-9 knockdown mice also displayed less uptake of Evans blue and reduced brain water content compared with control siRNA-treated group. Also the HSV-1-induced upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines was significantly diminished in MMP-9 siRNA-treated mice. In addition, aquaporin-4 expression in perivascular decreased in MMP-9 siRNA-treated mice and might contribute to the protection of blood-brain barrier. DISCUSSION: This compelling evidence suggests that MMP-9 is a key pathogenic factor within HSE, and local injection of synthetic siRNA in the brain could knock down MMP-9 expression in acute phase of HSE, reduce brain edema and improves mice neurological function and increase cumulative survival.

Influence of Etoposide on anti-apoptotic and multidrug resistance-associated protein genes in CD133 positive U251 glioblastoma stem-like cells.

It has been hypothesized that cancer stem cell is responsible for the refractoriness of glioblastoma therapy. This study is to observe the influence of Etoposide on anti-apoptotic and multidrug resistance-associated protein genes in glioblastoma stem-like cells. U251 glioblastoma cells were cultured and CD133 positive cancer stem-like cells were isolated and identified. Cell counting kit-8 assay, cell morphology and flow cytometry were employed for assaying cell survival condition. Real-time quantitative PCR was chosen for detecting mRNA expression of livin, livinalpha, livinbeta, survivin, MRP1 and MRP3. As results, after Etoposide intervention, the U251 stem-like cells showed more resistant property, more intact morphology and lower apoptotic rate than that in U251 cells (p<0.05). It could be found that the expression of livinbeta in U251 stem-like cells was significantly higher (p<0.05). After Etoposide intervention, only livinalpha was suppressed markedly (p<0.05), while livin expression was not notably decreased with livinbeta increased on the contrary (p<0.05). MRP1 and MRP3 in U251 stem-like cells were significantly higher than that in cancer cells, and after chemotherapy, the expression of MRP1 increased notably (p<0.05). But the expression of survivin and MRP3 did not show these features. In conclusion, after Etoposide intervention glioblastoma stem-like cells showed a stronger resistance to apoptosis and death, and the anti-apoptotic gene livinbeta was more related with the high survival rate and MRP1 appeared to be more related with transporting chemotherapeutics out of glioblastoma stem-like cells.

Effect of Corilagin on anti-inflammation in HSV-1 encephalitis and HSV-1 infected microglias.

The aim of this explore is to study the anti-inflammatory effect of Corilagin in herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1 infected microglial cells and HSV-1 infected mouse brain. The cellular model was set with microglial cells stimulated by HSV-1 and divided respectively, into virus, astragalus polysaccharides (APS), Dexamethasone and Corilagin group. A normal control group consisting of uninfected microglial cells was also included. ELISA for measuring TNF-alpha, IL-1beta and IL-10 and Greiss method for detecting NO secretion in supernatant, flow cytometry assay for examining apoptosis rate, expression of caspase-3, caspase-8, caspase-9 and caspase-12, and western-blot for measuring protein expression of cytochrome c were performed. The animal model was set up using Balb/c male mice that were intracranially inoculated with HSV-1. Animals were then divided in groups as described for the cellular model. Here, too a normal control group was included. HE staining was used to assay pathological changes in brain. As results, after Corilagin intervention, the release of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta and NO from HSV-stimulated migroglia cells was significantly inhibited. Furthermore, Corilagin induced apoptosis of HSV-stimulated microglia through all the 3 known apoptotic pathways. The animal model treated with Corilagin also displayed significant decrease of herpes simplex encephalitis induced brain pathological changes. In conclusion, Corilagin has the potential to reduce HSV-1-induced inflammatory insult to the brain, and its mode of action is through the induction of apoptosis of microglias and reduction of cytokines production.

Cell cycle inhibitor enhances the resolution of HSV-1-induced proinflammatory response in murine microglial cells.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Herpes simplex encephalitis remains one of the most devastating intracranial infections despite available antiviral treatment, with sequelae secondary to a persistent inflammatory response. Recently, cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) have been found to act as cellular targets for antiviral drugs. However, the pharmacological effects of CDK inhibitors on glial cell function in herpes simplex encephalitis have not been elucidated. The aim of this work was to determine the influence of olomoucine on microglial activation during the inflammatory response after herpes simplex virus 1(HSV-1) infection. METHODS: Microglial cells were treated with various concentrations of olomoucine after HSV-1 infection. The expression change of cyclin D1 and myeloid cell leukemia 1 (Mcl-1) in microglia were detected by Western blot analysis. Flow cytometry was used to assess the apoptosis ratio of microglial cells among the groups of control, HSV-1 infected and olomoucine treated with or without zVAD-fmk. ELISA was adopted to analyse cytokines in the supernatant. We used semiquantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction to detect HSV glycoprotein D gene. RESULTS: The following are the results of this work: (1) olomoucine reduced HSV-1-induced proliferation associated cyclin D1 expression; (2) olomoucine also induced microglial cells apoptosis early at 24 hours post-infection and inhibited the release of proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine, including tumor necrosis factor alpha and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1; and (3) olomoucine-induced apoptosis was caspase-dependent, and it also reduced the antiapoptotic protein Mcl-1. DISCUSSION: Our conclusion is that microglial cells are targets for olomoucine and that modulation of glial response and inflammation may be an appendant mechanism of CDK inhibitor-mediated neuroprotection in HSV-1 encephalitis.

[Expression of anti-apoptotic and multi-drug resistance-associated protein genes in cancer stem cell isolated from TJ905 glioblastoma multiforme cell line].

OBJECTIVE: To isolate cancer stem cells glioblastoma cells and detect the expression of anti-apoptotic and multi-drug resistance-associated protein (MRP) genes thereof. METHODS: CD133 positive cells were isolated from human glioblastoma multiforme cells of the line TJ905 by immunomagnetic beads technique and nestin, beta-tubulin and GFAP expression were examined by Immunofluorescence staining. RT-PCR was used to detect the expression of livin, livinalpha, Livinbeta, Survivin, MRP1, and MRP3. RESULTS: Only 0.21% of the TJ905 cells maintained in serum was CD133(+) and showed characteristics of cancer stem cells, positive in nestin. These cells maintained a sphere-like growth status in serum-free medium in vitro, and could self-renew, proliferate, conditionally differentiate into tubulin-beta(+) and GFAP(+) cells, and produce neurons as well as glial cells. The mRNA expression levels of livin, livinalpha, survivin, MRP1, and MRP3 of the TJ905 tumor stem cells were significantly lower than those f the of TJ905 cells. CONCLUSION: Cancer stem cells can be isolated from TJ905 glioblastoma multiforme cells. However, the generating rate of the tumor stem cells is lower than that of the TJ905 cells, and the expression levels of anti-apoptotic and MRP genes are lower than those of the progenitor cells. Showing that cancer stem cells are not the solo factor to maintain tumor growth and resist apoptosis and to pump the anti-tumor drugs out of cells.

Anti-inflammatory mechanism of a folk herbal medicine, Duchesnea indica (Andr) Focke at RAW264.7 cell line.

This study is to explore the anti-inflammatory mechanism of the ethanol extract of Duchesnea indica (Andr) Focke. An inflammatory cellular model was established by addition of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on RAW264.7 cell line. The cellular secretion of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, NO and IL-10 in supernatant, mRNA expression of TNF-alpha, COX-2, iNOS and HO-1, protein expression of COX-2 and HO-1, and activation of NF-kappaB were assayed by ELISA, the Griess method, real-time quantitative PCR, and Western blot and immunocytochemistry method, respectively. The ethanol extract of D. indica not only reduced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and mediators and blocked NF-kappaB activation, but also slightly promoted release of the anti-inflammatory mediator HO-1 and suppressed IL-10 secretion. In conclusion, the anti-inflammatory effects of the extract of D. indica are attributed to the suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and mediators by blocking NF-kappaB activation. The extract of D. indica can also slightly promote HO-1 production to reduce inflammation.

Preliminary exploration on anti-inflammatory mechanism of Corilagin (beta-1-O-galloyl-3,6-(R)-hexahydroxydiphenoyl-D-glucose) in vitro.

Corilagin (beta-1-O-galloyl-3,6-(R)-hexahydroxydiphenoyl-D-glucose) is a novel member of the tannin family which has been discovered from many medicinal plants and has been confirmed in many pharmacological activities. However, the purified Corilagin that was used in experiment is rare, and the anti-inflammatory mechanism of Corilagin has not been investigated clearly. This study is to explore the inner anti-inflammatory mechanism of Corilagin. Inflammatory cellular model was established by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) interfering on RAW264.7 cell line. Levels of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, NO and IL-10 in supernatant, mRNA expression of TNF-alpha, COX-2, iNOS and HO-1, protein expression of COX-2 and HO-1, translocation of NF-kappaB were assayed by ELISA or Griess method, real-time quantitative PCR, western blot and immunocytochemistry method, respectively. As a result, Corilagin could significantly reduce production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and mediators TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, NO (iNOS) and COX-2 on both protein and gene level by blocking NF-kappaB nuclear translocation. Meanwhile Corilagin could notably promote release of anti-inflammatory factor HO-1 on both protein and gene level, but suppress the release of IL-10. In conclusion, the anti-inflammatory effects of Corilagin are attributed to the suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and mediators by blocking NF-kappaB activation. Corilagin also can promote HO-1 production to induce regression of inflammation but can inhibit IL-10 production like Dexamethasone. Corilagin possesses a potential anti-inflammatory effect by not only abating inflammatory impairment but also promoting regression of inflammation and has a good prospect to be used in many inflammation-related diseases.

Anti-inflammatory mechanism of Rungia pectinata (Linn.) Nees.

This study is to explore the inner anti-inflammatory mechanism of the ethanol extract of Rungia pectinata (Linn.) Nees. As a result, the ethanol extract of Rungia pectinata (Linn.) Nees could not only strongly reduce production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and mediators via blocking NF-kappaB activation but slightly promote release of anti-inflammatory mediator HO-1 and suppress IL-10 secretion. In conclusion, compared to Dexamethasone, Rungia pectinata (Linn.) Nees has not only similar effects on antagonizing pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines but also mild effects on promoting production of anti-inflammatory mediators.

Inner anti-inflammatory mechanisms of petroleum ether extract from Melilotus suaveolens Ledeb.

UNLABELLED: Melilotus suaveolens Ledeb is a species of traditional medical plant for treating inflammation-related disease. This study is to explore the inner anti-inflammatory mechanism on petroleum ether extract from Melilotus suaveolens Ledeb. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Inflammatory cellular model was founded by intervention of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on RAW264.7 cell line. Secretion of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, NO and IL-10 in supernatant, mRNA expression of TNF-alpha, COX-2, iNOS and HO-1, protein expression of COX-2 and HO-1, activation of NF-kappaB and ingredients in the extract were assayed. RESULTS: The extract could not only reduce production of pro-inflammatory mediators by blocking NF-kappaB activation but promote release of anti-inflammatory mediator HO-1 significantly. The only active ingredient in the extract was coumarin and the concentration of coumarin in each 1 g extract was 0.27822 mg. CONCLUSION: Compared to Dexamethasone, the extract not only has similar effects on antagonizing pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines but has effects on promoting production of anti-inflammatory mediators.