Variations in the Prevalence of Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease in Rio Grande do Sul-Brazil: A Comparative Analysis between 2002 and 2014 / Variações na Prevalência dos Fatores de Risco para Doença Arterial Coronariana no Rio Grande do Sul: Uma Análise Comparativa entre 2002-2014

Abstract Background: Due to the importance of coronary artery disease (CAD), continuous investigation of the risk factors (RFs) is needed. Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of RFs for CAD in cities in Rio Grande do Sul State, and compare it with that reported in a similar study conducted in the same cities in 2002. Methods: Cross-sectional study on 1,056 healthy adults, investigating the prevalence and absolute and relative frequencies of the following RFs for CAD: obesity, systemic arterial hypertension (SAH), dyslipidemias, smoking, sedentary lifestyle, diabetes mellitus, and family history, as well as age and sex. Data was collected in 19 cities, host of the Offices of the Regional Coordinators of Health, as in the 2002 study. Results: Twenty-six percent of the sample consisted of older adults and 57% were women. The prevalence of sedentary lifestyle was 44%, history family 50%, smoking 23%, overweight/obesity 68%, dyslipidemia (high cholesterol levels) 43%, SAH 40%, and diabetes 11%. When compared to the 2002 study, the prevalence of active smoking and sedentary behavior decreased, whereas the prevalence of hypertension, dyslipidemia and obesity increased. Obesity is the most prevalent RF in women, and SAH the most prevalent in men. Conclusions: The prevalence of RFs for CAD in Rio Grande do Sul State remains high. Hypertension, obesity and dyslipidemia are still prevalent and require major prevention programs. Smoking and physical inactivity have decreased in the state, suggesting the efficacy of related campaigns.

Resumo Fundamento: Diante da importância da doença arterial coronariana (DAC), é necessário pesquisar continuamente seus fatores de risco (FR). Objetivo: Conhecer a prevalência dos FR da DAC em cidades do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (RS), e compará-la com a encontrada em pesquisa semelhante realizada nas mesmas cidades em 2002. Métodos: Estudo transversal de uma amostra de 1056 indivíduos adultos, em que se pesquisou a prevalência e frequências absolutas e relativas dos seguintes FR para a DAC: obesidade, hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS), dislipidemias, tabagismo, sedentarismo, diabetes mellitus, e antecedentes familiares de cardiopatia isquêmica, além de idade e gênero. A coleta de dados foi realizada em 19 cidades sede das Coordenadorias Regionais de Saúde do RS, como feito em 2002. Resultados: A amostra foi constituída de 26% de idosos e 57% de mulheres. As prevalências dos FR foram de 44% de sedentarismo, 50% de antecedentes familiares, 23% de tabagismo, 68% de sobrepeso/obesidade, 43% de dislipidemia (colesterol elevado), 40% de HAS, e 11% de diabetes. Quando comparado ao estudo de 2002, verificou-se que a população de fumantes ativos e sedentários diminuiu, e a de hipertensos, dislipidêmicos e obesos aumentou. A obesidade é o FR mais prevalente em mulheres, e a HAS o mais prevalente em homens. Conclusão: A prevalência dos FR da DAC no RS continua alta. Fatores como hipertensão, obesidade, dislipidemia continuam elevados e demandam maiores programas de prevenção. O hábito de fumar e a inatividade física têm diminuído no estado, sugerindo a eficácia das campanhas relacionadas.

Variations in the Prevalence of Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease in Rio Grande do Sul-Brazil: A Comparative Analysis between 2002 and 2014.

BACKGROUND: Due to the importance of coronary artery disease (CAD), continuous investigation of the risk factors (RFs) is needed. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence of RFs for CAD in cities in Rio Grande do Sul State, and compare it with that reported in a similar study conducted in the same cities in 2002. METHODS: Cross-sectional study on 1,056 healthy adults, investigating the prevalence and absolute and relative frequencies of the following RFs for CAD: obesity, systemic arterial hypertension (SAH), dyslipidemias, smoking, sedentary lifestyle, diabetes mellitus, and family history, as well as age and sex. Data was collected in 19 cities, host of the Offices of the Regional Coordinators of Health, as in the 2002 study. RESULTS: Twenty-six percent of the sample consisted of older adults and 57% were women. The prevalence of sedentary lifestyle was 44%, history family 50%, smoking 23%, overweight/obesity 68%, dyslipidemia (high cholesterol levels) 43%, SAH 40%, and diabetes 11%. When compared to the 2002 study, the prevalence of active smoking and sedentary behavior decreased, whereas the prevalence of hypertension, dyslipidemia and obesity increased. Obesity is the most prevalent RF in women, and SAH the most prevalent in men. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of RFs for CAD in Rio Grande do Sul State remains high. Hypertension, obesity and dyslipidemia are still prevalent and require major prevention programs. Smoking and physical inactivity have decreased in the state, suggesting the efficacy of related campaigns.

Association between endothelial function and autonomic modulation in patients with Chagas disease.

BACKGROUND: Under homeostatic condition, the autonomic nervous system (ANS), through the release of vasoconstrictor neurotransmitters, and the endothelium, through the release of vasodilating substances, interact to maintain blood vessel tone. However, the association between those two systems in patients with Chagas disease in its indeterminate phase (IChD) has not been studied. OBJECTIVE: To assess the association between autonomic modulation parameters and endothelial function in patients with IChD. METHODS: Thirteen patients with IChD (59.2 ± 11.23 years) and no risk factors for cardiovascular disease were assessed for autonomic modulation by using the blood pressure oscillometric method (Finapress) and the heart rate variability technique (HRV) in the frequency domain. Endothelial function was assessed by use of the brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) method with high-resolution ultrasound images. RESULTS: In the dorsal decubitus position, correlation of FMD was observed with normalized high-frequency (r = 0.78; p = 0.007) and low-frequency spectral components (r = 0.68; p = 0.01), as well as with sympathovagal balance (r = -0.78; p = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS: Our study indicates the existence of a relationship between the changes in autonomic modulation and endothelial function in patients with IChD.

Associação entre função endotelial e a modulação autonômica em pacientes com doença de chagas / Association between endothelial function and autonomic modulation in patients with chagas disease

FUNDAMENTO: Em condição homeostática, o Sistema Nervoso Autônomo (SNA), pela liberação de neurotransmissores vasoconstritores, e o endotélio, pela liberação de substâncias vasodilatadoras, atuam em sintonia para manter o tônus vascular. Todavia, a associação entre esses dois sistemas em portadores da doença de Chagas na forma indeterminada (DChI) ainda não foi estudada. OBJETIVO: Verificar a associação entre parâmetros referentes à modulação autonômica e à função endotelial em portadores da DChI. MÉTODOS: Treze pacientes com DChI (59,2 ± 11,23 anos) sem fatores de risco para doença cardiovascular foram avaliados para modulação autonômica pelo método oscilométrico da pressão arterial (Finapress) e a análise dos registros mediante a técnica da Variabilidade da Frequência Cardíaca (VFC) no domínio da frequência. A função endotelial foi avaliada pelo método de dilatação mediada pelo fluxo da artéria braquial (DMF), usando imagens de ultrassom de alta resolução. RESULTADOS: Na posição em decúbito dorsal foi observada correlação entre os componentes espectrais de alta (HF) (r = 0,78 p = 0,007) e baixa (LF) frequências normalizadas (r = 0,68 p = 0,01), bem como com o balanço simpatovagal (LF/HF) (r= -0,78 p = 0,004) com a DMF. CONCLUSÃO: Nosso estudo aponta a existência de uma relação entre as alterações na modulação autonômica e na função endotelial em pacientes com Doença de Chagas na forma indeterminada.

BACKGROUND: Under homeostatic condition, the autonomic nervous system (ANS), through the release of vasoconstrictor neurotransmitters, and the endothelium, through the release of vasodilating substances, interact to maintain blood vessel tone. However, the association between those two systems in patients with Chagas disease in its indeterminate phase (IChD) has not been studied. OBJECTIVE: To assess the association between autonomic modulation parameters and endothelial function in patients with IChD. METHODS: Thirteen patients with IChD (59.2 ± 11.23 years) and no risk factors for cardiovascular disease were assessed for autonomic modulation by using the blood pressure oscillometric method (Finapress) and the heart rate variability technique (HRV) in the frequency domain. Endothelial function was assessed by use of the brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) method with high-resolution ultrasound images. RESULTS: In the dorsal decubitus position, correlation of FMD was observed with normalized high-frequency (r = 0.78; p = 0.007) and low-frequency spectral components (r = 0.68; p = 0.01), as well as with sympathovagal balance (r = -0.78; p = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS: Our study indicates the existence of a relationship between the changes in autonomic modulation and endothelial function in patients with IChD.

[Impact of a minimum program of supervised exercises in the cardiometabolic risk in patients with morbid obesity]. / Impacto de um programa mínimo de exercícios físicos supervisionados no risco cardiometabólico de pacientes com obesidade mórbida.

OBJECTIVE: The objective aims at evaluating the impact of a minimum program of supervised physical exercise on functional capacity and cardiometabolic risk (CMR) in patients with morbid obesity. MATERIAL AND METHODS: By studying cases with pre and post analyses, we have assessed the variations in weight, functional capacity and in CMR, due to the program of supervised aerobic exercise on a weekly intensity of 30 minutes during a period of 6 months. RESULTS: We have studied 61 subjects, where 34 have only adhered to the intervention. There were significant changes in weight (-5.3 ± 5.3 kg, p < 0.0001), distance in the 6-minute walking test (69.8 ± 48.6 m, p < 0.0001), systolic pressure (-23.8 ± 27.7 mmHg, p < 0.0001), diastolic pressure (-14.4 ± 8.9 mmHg, p < 0.0001) and Framingham Score Risk (-4.4 ± 5.1, p < 0.0001) in the adherent patients. CONCLUSION: The results show that a supervised exercise program of low intensity and frequency might interfere positively on CMR in individuals with morbid obesity.

Impacto de um programa mínimo de exercícios físicos supervisionados no risco cardiometabólico de pacientes com obesidade mórbida / Impact of a minimum program of supervised exercises in the cardiometabolic risk in patients with morbid obesity

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o impacto de um programa mínimo de exercícios físicos supervisionados na capacidade funcional e fatores de risco cardiometabólicos (FRCM) em obesos mórbidos. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Estudando uma série de casos com análise tipo pré e pós e amostragem por conveniência, avaliou-se o efeito de um programa semanal de 30 minutos de exercícios aeróbicos supervisionados, durante seis meses, no peso, na capacidade funcional e nos FRCM. RESULTADOS: Estudaram-se 61 indivíduos, dos quais 34 aderiram à intervenção. Nos aderentes, houve modificações em peso (-5,3 ± 5,3 kg, p < 0,0001), teste de caminhada de 6 minutos (69,8 ± 48,6 mts, p < 0,0001), pressão sistólica (-23,8 ± 27,7 mmHg, p < 0,0001), pressão diastólica (-14,4 ± 8,9 mmHg, p < 0 0001), escore de Framingham (-4,4 ± 5,1, p < 0,0001). CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados sugerem que exercícios físicos supervisionados em baixa intensidade e frequência podem interferir positivamente nos FRCM de indivíduos obesos mórbidos.

OBJECTIVE: The objective aims at evaluating the impact of a minimum program of supervised physical exercise on functional capacity and cardiometabolic risk (CMR) in patients with morbid obesity. MATERIAL AND METHODS: By studying cases with pre and post analyses, we have assessed the variations in weight, functional capacity and in CMR, due to the program of supervised aerobic exercise on a weekly intensity of 30 minutes during a period of 6 months. RESULTS: We have studied 61 subjects, where 34 have only adhered to the intervention. There were significant changes in weight (-5.3 ± 5.3 kg, p < 0.0001), distance in the 6-minute walking test (69.8 ± 48.6 m, p < 0.0001), systolic pressure (-23.8 ± 27.7 mmHg, p < 0.0001), diastolic pressure (-14.4 ± 8.9 mmHg, p < 0.0001) and Framingham Score Risk (-4.4 ± 5.1, p < 0.0001) in the adherent patients. CONCLUSION: The results show that a supervised exercise program of low intensity and frequency might interfere positively on CMR in individuals with morbid obesity.

Inflammatory markers of cardiovascular disease in the elderly.

UNLABELLED: Most information on the role of inflammatory markers as cardiovascular disease predictors concerns only middle-aged individuals. This review aims at evaluating the role of inflammatory markers as cardiovascular disease predictors in the elderly. The Medline (Pubmed) and Cochrane databases were used in the search, using the key words. After adding the following filters: LIMITS: Aged 65+ years, Humans, Randomized Controlled Trial, Meta-Analysis, Review, Clinical Trials, 554 studies were identified. Of these, 120 were selected and evaluated regarding their power of evidence (classification of the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine). In studies with patients older than 65 years, interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) showed to be good predictors of cardiovascular events. Regarding C-reactive protein (CRP), the data are inconsistent, as it appears to have lower power of prediction in the elderly when compared to middle-aged individuals. Fibrinogen levels seem to be predictors of mortality, although they are non-specific predictors, i.e., not solely of cardiovascular mortality. Additionally, the inflammatory markers are also indicative of functional decline and mortality, regardless of the presence of cardiovascular disease. The current evidence is not sufficient to allow the routine use of inflammatory markers in the elderly, as there are few studies in this age range and most of them are short-term ones with a small number of inflammatory markers. The routine request for these markers must be decided on an individual basis.

Marcadores inflamatórios da doença cardiovascular em idosos: [revisão] / Inflammatory markers of cardiovascular disease in the elderly: [revision] / Marcadores inflamatorios de la enfermedad cardiovascular en adultos ancianos: revisión]

A maior parte das informações sobre o papel dos marcadores inflamatórios como preditores de doença cardiovascular envolve apenas indivíduos de meia-idade. Nesta revisão foi avaliado o papel dos marcadores inflamatórios como preditores de doença cardiovascular em idosos. Foram consultadas as bases de dados do Medline (Pubmed) e a base de dados da Cochrane, utilizando as palavras-chave. Após o acréscimo dos seguintes filtros: Limits: Aged 65+ years, Humans, Randomized Controlled Trial, Meta-Analysis, Review, Clinical Trials, foram encontrados 554 artigos. Desses, foram selecionados 120 artigos e avaliados quanto à sua força de evidência (classificação de Oxford Centre for Evidence Based Medicine). Nos pacientes com >65 anos, a interleucina 6 (IL-6), fator de necrose tumoral alfa (TNF α) e interleucina-10 (IL-10) têm se mostrado bons preditores de desfechos cardiovasculares. Em relação à proteína C-reativa (PCR), os dados são inconsistentes e ela parece ter menor poder como preditor em idosos, quando comparada aos indivíduos de meia-idade. Níveis de fibrinogênio parecem ser preditores de mortalidade, porém de uma forma não específica, ou seja, não apenas para mortalidade cardiovascular. Além disso, os marcadores inflamatórios também são indicadores de declínio funcional e mortalidade, independentemente da presença de doença cardiovascular. As evidências atuais são insuficientes para uso rotineiro dos marcadores inflamatórios, em idosos, já que existem poucos estudos nessa faixa etária, sendo a maioria deles de curta duração e com número reduzido de marcadores inflamatórios. A solicitação desses marcadores, de rotina, deve ser considerada individualmente.

Most information on the role of inflammatory markers as cardiovascular disease predictors concerns only middle-aged individuals. This review aims at evaluating the role of inflammatory markers as cardiovascular disease predictors in the elderly. The Medline (Pubmed) and Cochrane databases were used in the search, using the key words. After adding the following filters: Limits: Aged 65+ years, Humans, Randomized Controlled Trial, Meta-Analysis, Review, Clinical Trials, 554 studies were identified. Of these, 120 were selected and evaluated regarding their power of evidence (classification of the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine). In studies with patients older than 65 years, interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) showed to be good predictors of cardiovascular events. Regarding C-reactive protein (CRP), the data are inconsistent, as it appears to have lower power of prediction in the elderly when compared to middle-aged individuals. Fibrinogen levels seem to be predictors of mortality, although they are non-specific predictors, i.e., not solely of cardiovascular mortality. Additionally, the inflammatory markers are also indicative of functional decline and mortality, regardless of the presence of cardiovascular disease. The current evidence is not sufficient to allow the routine use of inflammatory markers in the elderly, as there are few studies in this age range and most of them are short-term ones with a small number of inflammatory markers. The routine request for these markers must be decided on an individual basis.

La mayor parte de las informaciones sobre el rol de los marcadores inflamatorios como predictores de enfermedad cardiovascular implica solamente individuos de mediana edad.En esta revisión se evaluó el rol de los marcadores inflamatorios como predictores de enfermedad cardiovascular en adultos ancianos. Se consultaron las bases de datos de Medline (Pubmed) y la base de datos de Cochrane, utilizando las palabras clave. Tras la utilización de los siguientes filtros: Limits: Aged 65+ years, Humans, Randomized Controlled Trial, Meta-Analysis, Review, Clinical Trials -se encontraron 554 artículos. De esos, se seleccionaron 120 artículos y se los evaluaron en cuanto a su fuerza de evidencia (clasificación de Oxford Centre for Evidence Based Medicine). En los pacientes con edad >65 años, la interleuquina 6 (IL-6), el factor de necrosis tumoral alfa (TNF α) y la interleuquina-10 (IL-10) se han mostrado buenos predictores de desenlaces cardiovasculares. En relación a la proteína C-reactiva (PCR), los datos son inconsistentes; ella parece tener menor poder como predictor en adultos acianos, cuando comparados sus efectos en los individuos de mediana edad. Niveles de fibrinógeno parecen ser predictores de mortalidad, pero de forma no específica, o sea, no sólo para mortalidad cardiovascular. Además de ello, los marcadores inflamatorios son también indicadores de baja funcional y mortalidad, independientemente de la presencia de enfermedad cardiovascular. Las evidencias actuales son insuficientes para uso rutinario de los marcadores inflamatorios en adultos ancianos, ya que existen pocos estudios en esta franja etaria, y la mayor parte de ellos es de corta duración y con número reducido de marcadores inflamatorios. La exigencia por esos marcadores, de manera rutinaria, se debe considerarla individualmente.

Aprimoramento da valorização das alterações do ECG na hipertensão arterial / The perfect value of the ECG in hypertension

A hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS) tem como conseqüências lesões em órgãos chamados órgãos-alvo, tais como cérebro, coração e rins. O diagnóstico desses comprometimentos deve ser realizado o mais precocemente possível. No comprometimento do coração, o teste de preferência na rotina de um hipertenso é o ECG. Mas o aproveitamento desse teste não está sendo adequadamente utilizado, ou seja, não está sendo usado todo o potencial deste exame, principalmente no diagnóstico de hipertrofia do ventrículo esquerdo (HVE). Com essa finalidade são revisados alguns detalhes do traçado eletrocardiográfico que poderão levara o diagnóstico de HVE em maior percentagem e com mais precocidade, uma vez que é a alteração mais significativa para futuros eventos cardiovasculares desfavoráveis. São enumeradas outras alterações do ECG dos hipertensos, além da HVE, que possam predizer aparecimento de eventos cardiovasculares a médio e longo prazos. De modo geral, o artigo pretende resgatar o verdadeiro valor do ECG nos hipertensos assintomáticos numa época em que os exames mais elaborados tomam conta das solicitações dos médicos.

Prevalence, awareness, and control of systemic arterial hypertension in the state of Rio Grande do Sul.

OBJECTIVE: To report the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors, particularly of systemic arterial hypertension, in the adult population of the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul, in addition to the public's level of awareness, hypertensive control, and associated factors. METHODS: A cross-sectional, population-based study with random sampling from a population pool was carried out with 918 patients older than 20 years from 1999 to 2000. Systemic arterial hypertension was defined as blood pressure > or = 140/90 or current use of antihypertensive drugs. RESULTS: The prevalence of systemic arterial hypertension was 33.7% (n = 309), and 49.2% of the individuals were unaware of their hypertensive condition; 10.4% knew they were hypertensive, but did not undergo treatment; 30.1% underwent antihypertensive treatment, but did not have adequate control; and 10.4% underwent antihypertensive treatment with adequate control. Based on multivariate analysis, the following variables were found to be significantly associated with the presence of systemic arterial hypertension: age (OR = 1.06), obesity (OR = 3.03), and low educational level (OR = 1.82). These same variables were associated with unawareness of the hypertensive condition: age (OR = 1.05), obesity (OR = 2.46), and low educational level (OR = 2.17). CONCLUSION: Prevalence of systemic arterial hypertension in the state of Rio Grande do Sul has been remained at constant levels for the past decades, and the population's level of awareness of it has improved slightly. However, the control level of systemic arterial hypertension has not increased. This study allowed the definition of a target group -- elderly, obese individuals with low educational level -- for both diagnostic campaigns and better control of blood pressure levels.

Prevalence, awareness, and control of systemic arterial hypertension in the state of Rio Grande do Sul / Prevalência, reconhecimento e controle da hipertensão arterial sistêmica no estado do Rio Grande do Sul

OBJETIVO: Descrever a prevalência dos fatores de risco das doenças cardiovasculares, em particular, a hipertensão arterial sistêmica na população adulta do RS, seu nível de reconhecimento e controle, além dos fatores associados. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal, de base populacional, com amostragem aleatória por conglomerado, em 918 adultos >20 anos, realizada de 1999-2000, tendo hipertensão arterial sistêmica definida como pressão arterial >140/90 ou uso atual de anti-hipertensivos. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de hipertensão arterial sistêmica foi de 33,7 por cento (n=309), sendo que 49,2 por cento desconheciam ser hipertensos; 10,4 por cento tinham conhecimento de ser hipertensos, mas não seguiam o tratamento; 30,1 por cento seguiam o tratamento, mas não apresentavam controle adequado e 10,4 por cento seguiam tratamento anti-hipertensivo com bom controle. Após análise multivariada, as características associadas significativamente com a presença de hipertensão arterial sistêmica foram: idade (OR=1,06), obesidade (OR=3,03) e baixa escolaridade (OR=1,82); as mesmas características foram associadas à falta de reconhecimento da hipertensão: idade (OR=1,05), obesidade (OR=2,46) e baixa escolaridade (OR=2,17). CONCLUSAO: A prevalência de hipertensão arterial sistêmica no RS manteve-se em níveis constantes nas últimas décadas, e seu grau de reconhecimento apresentou discreta melhora. Entretanto, o nível de controle da hipertensão arterial sistêmica não apresentou crescimento. Este estudo permitiu definir um grupo-alvo - pessoas de maior idade, obesas e de baixa escolaridade - tanto para campanhas diagnósticas, como para a obtenção de maior controle de níveis pressóricos.

[Cardiac risk profile in diabetes mellitus and impaired fasting glucose]. / Perfil de risco cardíaco no diabetes mellitus e na glicemia de jejum alterada.

OBJECTIVE: Mortality of diabetic patients is higher than that of the population at large, and mainly results from cardiovascular diseases. The purpose of the present study was to identify the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in subjects with diabetes mellitus (DM) or abnormal fasting glucose (FG) in order to guide health actions. METHODS: A population-based cross-sectional study was carried out in a representative random cluster sampling of 1,066 adult urban population (> or =20 years) in the state of Rio Grande do Sul between 1999 and 2000. A structured questionnaire on coronary risk factors was applied and sociodemographic characteristics of all adults older than 20 years living in the same dwelling were collected. Subjects were clinically evaluated and blood samples were obtained for measuring total cholesterol and fasting glycemia. Statistical analysis was performed using Stata 7 and a 5% significance level was set. Categorical variables were compared by Pearson's chi-square and continuous variables were compared using Student's t-test or Anova and multivariate analysis, all controlled for the cluster effect. RESULTS: Of 992 subjects, 12.4% were diabetic and 7.4% had impaired fasting glucose. Among the risk factors evaluated, subjects who presented any kind of glucose homeostasis abnormality were at a higher prevalence of obesity (17.8, 29.2 and 35.3% in healthy subjects, impaired fasting glucose and DM respectively, p<0.001), hypertension (30.1, 56.3 and 50.5% in healthy subjects, impaired fasting glucose and DM, respectively, p<0.001), and hypercholesterolemia (23.2, 35.1 and 39.5 in healthy subjects, impaired fasting glucose and DM respectively, p=0.01). CONCLUSION: Subjects with any kind of glucose homeostasis abnormality represent a group, which preventive individual and population health policies should target since they have higher prevalence of coronary artery disease risk factors.

Perfil de risco cardíaco no diabetes mellitus e na glicemia de jejum alterada / Cardiac risk profile in diabetes mellitus and impaired fasting glucose

OBJETIVO: A mortalidade dos pacientes diabéticos é maior do que a da população em geral e decorre especialmente das doenças cardiovasculares. O objetivo do estudo foi identificar a prevalência dos fatores de risco cardiovasculares em indivíduos com diabetes mellitus (DM) ou glicemia de jejum alterada, a fim de direcionar as ações em saúde. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal de base populacional, com amostragem aleatória por conglomerado, constituída de 1.066 individuos, representativa da população urbana adulta (>20 anos) do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, realizado entre 1999 e 2000. Foi aplicado um questionário estruturado sobre os fatores de risco coronariano e as características sociodemográficas a todos os adultos maiores de 20 anos residentes no domicílio selecionado. Após.os pacientes foram submetidos à avaliação clínica e coleta de sangue para determinação de colesterol total e glicemia de jejum. Para a análise dos dados foi utilizado o pacote estatístico Stata 7. Foi estabelecido nível prévio de significância de 5 por cento. As variáveis categóricas foram comparadas utilizando-se qui-quadrado de Pearson, enquanto que as contínuas mediante teste t de Student ou Anova, além de análise multivariável, todas controladas para efeito de conglomerado. RESULTADOS: De 992 indivíduos, 12,4 por cento eram diabéticos e 7,4 por cento apresentavam glicemia de jejum alterada. Dos fatores de risco estudados, os indivíduos com algum grau de alteração da homeostase glicêmica apresentaram maior prevalência de obesidade (17,8, 29,2 e 35,3 por cento em normais, glicemia de jejum alterada e DM, respectivamente, p<0,001), hipertensão (30,1, 56,3 e 50,5 por cento em normais, glicemia de jejum alterada e DM, respectivamente, p<0,001) e hipercolesterolemia (23,2, 35,1 e 39,5 por cento em normais, glicemia de jejum alterada e DM, respectivamente, p=0,01). CONCLUSÕES: Indivíduos com alteração da homeostase glicêmica representam um grupo-alvo para a definição de ações preventivas em nível individual e populacional devido à maior prevalência de fatores de risco para doença arterial coronariana.

Prevalence of risk factors for coronary artery disease in the Brazilian State of Rio Grande do Sul.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the risk factors prevalence for coronary artery disease in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil and to identify their relation with the age bracket. METHODS: We carried out an observational, cross-sectional study of 1,066 adults older than 20 years in the Brazilian State of Rio Grande do Sul. We investigated the risk factors: familial antecedents, systemic arterial hypertension, high levels of cholesterol and glycemia, overweight/obesity, smoking and sedentary lifestyle. A standardized questionnaire completed at the patients' dwellings by health agents were used; the data were stored in an EPI-INFO software database. The results were expressed with a 95% confidence interval. RESULTS: The sample composition was of 51.8% females. The risk factors prevalences were: 1) sedentary lifestyle 71.3%; 2) familial antecedents: 57.3%; 3) overweight/obesity (body mass index >25): 54.7%; 4) smokers: 33.9%; 5) hypertension: 31.6% (considering >140/90 mm Hg) and 14.4% (considering >160/95 mm Hg); 6) high glycemia (>126 mg/dL): 7%; 7) high cholesterol >240 mg/dL): 5.6%. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of the major risk factors for coronary artery disease in the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul could be determined in a study that integrated public and private institutions.