A comprehensive study from the micro- to the nanometric scale: Evaluation of chilling injury in tomato fruit (Solanum lycopersicum).

Tomato fruit is susceptible to chilling injury (CI) during its postharvest handling at low temperature. The symptoms caused by this physiological disorder have been commonly evaluated by visual inspection at a macro-observation scale on fruit surface; however, the structure at deeper scales is also affected by CI. This work aimed to propose a descriptive model of the CI development in tomato tissue under the micro-scale, micro-nano-scale and nano-scale approaches using fractal analysis. For that, quality and fractal parameters were determined. In this sense, light microscopy, Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy (ESEM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) were applied to analyse micro-, micro-nano- and nano-scales, respectively. Results showed that the morphology of tomato tissue at the micro-scale level was properly described by the multifractal behaviour. Also, generalised fractal dimension (Dq=0) and texture fractal dimension (FD) of CI-damaged pericarp and cuticle were higher (1.659, 1.601 and 1.746, respectively) in comparison to non-chilled samples (1.606, 1.578 and 1.644, respectively); however, FD was unsuitable to detect morphological changes at the nano-scale. On the other hand, lacunarity represented an appropriate fractal parameter to detect CI symptoms at the nano-scale due to differences observed between damaged and regular ripe tissue (0.044 and 0.025, respectively). The proposed multi-scale approach could improve the understanding of CI as a complex disorder to the development of novel techniques to avoid this postharvest issue at different observation scales.

Effect of different treatments on the ability of α-lactalbumin to form nanoparticles.

Nanoparticles of bovine α-lactalbumin (α-LA) prepared by desolvation and glutaraldehyde crosslinking are promising carriers for bioactive compounds in foods. The objective of this work was to study the effect of changes in hydrophobic interactions by using different desolvating agents (acetone, ethanol, or isopropanol) and the use of a heat or high-pressure treatment step before the desolvation process on the size, structure, and properties of α-LA nanoparticles. In all cases, a high average particle yield of 99.63% was obtained. Smaller sizes (152.3 nm) can be obtained with the use of acetone as the desolvating agent and without any pretreatment. This is the first time that α-LA nanoparticles in the size range of 100 to 200 nm have been obtained. These nanoparticles, with an isoelectric point of 3.61, are very stable at pH values >4.8, based on their ζ-potential, although their antioxidant activity is weak. The use of the desolvating agent with the smallest polarity index (isopropanol) produced the largest particles (293.4 to 324.9 nm) in all cases. These results support the idea that controlling hydrophobic interactions is a means to control the size of α-LA nanoparticles. No effect of pretreatment on nanoparticle size could be detected. All types of nanoparticles were easily degraded by the proteolytic enzymes assayed.

Effects of high hydrostatic pressure on the structure of bovine alpha-lactalbumin.

The effects of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) processing (at 200 to 600 MPa, 25 to 55 degrees C, and from 5 to 15 min) on some structural properties of alpha-lactalbumin was studied in a pH range of 3.0 to 9.0. The range of HHP processes produced a variety of molten globules with differences in their surface hydrophobicity and secondary and tertiary structures. At pH values of 3 and 5, there was a decrease in the alpha-helix content concomitant with an increase in beta-strand content as the pressure increased. No changes in molecular size due to HHP-induced aggregation were detected by sodium dodecyl sulfate-PAGE. All samples showed higher thermostability as the severity of the treatment increased, indicating the formation of a less labile structure related to the HHP treatment.

Production of food related colorants by culture of plant cells. The case of betalains.

Betalains are vacuole pigments produced solely by Caryophyllales plants and few superior fungi. For many years, betalains have been used as food colorants. The aim of the present chapter is to present relevant aspects related to betalains characteristics and feasibility of their industrial production in bioreactors.

Biochemical changes in an intermediate moisture cecina-like meat during storage.

Biochemical and microbiological changes in two cecina-like products were evaluated during storage. Two products were prepared, one by salting and the other by infusion in a salt-glycerol solution. The samples were vacuum packed and tested monthly for pH, colour, haematin complex, soluble nitrogen and microbiological spoilage. Proteolysis and increase in pH showed a high correlation for both samples. Temperature-dependent changes in colour and concentration of haematin complex during storage were also found in both samples. The activation energy for haematin transformation was found to be around 1 kcal/mol. Based on the low activation energy for haematin complex degradation (around 1 kcal/mol) for both samples, this process may be regarded as a low energy biochemical process.

A traditional intermediate moisture meat: Beef cecina.

Cecina is an intermediate moisture meat produced and consumed to a large extent in Mexico. Four samples of cecina coming from different States of this country, were tested for water activity, colour, texture, fat, protein, moisture and chloride content. Sensory and microbiological analyses were also performed. Different fabrication methods for producing cecina were identified, involving large variations in the formulation of the product. There was a significant difference (P < 0·05) among samples regarding fat and chloride content, colour and texture. Differences in colour and saltiness were recorded through sensory analysis. Microbiological analysis showed higher counts than those recommended in the Mexican Official Standard for chopped and raw meat, due to poor sanitary conditions during production and marketing.