RESUMO
A cDNA clone encoding a psychrophilic cod chymotrypsinogen has been isolated and characterized. The predicted amino acid sequence reveals a preproenzyme of 263 amino acids containing a unique 18 residue signal sequence. Amino acid sequence identity between the cod and mammalian chymotrypsinogens is 64-68%. Two highly conserved proline residues are substituted in cod chymotrypsin.
Assuntos
Quimotripsinogênio/genética , Precursores Enzimáticos/genética , Peixes/genética , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Oceano Atlântico , Sequência de Bases , Quimotripsinogênio/classificação , Clonagem Molecular , Temperatura Baixa , DNA Complementar/genética , Biologia Marinha , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Homologia de Sequência de AminoácidosRESUMO
Carnocin UI49, a lantibiotic produced by Carnobacterium piscicola shows bactericidal activity against many lactic acid bacteria. This paper describes the results of a study on the mode of action of carnocin UI49. It has previously been observed that nisin-producing Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis strains are at least 10-fold more sensitive to carnocin UI49 relative to other lactic acid bacteria. Addition of carnocin UI49 to cells of L. lactis subsp. lactis NZ9700 resulted in a dissipation of the membrane potential and a rapid hydrolysis of internal ATP. These results suggest that carnocin UI49 may act at the cytoplasmic membrane. The correlation between production of and/or immunity to nisin and sensitivity to carnocin of L. lactis subsp. lactis strains was further investigated. Several transformed L. lactis subsp. lactis strains carrying a fragment of the nisin gene cluster were tested for their sensitivity to carnocin UI49 and their immunity to nisin. The results suggest that NisP, which is one of the membrane-associated proteins involved in the production of nisin acts as receptor for carnocin UI49. This may facilitate the binding and/or insertion of carnocin UI49 into the cytoplasmic membrane thus increasing its bactericidal activity. Lantibiotic-producing and non-producing mutants of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Lactobacillus sake did not show a difference in sensitivity to carnocin UI49. The proposed receptor-mediated action of carnocin UI49 at the cytoplasmic membrane therefore seems to be specific for the nisin-producing strains.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/metabolismo , Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Elementos de DNA Transponíveis/genética , Genes Bacterianos , Lactococcus lactis/genética , Proteínas de Membrana/genética , Nisina/genética , Peptídeos , Subtilisinas/genética , Trifosfato de Adenosina/metabolismo , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Proteínas de Bactérias/metabolismo , Bacteriocinas , Proteínas de Transporte/genética , Permeabilidade da Membrana Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Resistência Microbiana a Medicamentos/genética , Lactococcus lactis/classificação , Lactococcus lactis/efeitos dos fármacos , Lactococcus lactis/metabolismo , Proteínas de Membrana/metabolismo , Modelos Biológicos , Família Multigênica , Nisina/metabolismo , Nisina/farmacologia , Especificidade da Espécie , Subtilisinas/metabolismo , TemperaturaRESUMO
This paper presents the 1-month, 6-month and 1-year prevalence rates for mental disorders in a random sample of people born in Iceland in 1931 and interviewed at the age of 55-57 years. The diagnoses were made according to DSM-III, on the basis of the National Institute of Mental Health's Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) used by trained lay interviewers. The period prevalence rates were found to be similar to those obtained by other studies using the DIS as a survey instrument. The highest rates were among the widowed, separated or divorced. The 1-year symptom-free rates were high for alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence, 74% and 71%, respectively. For depressive disorders, the 1-year symptom-free rate was only 50% and for the anxiety disorders, 50%-65%. The most common psychiatric disorders had a chronic course.
Assuntos
Transtornos Mentais/epidemiologia , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/psicologia , Alcoolismo/complicações , Alcoolismo/psicologia , Transtornos Cognitivos/complicações , Transtornos Cognitivos/psicologia , Estudos de Coortes , Feminino , Humanos , Islândia/epidemiologia , Masculino , Estado Civil , Transtornos Mentais/complicações , Transtornos Mentais/diagnóstico , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prevalência , Escalas de Graduação Psiquiátrica , População Rural , Fatores Sexuais , Fatores de Tempo , População UrbanaRESUMO
A facultative psychrotrophic lactic acid bacterium isolated from fresh fish was identified as Carnobacterium piscicola on the basis of carbohydrate utilization, G + C content and 16S RNA analysis. Its bacteriocin, designated carnocin UI49, is produced during the mid-exponential phase of growth at temperatures between 15 degrees C and 34 degrees C. Carnocin UI49 is active against a large number of closely-related lactic acid bacteria including carnobacteria, lactobacilli, pediococci and lactococci. Furthermore, the bacteriocin has a bactericidic mode of action which results in lysis of sensitive cells. Maximum bactericidal activity is observed at 34 degrees C with a decrease in activity down to 15 degrees C where it is completely abolished.
