[Medical rehabilitation of patients with alcohol dependency at risk of parental rights deprivation]. / Meditsinskaia reabilitatsiia bol'nykh s alkogol'noi zavisimost'iu s riskom lisheniia roditel'skikh prav.

AIM: To study the efficacy of medical rehabilitation outpatient program 'Point of Soberness' with the use of prolonged injectable naltrexone for alcohol dependent parents of minor children. MATERIAL AND METHODS: One hundred and seventeen patients with severe disease form without remissions were enrolled in the study. All patients were parents at risk of deprivation of parental rights. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: A complex approach, used during the rehabilitation, helped 87% of patients to maintain social and professional status and finish treatment program. More than 95% of patients retained their parental rights. The 'Point of Soberness' program allows achievement of remission of alcohol dependence and retaining parental rights.

[Pychotherapy in patients with alcohol dependence and comorbid endogenous pathology]. / Psikhoterapiia bol'nykh s alkogol'noi zavisimost'iu i komorbidnoi éndogennoi patologiei.

AIM: To develop differential psychotherapeutic methods in the combined treatment of patients with alcohol dependence and comorbid paranoid schizophrenia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Authors treated 154 patients using a specially designed psychotherapeutic program. The sample was randomized into the experimental and control groups. The experimental group received the psychotherapeutic program in contrast to the control group. RESULTS: The psychotherapeutic program based on the treatment of alcohol-dependence symptoms and patterns of coping with mental disorder symptoms was effective for the patients. Participation in the program allowed patients with alcohol dependence and comorbid schizophrenia to reduce manifestations of pathological craving for alcohol. CONCLUSION: The appropriate psychopharmacotherapy of endogenous disorder symptoms is an essential condition for successful psychotherapy, especially at the beginning of the treatment.

[Emotional and Cognitive Disturbances in Addictions: interactions and correlations]. / Émotsional'nye i kognitivnye narusheniia v strukture narkologicheskikh zabolevanii: vzaimovliianie i vzaimosviaz'

The literature data on the relationship between cognitive disorders and disorganized behavior influenced by affect in patients with addictions is reviewed. States of discomfort caused by withdrawal or pathological craving are discussed. A trend towards the development of integrative models based on the unity of cognitive and emotional processes is shown.

[Characteristics of the formation, course and treatment of alcohol dependence in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder].

This article presents the results of a study of clinical features of the development and course of alcohol dependence in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in comparison with alcohol-dependent patients without PTSD. The highly progressive course, continuous alcohol consumption, high alcohol tolerance, rapidly emerged altered forms of alcohol intoxication, alcohol amnesias, alcohol withdrawal with the prevalence of psychopathological component, and more pronounced social and somatic consequences of alcohol abuse were characteristic of the PTSD group. At the same time, the alcohol-dependent patients with PTSD had the best outcome to the end of 12-month treatment with intramuscular injections of vivitrol.

[Alcohol dependence and mental adaptation disorders (the use of injectable extended-release naltrexone)].

This review of literature describes a role of chronic stress in the development of substance dependence including alcohol dependence. It is focused on neurochemical mechanisms of this dependence and approaches to its treatment in people with mental adaptation disorders. An example of treatment with injectable extended-release naltrexone is presented.

[Neurocognitive deficit and social cognition in schizophrenia].

To study the association between neurocognitive deficit and impairment of social cognition in schizophrenia, we assessed 30 patients and 30 healthy people (controls) using clinical, psychometric and psychological tests. Based on the results obtained in the study, authors could single out a specific block of impairment which was not associated with perceptive and gnostic deficits. The data confirmed the significant contribution of deficit neurodynamic and regulatory parameters in the impairment of social cognition in schizophrenia.

[Psychotherapy of alcoholics based on personality traits].

The article describes results of the development of the differentiated application of psychotherapeutic methods to the treatment of 120 patients with alcoholism basing on their personality characteristics. Psychotherapeutic programs oriented towards the characterologic features of patients are presented. These programs allowed to single out 4 groups of patients. The differentiated application of psychotherapy in these groups increased the effectiveness of treatment. As a result, the remission was achieved in 94 patients.

[The comparative analysis of patients with co-morbid psychiatric and substance abuse pathologies in follow-up outpatients].

The findings of the comparative analysis of patients with alcohol dependence and psychopathology are presented. The main group (active follow-up) comprised 33 patients who had committed socially dangerous actions and the control follow-up group comprised 75 patients. Between-group differences in personality changes, specifics of the alcohol-use component of the comorbid disorder and responsiveness to psychotherapy are shown.

[Adenosine deaminase in the blood cells and serum of patients with tuberculous pleurisy].

The common complication of pulmonary tuberculosis is pleurisy that requires not only special treatments, but also gives rise to difficulties in the differential diagnosis of tuberculosis. The investigation has studied the possibility of determining the activity of adenosine deaminase (ADA) as a marker of pleural effusion of tuberculous etiology. The patients with tuberculous pleurisy have been found to have higher lymphocytic and red blood ADA, and ADA, activities and a significantly increased serum ADA2 activity. Thus, the changes in the activity of ADA and its isozymes have been shown to be specific to pleurisy of tuberculous etiology and to be of diagnostic value.

[Impact of endogenous porphyrin-photosensitized exposure on peripheral lymphocytes in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis].

Peripheral lymphocytes (PL) were studied in 63 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and 28 donors. The study revealed the elevated levels of lipid peroxidation products, altered membrane potential, and diminished PL viability in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis as compared with healthy donors. Analysis of the time dependences of cell viability and production of active tuberculosis products after endogenous porphyrin-photosensitized exposure suggests that the lymphocytes from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis are more exposed to the damaging effect of free radicals than the cells from healthy individuals. This is more apparent 18 hours of dark incubation after cell illumination in the presence of ALK-induced porphyrins in doses of 47.4 kJ/m2 or more. The findings suggest that the changes occurring in PL from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis may substantially cause immune disorders and contribute to the progression of a tuberculous process.

[Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of patients with drug-resistant tuberculosis]. / Kliniko-épidemiologicheskaia kharakteristika bol'nykh s lekarstvenno-ustoichivym tuberkulezom.

The paper analyzes the drug-resistant causative agent of tuberculosis. The bacterial isolation rates were studied among the cohorts registered at tuberculosis control facilities in the Republic of Byelarus in 1997. The epidemiological significance of patients isolating polyresistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains is shown.

[Tuberculosis and opportunistic infections]. / Tuberkulez i opportunisticheskie infektsii.

A serological study of blood from 44 patients with acutely progressive forms of pulmonary tuberculosis revealed their rather common association with active forms of the following opportunistic infections, such as M. pneumonia, Pn. carinii, and herpes simplex virus.

[Differential diagnosis significance of measuring surfactant phospholipid levels in lung diseases]. / Differentsial'no-diagnosticheskoe znachenie opredeleniia soderzhaniia fosfolipidov surfaktanta pri zabolevaniiakh legkikh.

The levels of surfactant phospholipid from bronchoalveolar lavage were measured in 70 patients with pulmonary diseases and in 10 apparently healthy individuals. The levels of surfactant phospholipid components were lower in patients with peripheral lung cancer, infiltrative tuberculosis, focal pneumonia, most significant in cancer; differential diagnostic criteria for these diseases are defined.

Natural and probe fluorescence of lymphocytes of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis exposed to radiation as a result of the Chernobyl nuclear accident.

Parameters of natural and probe fluorescence of peripheral blood lymphocytes have been studied in 25 normal persons and 72 patients suffering from extensive forms of pulmonary tuberculosis who live in various radioecological conditions. It was found that in cell suspension the intensity of fluorescence of protein and the membrane-bound merocyanine 540 dye was 2.0-3.2 and 3.9-7.1 times higher, respectively, for the lymphocytes of the examined patients. For lymphocytes of the patients who live in radionuclide-contaminated areas fluorescence of reduced pyridine nucleotides and some fluorescent probes (ANS, DPGT, the ratio of eximer to monomer fluorescence of pyrene) and the merocyanine-photosensitized cell death were also found to increase. These can indicate some changes of cell membranes and reduction of the oxidation resistance of lymphocytes. There was not any substantial dependence on the changes in the parameters determined in the patients calculated radiation doses was revealed. It was found that biophysical tests, in particular, photosensitized cell death, are informative for estimation of severity of the tuberculous process and prognosis of its outcome in patients who live in adverse radioecological conditions.

[Characteristics of biological properties of the causative agent in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis exposed to prolonged low-dose radiation]. / Osobennosti biologicheskikh svoistv vozbuditelia u bol'nykh tuberkulezom legkikh, prozhivaiushchikh v usloviiakh dlitel'nogo vozdeistviia malykh doz radiatsii.

Strains of M. tuberculosis isolated from tuberculous patients exposed to low-dose radiation after the Chernobyl accident were compared to those obtained from tuberculous non-irradiated controls for L-forms incidence, L-transformation and virulence. A total of 31 cultures were examined in vivo. In response to L-transforming preparations the frequency and rate of L-forms induction in the test strains were much higher than those in the controls. The same tendency was registered for virulence.

[Characteristics of disorders of lipid peroxidation homeostasis and immunologic indicators in patients with chronic respiratory diseases working in chemical industry]. / Osobenosti narushenii lipoperekisnogo gomeostaza i immunologicheskikh pokazatelei u bol'nykh s khronicheskimi zabolevaniiami organov dykhaniia, rabotaiushchikh na khimicheskom proizvodstve.

A total of 151 individuals was examined, among which 40 were apparently healthy, 28 have had recurrent respiratory diseases and in 83 the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was proven. The results demonstrated the intensified lipids peroxidation, endogenic antioxidants deficiency and the depressed T and B immunity in those exposed to the occupational chemical hazards, especially with concurrent acute and chronic respiratory diseases. The levels of diene conjugates, fat-soluble vitamins, T lymphocytes subunits and serum immune complexes were proved to serve as the criteria of premorbid condition in the humans exposed to occupational hazards. The obtained results necessitate the antioxidant treatment and immune correction as a prophylaxis in chemical industry.

[Characteristics of pharmacokinetics of liposome-incorporated rifampicin in rats after intratracheal administration]. / Osobennosti farmakokinetiki rifampitsina, vkliuchennogo v liposomy, u krys pri vnutritrakheal'nom vvedenii.

Pharmacokinetics of rifampicin after its single intratracheal administration in the form of the liposome-encapsulated drug and its aqueous solution was studied on rats. It was shown that after the exposure to the liposome-incorporated rifampicin (10 mg/kg) the concentration-time curve in the blood and lungs was sigmoid with the retarded decrease in the blood drug concentration within 9 hours. The plateau segment of the curve provided at least a 4-fold longer maintenance of the rifampicin concentration in the blood and lungs at 3 to 4 micrograms/ml. The use of the liposome-incorporated antibiotic induced 2- and 1.5-fold increases in the AUC in regard to the lungs and blood, respectively.

[Complex methods of examination in the diagnosis of disseminated processes in the respiratory organs]. / Kompleksnye metody issledovaniia v diagnostike disseminirovannykh protsessov organov dykhaniia.

The efficiency of complex methods of examination, including that of the new special ones, for the diagnosis of disseminated processes in the lungs has been studied in 300 patients between the ages of 20 and 76 years. The following methods were used: microbiological (including a new nutritive medium for mycobacteria activation), immuno-enzymatic (detection of specific antigens), immuno-morphologic with determination of antigen determinants of tuberculosis mycobacteria and their L-forms with the help of specific antisera, cytologic, biochemical (the content of phospholipids and their fractions in the bronchoalveolar washing and blood plasma cortisol/insulin ratio), ++tracheo-bronchoscopic and surgical methods. A possibility of the verification of the clinical diagnosis of various diseases was established with the help of each method being used. Surgical intervention (thoracoscopy with lung biopsy and open lung biopsy) which confirm the diagnosis in 96.4% of cases proved to be the most informative diagnostic method.