Normativity vs. uniqueness: effects of social relationship strength on neural representations of others.

Understanding others involves inferring traits and intentions, a process complicated by our reliance on stereotypes and generalized information when we lack personal information. Yet, as relationships are formed, we shift toward nuanced and individualized perceptions of others. This study addresses how relationship strength influences the creation of unique or normative representations of others in key regions known to be involved in social cognition. Employing a round-robin interpersonal perception paradigm (N = 111, 20 groups of five to six people), we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine whether the strength of social relationships modulated the degree to which multivoxel patterns of activity that represented a specific other were similar to a normative average of all others in the study. Behaviorally, stronger social relationships were associated with more normative trait endorsements. Neural findings reveal that closer relationships lead to more unique representations in the medial prefrontal cortex and anterior insula, areas associated with mentalizing and person perception. Conversely, more generalized representations emerge in posterior regions like the posterior cingulate cortex, indicating a complex interplay between individuated and generalized processing of social information in the brain. These findings suggest that cortical regions typically associated with social cognition may compute different kinds of information when representing the distinctiveness of others.

A cost-effectiveness evaluation of a dietitian-delivered telephone coaching program during pregnancy for preventing gestational diabetes mellitus.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of a telehealth coaching intervention to prevent gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and to calculate the breakeven point of preventing GDM. METHODS: Data to inform the economic evaluation model was sourced directly from the large quaternary hospital in Brisbane, where the Living Well during Pregnancy (LWdP) program was implemented, and further supplemented with literature-based estimates where data had not been directly collected in the trial. A cost-effectiveness model was developed using a decision tree framework to estimate the potential for cost savings and quality of life improvement. A total of 1,315 pregnant women (49% with a BMI 25-29.9, and 51% with a BMI ≥ 30) were included in the analyses. RESULTS: The costs of providing routine care and routine care plus LWdP coaching intervention to pregnant women were calculated to be AUD 20,933 and AUD 20,828, respectively. The effectiveness of the LWdP coaching program (0.894 utility) was slightly higher compared to routine care (0.893). Therefore, the value of the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was negative, and it indicates that the LWdP coaching program is a dominant strategy to prevent GDM in pregnant women. We also performed a probabilistic sensitivity analysis using Monte Carlo simulation through 1,000 simulations. The ICE scatter plot showed that the LWdP coaching intervention was dominant over routine care in 93.60% of the trials using a willingness to pay threshold of AUD 50,000. CONCLUSION: Findings support consideration by healthcare policy and decision makers of telehealth and broad-reach delivery of structured lifestyle interventions during pregnancy to lower short-term costs associated with GDM to the health system.

Improving Engagement in Antenatal Health Behavior Programs-Experiences of Women Who Did Not Attend a Healthy Lifestyle Telephone Coaching Program.

Living Well during Pregnancy (LWdP) is a telephone-based antenatal health behavior intervention that has been shown to improve healthy eating behaviors and physical activity levels during pregnancy. However, one-third of eligible, referred women did not engage with or dropped out of the service. This study aimed to explore the experiences and perceptions of women who were referred but did not attend or complete the LWdP program to inform service improvements and adaptations required for scale and spread and improve the delivery of patient-centered antenatal care. Semi-structured telephone interviews were conducted with women who attended ≤2 LWdP appointments after referral. The interviews were thematically analyzed and mapped to the Theoretical Domains Framework and Behavior Change Wheel/COM-B Model to identify the barriers and enablers of program attendance and determine evidence-based interventions needed to improve service engagement and patient-centered antenatal care. Three key themes were identified: (1) the program content not meeting women's expectations and goals; (2) the need for flexible, multimodal healthcare; and (3) information sharing throughout antenatal care not meeting women's information needs. Interventions to improve women's engagement with LWdP and patient-centered antenatal care were categorized as (1) adaptations to LWdP, (2) training and support for program dietitians and antenatal healthcare professionals, and (3) increased promotion of positive health behaviors during pregnancy. Women require flexible and personalized delivery of the LWdP that is aligned with their individual goals and expectations. The use of digital technology has the potential to provide flexible, on-demand access to and engagement with the LWdP program, healthcare professionals, and reliable health information. All healthcare professionals are vital to the promotion of positive health behaviors in pregnancy, with the ongoing training and support necessary to maintain clinician confidence and knowledge of healthy eating, physical activity, and weight gain during pregnancy.

A Systematic Review Investigating Maternal Nutrition During Pregnancy After Bariatric Surgery.

The aim of this review was to report on maternal diet, micronutrient supplementation, and gestational weight gain (GWG) during pregnancy following bariatric surgery and explore the impact on maternal micronutrient deficiency, offspring growth, and perinatal outcomes. A search in PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE, and ProQuest in July 2022 returned 23 eligible studies (n = 30-20, 213). Diet was reported in two studies, supplementation in six and GWG in 19 studies. Although many women did not achieve healthy GWG, no consistent link with adverse outcomes was reported. Studies were grades II and III on the National Health and Medical Research Council evidence hierarchy and received a neutral or negative score on the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Quality Criteria Checklist, suggesting that methodological limitations impact the reliability of reported findings.

A theory driven, pragmatic trial implementing changes to routine antenatal care that supports recommended pregnancy weight gain.

BACKGROUND: Prevention of weight gain outside recommendations is a challenge for health services, with several barriers to best practice care identified. The aim of this pragmatic implementation study with a historical control was to examine the impact of implementing a service wide education program, and antenatal care pregnancy weight gain chart combined with brief advice on women's knowledge of recommended gestational weight gain (GWG), the advice received and actual GWG. METHODS: The PRECEDE PROCEED Model of Health Program planning guided intervention and evaluation targets and an implementation science approach facilitated service changes. Pregnant women < 22 weeks' gestation attending the antenatal clinic at a metropolitan birthing hospital in Australia were recruited pre (2010, n = 715) and post (2016, n = 478) implementation of service changes. Weight measurements and questionnaires were completed at recruitment and 36 weeks' gestation. Questionnaires assessed advice received from health professionals related to healthy eating, physical activity, GWG, and at recruitment only, pre-pregnancy weight and knowledge of GWG recommendations. RESULTS: Women who correctly reported their recommended GWG increased from 34% (pre) to 53% (post) (p < 0.001). Between pre and post implementation, the advice women received from midwives on recommended GWG was significantly improved at both recruitment- and 36-weeks' gestation. For normal weight women there was a reduction in GWG (14.2 ± 5.3 vs 13.3 ± 4.7 kg, p = 0.04) and clinically important reduction in excess GWG between pre and post implementation (31% vs 24%, p = 0.035) which remained significant after adjustment (AOR 0.53 [95%CI 0.29-0.96]) (p = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: Service wide changes to routine antenatal care that address identified barriers to supporting recommended GWG are likely to improve the care and advice women receive and prevent excess GWG for normal weight women.

Outcomes from a hybrid implementation-effectiveness study of the living well during pregnancy Tele-coaching program for women at high risk of excessive gestational weight gain.

BACKGROUND: Excess gestational weight gain (GWG) is associated with short-term perinatal complications and longer term cardiometabolic risks for mothers and their babies. Dietitian counselling and weight gain monitoring for women at risk of high pregnancy weight gain is recommended by clinical practice guidelines. However, face-to-face appointments, during a time with high appointment burden, can introduce barriers to engaging with care. Telephone counselling may offer a solution. The Living Well during Pregnancy (LWdP) program is a dietitian-delivered telephone coaching program implemented within routine antenatal care for women at risk of excess GWG. This program evaluation used a hybrid implementation-effectiveness design guided by the RE-AIM framework to report on the primary outcomes (reach, adoption, implementation, maintenance) and secondary outcomes (effectiveness) of the LWdP intervention. METHODS: The LWdP program evaluation compared data from women participating in the LWdP program with a historical comparison group (pregnant women receiving dietetic counselling for GWG in the 12 months prior to the study). The primary outcomes were described for the LWdP program. Between group comparisons were used to determine effectiveness of achieving appropriate GWG and pre and post intervention comparisons of LWdP participants was used to determine changes to dietary intake and physical activity. RESULTS: The LWdP intervention group (n = 142) were compared with women in the historical comparison group (n = 49). Women in the LWdP intervention group attended 3.4 (95% CI 2.9-3.8) appointments compared with 1.9 (95% CI, 1.6-2.2) in the historical comparison group. GWG was similar between the two groups, including the proportion of women gaining weight above the Institute of Medicine recommendations (70% vs 73%, p = 0.69). Within group comparison showed that total diet quality, intake of fruit and vegetables and weekly physical activity were all significantly improved from baseline to follow-up for the women in LWdP, while consumption of discretionary food and time spent being sedentary decreased (all p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The LWdP program resulted in more women accessing care and positive improvements in diet quality, intuitive eating behaviours and physical activity. It was as effective as face-to-face appointments for GWG, though more research is required to identify how to engage women earlier in pregnancy and reduce appointment burden.

Social Relationship Strength Modulates the Similarity of Brain-to-Brain Representations of Group Members.

Within our societies, humans form co-operative groups with diverse levels of relationship quality among individual group members. In establishing relationships with others, we use attitudes and beliefs about group members and the group as a whole to establish relationships with particular members of our social networks. However, we have yet to understand how brain responses to group members facilitate relationship quality between pairs of individuals. We address this here using a round-robin interpersonal perception paradigm in which each participant was both a perceiver and target for every other member of their group in a set of 20 unique groups of between 5 and 6 members in each (total N = 111). Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we show that measures of social relationship strength modulate the brain-to-brain multivoxel similarity patterns between pairs of participants' responses when perceiving other members of their group in regions of the brain implicated in social cognition. These results provide evidence for a brain mechanism of social cognitive processes serving interpersonal relationship strength among group members.

Generalizing effects of frontostriatal structural connectivity on self-esteem using predictive modeling.

Determining the generalizability of biological mechanisms supporting psychological constructs is a central goal of cognitive neuroscience. Self-esteem is a popular psychological construct that is associated with a variety of measures of mental health and life satisfaction. Recently, there has been interest in identifying biological mechanisms that support individual differences in self-esteem. Understanding the biological basis of self-esteem requires identifying predictive biomarkers of self-esteem that generalize across groups of individuals. Previous research using diffusion magnetic resonance imaging has shown that self-esteem is related to the integrity of structural connections linking frontostriatal brain systems involved in self-referential processing and reward. However, these findings were based on a small, relatively homogeneous group of participants. In the current study, we used an out-of-sample predictive modeling approach to generalize the results of the previous study to an independent sample of participants more than twice the size of the original study. We found that both linear univariate and multivariate machine learning models trained on frontostriatal integrity from the original data significantly predicted self-esteem in the independent dataset. These findings underscore the relationship between self-esteem and frontostriatal connectivity and suggest these results are robust to differences in scanning acquisition, analytic methods, and participant demographics.

Implementation of the Living Well During Pregnancy Telecoaching Program for Women at High Risk of Excessive Gestational Weight Gain: Protocol for an Effectiveness-Implementation Hybrid Study.

BACKGROUND: Despite comprehensive guidelines for healthy gestational weight gain (GWG) and evidence for the efficacy of dietary counseling coupled with weight monitoring on reducing excessive GWG, reporting on the effectiveness of interventions translated into routine antenatal care is limited. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to implement and evaluate the Living Well during Pregnancy (LWdP) program in a large Australian antenatal care setting. Specifically, the LWdP program will be incorporated into usual care and delivered to a population of pregnant women at risk of excessive GWG through a dietitian-delivered telephone coaching service. METHODS: Metrics from the RE-AIM (Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance) framework will guide the evaluation in this hybrid effectiveness-implementation study. All women aged ≥16 years without pre-exiting diabetes with a prepregnancy BMI >25 kg/m2 and gaining weight above recommendations at <20 weeks' gestation who are referred for dietetic care during the 12-month study period will be eligible for participation. The setting is a metropolitan hospital at which approximately 6% of the national births in Australia take place each year. Eligible participants will receive up to 10 telecoaching calls during their pregnancy. Primary outcomes will be service level indicators of reach, adoption, and implementation that will be compared with a retrospective control group, and secondary effectiveness outcomes will be participant-reported anthropometric and behavioral outcomes; all outcomes will be assessed pre- and postprogram completion. Additional secondary outcomes relate to the costs associated with program implementation and pregnancy outcomes gathered through routine clinical service data. RESULTS: Data collection of all variables was completed in December 2020, with results expected to be published by the end of 2021. CONCLUSIONS: This study will evaluate the implementation of an evidence-based intervention into routine health service delivery and will provide the practice-based evidence needed to inform decisions about its incorporation into routine antenatal care. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID): DERR1-10.2196/27196.

Micronutrient management following bariatric surgery: the role of the dietitian in the postoperative period.

Bariatric surgery is increasingly being utilized to manage obesity and obesity related comorbidities, but may lead to the development of micronutrient deficiencies postoperatively. The anatomical, physiological, nutritional and behavioral reasons for micronutrient vulnerabilities are reviewed, along with recommendations for routine monitoring and replacement following surgery. The role the dietitian and their contribution in the postoperative identification, prevention and management of micronutrient vulnerabilities in bariatric patients is described. Specific considerations such as the nutritional and dietetic management of pregnant and lactating women post-bariatric surgery is also discussed.

Midwife readiness to provide woman-centred weight gain support: Exploring perspectives across models of care.

PROBLEM: More than half of women start pregnancy above a healthy weight and two-thirds gain excess weight during pregnancy, increasing the risk of complications. BACKGROUND: Little research has examined the influence model of care has on weight-related outcomes in pregnancy. AIM: To explore how continuity vs non-continuity models of midwifery care influence perceived readiness to provide woman-centred interventions with women supporting pregnancy weight gain, healthy eating and physical activity. METHODS: Focus groups were conducted with midwives working in either continuity or non-continuity models of care at a tertiary hospital in Queensland, Australia. Focus group questions elicited elements around practices, the healthcare environment and woman-centred care skills. Findings were analysed using the Framework Approach to qualitative research. FINDINGS: Four focus groups, involving 15 participants from the continuity of care model and 53 from the non-continuity model, were conducted. Continuity of care participants reported greater readiness to provide woman-centred interventions than those from non-continuity models. Barriers faced by both groups included gaps in communication training, education resources and multidisciplinary support. DISCUSSION: Midwives across models of care require greater support in this area, in particular training in communication and better multidisciplinary service integration to support women. CONCLUSION: The care model appears to influence capacity to deliver person/woman-centred interventions, highlighting the need for tailored training for the healthcare setting. The roles of other health professionals in delivering weight management interventions during pregnancy also need to be examined.

Impact of service-wide initiatives to support healthy pregnancy weight gain on weight-related documentation.

BACKGROUND: Excess gestational weight gain is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. Addressing barriers to the provision of best practice care that supports healthy pregnancy weight gain could assist staff in clinical care; however, little is known about changes to staff practices after ameliorating barriers. AIMS: To evaluate if service initiatives to promote healthy pregnancy weight gain improve weight-related documentation by antenatal staff throughout pregnancy care. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Service initiatives including staff training, familiarisation with a pregnancy weight gain chart and placement of scales in clinic rooms were introduced. Pregnancy health records were audited for deliveries pre- (2014) and post-implementation (2017) to obtain weight-related measures. Measures assessed included the documentation of pre-pregnancy weight, height, pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), referral to dietetic services (if overweight) and the accuracy of pre-pregnancy BMI calculation. The proportion of visits with weight recorded during pregnancy was also audited. RESULTS: A total of 1003 and 1050 records were included from the pre- and post-intervention groups respectively. Significant improvements over time were observed in the documentation of pre-pregnancy weight (P < 0.001), BMI (P < 0.001), accuracy of BMI calculation (P < 0.001) and for obese women proportion of visits with weight recorded (P = 0.02). There was a non-significant increase in the documentation of dietetic referral for overweight women (1.1% vs 2.2%, P = 0.27) and proportion of visits with weight recorded for women across all pre-pregnancy BMI groups (49% vs 51%, P = 0.07). CONCLUSIONS: Addressing barriers to supporting healthy pregnancy weight gain through service-wide initiatives may improve weight-related documentation by antenatal staff.

A mixed method study evaluating the integration of pregnancy weight gain charts into antenatal care.

Monitoring pregnancy weight can reduce excess gestational weight gain (GWG), and is recommended in clinical practice guidelines as part of routine care. This study aimed to evaluate the implementation of routine weight monitoring using a pregnancy weight gain chart (PWGC), and assess health care professionals (HCPs) and pregnant women's attitudes and practices around its use. A semiquantitative survey was conducted with a consecutive sample of antenatal women at 16 and 36 weeks gestation. Women were weighed, and a PWGC audit done at 36 weeks gestation to assess adherence to chart use and GWG. A cross-sectional survey of antenatal HCPs at the Australian facility assessed staff attitudes and practices relating to weight monitoring and PWGC use. Of the 291 women surveyed, 68% reported being given a PWGC. Of the audited PWGCs (n = 258), 54% had less than three weights recorded, 36% had errors, and 3% were unused. All HCPs surveyed (n = 42) were aware of the PWGC, 63% reported using it to track GWG regularly and 26% believed it to be only the woman's responsibility (i.e., not the midwife's role) to complete it. Seventy-six percent reported they needed more training in counselling pregnant women, and insufficient time was a main barrier to weighing and conversing with women. It is feasible to implement a PWGC into routine antenatal care. Clarity over women's and HCPs responsibility for monitoring GWG and completion of the PWGC is needed. Training on correct PWGC use and counselling and workforce engagement are required to overcome barriers and support healthy GWG.

Supporting healthy weight gain and management in pregnancy: Does a mandatory training education session improve knowledge and confidence of midwives?

OBJECTIVE: To examine if a brief midwifery education and training session incorporated into annual mandatory training improves the knowledge and confidence of midwives to support healthy weight gain and management in pregnancy. DESIGN: An implementation evaluation using a pre-post study design was used. Midwives completed a self- administered questionnaire prior to and following completion of the training session. Objective knowledge, perceived knowledge and confidence in relation to nutrition, physical activity and healthy weight gain and management, and process measures related to the training were assessed. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: All midwives from a tertiary birthing hospital in Brisbane Australia who attended the annual mandatory training day in 2015 were invited to participate. MEASUREMENT AND FINDINGS: Of the 270 midwives who attended the training 154 pre and 114 post training questionnaires were returned. An increase in perceived knowledge across topic areas was reported by 70-97% of respondents, while perceived confidence increased for 83-91% of respondents across each topic area. Objective knowledge score increased from 11 pre-training to 15 post training (maximum score 17) (p < 0.001). Ninety six percent of respondents agreed the training provided practical communication strategies and 100% would recommend the training to others. KEY CONCLUSIONS: This brief education session integrated into an existing mandatory training program, improved the knowledge and confidence of midwives in delivering advice and support for healthy pregnancy weight gain. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: This improvement is the first step in changing practice to prevent excess weight gain during the antenatal period. This program offers an innovative model to support midwives implement change across other health services. A low cost intervention that was well received by midwives can address identified barriers to the provision of best practice care that supports a healthy pregnancy weight gain in a sustainable forum.