RESUMO
Excessive consumption of fructose-sweetened foods and beverages is a growing concern worldwide. Studies have demonstrated that fructose consumption before and during pregnancy can result in adverse outcomes such as decreased decidualization, increased fetal losses, and low birth weight. The study investigated the teratogenic effects of fructose on rat embryos during organogenesis using whole embryo culture. Within the scope of the study, 4 groups were formed as control, low, medium, and high-dose fructose (HDF) with 10 embryos in each group. The 9.5-day-old rat embryos were cultured with different concentrations of fructose (1, 5 and 10 mM) for 48 h and the possible effects of fructose were examined using morphological scoring, histochemistry, immunofluorescence, and TUNEL methods. According to the analyses, protein synthesis and proliferation were decreased, vascular formation was suppressed, and apoptosis was increased in embryos exposed to fructose, especially at concentrations of 5 mM and above. According to the morphological scoring results, it was determined that heart, hind limb, and somite development were retarded in all experimental groups compared to the control group, developmental retardation increased in direct proportion to fructose concentration, and also significant malformations were observed in all parameters examined in the HDF group. In addition, analysis of yolk sac diameter, head length, crown rump length and somite numbers showed that these parameters were significantly decreased in all experimental groups. End of the study, it was concluded that fructose at concentrations of 1 mM and above may induce embryonic development retardation and other anomalies by decreasing protein synthesis and cell proliferation, suppressing vascular formation, and increasing apoptosis in embryonic tissues.
RESUMO
The aim of this study was to investigate the protective and therapeutic effects of thymoquinone against the negative effects of varicocele on testicular tissue and sperm morphology. Five groups were formed by random selection from a total of 40 adult male Wistar rats (n = 8). Thymoquinone (5 mg/kg/day) was administered intraperitoneally to the varicocele-dimethyl sulfoxide-olive oil-thymoquinone (VT) group and the sham-thymoquinone group. At the end of the 60th day, all groups were anaesthetised and the left testis was removed from the body quickly. One half of the testis tissue, which was divided into two, was separated for biochemical and Western blot analysis, while the other half were fixed in Bouin's fixative. As a result of biochemical, molecular and histopathological analyses, a statistically significant increase was found in the varicocele group testicular tissues in the malondialdehyde level, apoptotic index, Bax expression, cytochrome c expression and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio compared with the sham group. In addition, histopathological changes characterised by partial or complete degeneration of the germinal epithelium were observed in the seminiferous tubules in the same group. Total oxidant status level and sperm count with abnormal morphology increased in varicocele group, whereas total antioxidant status level decreased. In the VT group, all of the biochemical, molecular and histopathological changes detected in the varicocele group were statistically significantly reduced. When the findings obtained in this study are evaluated, it can be said that thymoquinone has the potential to be used as a preventive and therapeutic pharmacological agent in the medical treatment of varicocele. Although the exact mechanism of action of thymoquinone has not been fully elucidated, the findings obtained in this study support the view that thymoquinone showed a cytoprotective effect by reducing apoptosis, oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation.