Anion-π catalysis on carbon allotropes.

Anion-π catalysis, introduced in 2013, stands for the stabilization of anionic transition states on π-acidic aromatic surfaces. Anion-π catalysis on carbon allotropes is particularly attractive because high polarizability promises access to really strong anion-π interactions. With these expectations, anion-π catalysis on fullerenes has been introduced in 2017, followed by carbon nanotubes in 2019. Consistent with expectations from theory, anion-π catalysis on carbon allotropes generally increases with polarizability. Realized examples reach from enolate addition chemistry to asymmetric Diels-Alder reactions and autocatalytic ether cyclizations. Currently, anion-π catalysis on carbon allotropes gains momentum because the combination with electric-field-assisted catalysis promises transformative impact on organic synthesis.

Electric field-assisted anion-π catalysis on carbon nanotubes in electrochemical microfluidic devices.

The vision to control the charges migrating during reactions with external electric fields is attractive because of the promise of general catalysis, emergent properties, and programmable devices. Here, we explore this idea with anion-π catalysis, that is the stabilization of anionic transition states on aromatic surfaces. Catalyst activation by polarization of the aromatic system is most effective. This polarization is induced by electric fields. The use of electrochemical microfluidic reactors to polarize multiwalled carbon nanotubes as anion-π catalysts emerges as essential. These reactors provide access to high fields at low enough voltage to prevent electron transfer, afford meaningful effective catalyst/substrate ratios, and avoid interference from additional electrolytes. Under these conditions, the rate of pyrene-interfaced epoxide-opening ether cyclizations is linearly voltage-dependent at positive voltages and negligible at negative voltages. While electromicrofluidics have been conceived for redox chemistry, our results indicate that their use for supramolecular organocatalysis has the potential to noncovalently electrify organic synthesis in the broadest sense.

Anion-(π)n -π Catalytic Micelles.

Anion-π catalysis operates by stabilizing anionic transition states on π-acidic aromatic surfaces. In anion-(π)n -π catalysis, π stacks add polarizability to strengthen interactions. In search of synthetic methods to extend π stacks beyond the limits of foldamers, the self-assembly of micelles from amphiphilic naphthalenediimides (NDIs) is introduced. To interface substrates and catalysts, charge-transfer complexes with dialkoxynaphthalenes (DANs), a classic in supramolecular chemistry, are installed. In π-stacked micelles, the rates of bioinspired ether cyclizations exceed rates on monomers in organic solvents by far. This is particularly impressive considering that anion-π catalysis in water has been elusive so far. Increasing rates with increasing π acidity of the micelles evince operational anion-(π)n -π catalysis. At maximal π acidity, autocatalytic behavior emerges. Dependence on position and order in confined micellar space promises access to emergent properties. Anion-(π)n -π catalytic micelles in water thus expand supramolecular systems catalysis accessible with anion-π interactions with an inspiring topic of general interest and great perspectives.

The Origin of Anion-π Autocatalysis.

The autocatalysis of epoxide-opening ether cyclizations on the aromatic surface of anion-π catalysts stands out as a leading example of emergent properties expected from the integration of unorthodox interactions into catalysis. A working hypothesis was proposed early on, but the mechanism of anion-π autocatalysis has never been elucidated. Here, we show that anion-π autocatalysis is almost independent of peripheral crowding in substrate and product. Inaccessible asymmetric anion-π autocatalysis and sometimes erratic reproducibility further support that the origin of anion-π autocatalysis is more complex than originally assumed. The apparent long-distance communication without physical contact calls for the inclusion of water between substrate and product on the catalytic aromatic surface. Efficient anion-π autocatalysis around equimolar amounts but poor activity in dry solvents and with excess water indicate that this inclusion of water requires high precision. Computational models suggest that two water molecules transmit dual substrate activation by the product and serve as proton shuttles along antiparallel but decoupled hydrogen-bonded chains to delocalize and stabilize evolving charge density in the transition state by "anion-π double bonds". This new transition-state model of anion-π autocatalysis provides a plausible mechanism that explains experimental results and brings anion-π catalysis to an unprecedented level of sophistication.

Increased kynurenine concentration attenuates serotonergic neurotoxicity induced by 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in rats through activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor.

3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is an amphetamine derivative that has been shown to produce serotonergic damage in the brains of primates, including humans, and of rats. Tryptophan, the precursor of serotonin, is primarily degraded through the kynurenine (KYN) pathway, producing among others KYN, the main metabolite of this route. KYN has been reported as an endogenous agonist of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), a transcription factor involved in several neurological functions. This study aims to determine the effect of MDMA on the KYN pathway and on AhR activity and to establish their role in the long-term serotonergic neurotoxicity induced by the drug in rats. Our results show that MDMA induces the activation of the KYN pathway, mediated by hepatic tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO). MDMA also activated AhR as evidenced by increased AhR nuclear translocation and CYP1B1 mRNA expression. Autoradiographic quantification of serotonin transporters showed that both the TDO inhibitor 680C91 and the AhR antagonist CH-223191 potentiated the neurotoxicity induced by MDMA, while administration of exogenous l-kynurenine or of the AhR positive modulator 3,3'-diindolylmethane (DIM) partially prevented the serotonergic damage induced by the drug. The results demonstrate for the first time that MDMA increases KYN levels and AhR activity, and these changes appear to play a role in limiting the neurotoxicity induced by the drug. This work provides a better understanding of the physiological mechanisms that attenuate the brain damage induced by MDMA and identify modulation of the KYN pathway and of AhR as potential therapeutic strategies to limit the negative effects of MDMA.

[Clinical Psychologist in Primary Care: The work carried out in Asturias]. / Psicología Clínica en Atención Primaria: la experiencia en Asturias.

AIM: To describe the characteristics of the population attended in the clinical psychology programme in Primary Care, as well as to perform a preliminary analysis of the results obtained. METHOD: Prospective, descriptive study of the results obtained after brief psychological intervention. The following evaluation tools were used: PHQ-9, GAD-7, WHOQOL-BREF, and an ad hoc designed satisfaction questionnaire. RESULTS: A total of 1084 patients were referred to the program, and were mostly women. The most frequent diagnoses were anxiety, adaptive disorders, Zcodes (factors that influence the state of health and contact with health services) and depressive disorders. The mean waiting list time was 7.25days, and the mean number of consultations was3. The analyses performed after the treatment showed an improvement in all the variables evaluated, as well as high satisfaction and usefulness of the treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The integration of the clinical psychologist in Primary Care leads to an improvement in the quality of care of patients with emotional disorders, facilitating an interdisciplinary bio-psycho-social approach, and offering internationally recommended evidence-based treatments and interventions.

[Klippel-Feil syndrome, a rare cervicalgia]. / Síndrome de Klippel-Feil, una cervicalgia poco frecuente.

Cervicalgia is defined as the presence of pain in the neck region, and can radiate to the shoulders, upper limbs or back. It is a source of frequent visits to Primary Care, and more than half of the general population will suffer neck pain at some point in their life. Klippel-Feil syndrome is an exceptional cause of cervicalgia. It belongs to the group of so-called malformations of the hold-down skull-cervical congenital disease. Klippel-Feil syndrome is a complex disease entity characterized by the fusion of two or more vertebrae, and may also be associated with other bone and visceral disorders. The characteristic clinical triad consists of short-neck, implantation below the hair in the occipital region, and limitation of cervical mobility. However, this clinical picture is present in less than 50% of these patients.

Síndrome de Klippel-Feil, una cervicalgia poco frecuente / Klippel-Feil syndrome, a rare cervicalgia

La cervicalgia se define por la presencia de dolor en la región del cuello, pudiendo irradiarse o no a hombros, miembros superiores y/o espalda. Representa un motivo de consulta frecuente en atención primaria: más de la mitad de la población general presentará en algún momento de su vida dolor cervical. El síndrome de Klippel-Feil es una causa excepcional de cervicalgia. Es una enfermedad congénita del grupo de las denominadas malformaciones de la charnela craneocervical. Es una entidad nosológica compleja caracterizada por la fusión de 2 o más vértebras, pudiendo asociar también otras malformaciones y alteraciones óseas y viscerales. La tríada clínica característica consiste en cuello corto, implantación baja del cabello en la región occipital y limitación de la movilidad cervical. No obstante, dicha clínica está presente en menos del 50% de los pacientes (AU)

We present the case of a patient with chronic low back pain with an unfavourable progression despite the prescribed pharmacological treatment. The patient had symptoms associated with compression of the sciatic nerve in an atypical area. As it passed through the piriformis muscle, it was diagnosed as piriformis muscle syndrome. This diagnosis was based on the clinical signs and symptoms and the determination of the tests performed, with the imaging tests being absolutely normal. Treatment is basically with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, muscle relaxants and stretching exercises of this muscle (AU)

Esofagitis candidiásica en una paciente inmunocompetente. A propósito de un caso / Candida esophagitis in an immunocompetent woman. A case report

La esofagitis candidiásica (EC) es una de las formas invasivas de candidiasis. Su prevalencia diagnosticada mediante endoscopia digestiva alta oscila entre 0,77-2,4%. Su principal causa es la Candida albicans (CA). La EC afecta con mayor frecuencia a sujetos inmunodeprimidos, aunque también puede aparecer en sujetos sanos. Precisa tratamiento antifúngico sistémico. Presentamos el caso de una EC en una paciente sana con buena respuesta al tratamiento pautado, potencialmente relacionado con la toma de omeprazol por parte de la paciente (AU)

Candida esophagitis (CE) is one of the invasive infections caused by Candida albicans (CA). Its prevalence diagnosed by upper endoscopy ranges between 0.77-2.4%. Its main cause is CA. CE more often affects immunocompromised people, however it may affect healthy people too. CE requires systemic antifungal therapy. We report a case of a CE in a healthy woman who presented good response to prescribed treatment. Omeprazole might be involved in the development of her CE (AU)

Implicación de la molécula de adhesión ALCAM en el daño cerebral. Modelo de daño neuronal mediante la administración de MDMA/éxtasis en rata / Implication of the adhesion molecule ALCAM in the experimental rat model of brain damage caused by MDMA/ecstasy

Objetivo: Caracterizar la expresión de ALCAM en vasos de corteza cerebral de ratas tratadas con MDMA. 2) Estudiar el efecto que sobre su expresión y sobre la neurotoxicidad producida por MDMA tiene ibuprofeno. Materiales y métodos: Se administró una dosis neurotóxica de MDMA a ratas Dark Agouti e buprofeno a diferentes tiempos. Se midió la temperatura de los animales durante los tratamientos y se estudió la expresión de ALCAM en los vasos de corteza. El daño cerebral se estudió midiendo los niveles de ácido 5-indolacético, serotonina y la densidad de su transportador. Resultados: MDMA produce un aumento de ALCAM a las 24 horas (p<0.01). El co-tratamiento con ibuprofeno lo disminuye (p<0.01) y atenúa el daño cerebral disminuyendo los efectos neurotóxicos de MDMA sobre los niveles de serotonina cortical (p<0.0001) y la densidad del transportador (p<0.0001). Ibuprofeno disminuye ligeramente la hipertermia producida por MDMA. Conclusiones: MDMA aumenta la expresión de ALCAM. Los datos sugieren la posibilidad de utilizar compuestos anti-inflamatorios como ibuprofeno que reducen este efecto sobre ALCAM y que disminuyen parcialmente el daño cerebral, si bien es necesario analizar la participación de la disminución de la temperatura en dicha protección (AU)

Objective: 1) Characterization of ALCAM adhesion molecule expression in cortical vessels of MDMA-treated rats. 2) Study of the effect of the anti-inflammatory compound ibuprofen on ALCAM expression and on the neurotoxicity produced by MDMA. Material and methods: Male Dark Agouti rats were given a neurotoxic dose of MDMA. Ibuprofen was given before and at various times after MDMA. Rectal temperature was monitored during the treatment and ALCAM expression in vessels from cerebral cortex was determined at 24 h. In neurotoxicity studies, cortical 5-HT tissue levels and 5-HT transporter density were measured. Results: ALCAM expression was increased 24 h after MDMA treatment (p<0.01). Co-treatment with ibuprofen attenuated the increase in ALCAM levels (p<0.01) and partially prevented cerebral injury, reducing MDMA-induced 5-HT (p<0.0001) and 5-HT transporter (p<0.0001) loss. Ibuprofen produced a minor modification in the MDMA-induced hyperthermia. Conclusions: Our study demonstrates an effect of MDMA on ALCAM expression. Thus, anti-inflammatory compounds such as ibuprofen may result useful in brain protection by inhibiting the effects of ALCAM and reducing brain damage although the potential contribution of the attenuation of MDMA-induced hyperthermia must also be considered (AU)

Cocaine potentiates MDMA-induced oxidative stress but not dopaminergic neurotoxicity in mice: implications for the pathogenesis of free radical-induced neurodegenerative disorders.

RATIONALE: The drugs of abuse 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; "ecstasy") and cocaine both increase the generation of free radicals, and in the case of MDMA, this increase in oxidative stress is involved in the dopaminergic neurotoxicity produced by the drug in mice. Oxidative stress processes are also involved in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to determine the consequences of the combined administration of MDMA and cocaine on oxidative stress and dopaminergic neurotoxicity. METHODS: Mice received MDMA (20 mg/kg, i.p.; two doses separated by 3 h) followed by cocaine 1, 3, 6, or 24 h after the second MDMA dose. Mice were killed between 1 h and 7 days after cocaine injection. RESULTS: MDMA decreased dopamine transporter density and dopamine concentration 7 days later. Cocaine did not alter this neurotoxicity. MDMA produced an increase in the concentration of 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid in striatal microdialysis samples and an increase in lipid peroxidation in the striatum which were potentiated by cocaine. MDMA and cocaine given together also increased nitrate and 3-nitrotyrosine levels compared with either drug given alone. On the other hand, MDMA increased superoxide dismutase activity and decreased catalase activity, changes which were prevented by cocaine administration. In addition, cocaine administration produced an increase in glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity in both saline-treated and MDMA-treated mice. CONCLUSIONS: Cocaine potentiates MDMA-induced oxidative stress but does not produce an increase in the neurotoxicity produced by MDMA, and this lack of potentiation may involve an increase in GPx activity.

[Candida esophagitis in an immunocompetent women. A case report]. / Esofagitis candidiásica en una paciente inmunocompetente. A propósito de un caso.

Candida esophagitis (CE) is one of the invasive infections caused by Candida albicans (CA). Its prevalence diagnosed by upper endoscopy ranges between 0.77-2.4%. Its main cause is CA. CE more often affects immunocompromised people, however it may affect healthy people too. CE requires systemic antifungal therapy. We report a case of a CE in a healthy woman who presented good response to prescribed treatment. Omeprazole might be involved in the development of her CE.

Terapia cognitivo-conductual en las psicosis agudas / Cognitive-behavioral therapy for acute psychosis

El tratamiento de las psicosis agudas era, hasta hace unos años, algo relegado al tratamiento farmacológico (a excepción del psicoanálisis). En los últimos tiempos esta tendencia ha ido cambiando y diversos estudios han puesto de manifiesto la ventaja de las intervenciones cognitivo conductuales en las fases agudas de las psicosis. A esta tendencia se ha unido un nuevo y prometedor paradigma de intervención, la intervención temprana en psicosis (AU)

Some years ago, the treatment for acute psychosis was something left for pharmacological treatment (except for psychoanalysis). Lately, this trend has been changing and some studies have shown the advantages of cognitive behavioural therapy in the acute psychosis. A new and promising way of intervention is merging to this trend: early intervention of psychosis (AU)

Estudio de la relación entre la "imagen de sí" de niños y adolescentes que acudieron a tratamiento a una unidad de salud mental infanto-juvenil y la "imagen de sí" de sus padres / Study of the relationship between "self" of the children and adolescents who attende treatment at children and youth mental unit and "self" of their parents

El objetivo de esta investigación ha sido profundizar en el conocimiento de la relación entre la "imagen de sí" de los niños y adolescentes que acudieron a tratamiento a una Unidad de Salud Mental Infanto-Juvenil y la "imagen de sí" de sus padres, en los aspectos cognitivos, conductuales y emocionales. Estudio observacional que incluyó análisis descriptivo, tablas de contingencia y prueba de homogeneidad marginal, o prueba de McNemar. Se observó como hijos y padres presentan mejor imagen al respecto de sí, que al respecto de la imagen que creían dar a lo demás, además se sintieron poco valorados por padres, profesores y compañeros, y extraordinariamente bien valorados por sus abuelos. Ambos tenían una mala imagen en relación a cómo se comportan y los padres, se mostraron especialmente nerviosos al hablar de sí mismos. El ahondar en el conocimiento de esta relación permitió obtener una herramienta guía para la intervención psicoterapéutica(AU)

The research objective is made a careful study of knowledge the relationship between "self" of children and adolescents who attended treatment at Children and Youth Mental Health Unit, and "self" of their parents, in cognitive, behavioral and emotional issues. Observational study included descriptive analysis, contingency tables and marginal homogeneity test, or McNemar test. It could be observed that children and parents had better image about themselves, that the image they believed to give to the others. Furthermore, they felt under estimated by parents, teachers and peers, and extraordinary estimated by their grandparents. Both had a bad image about their behavior and father felt especially sad to talk about themselves. The focus on understanding of this relationship allowed obtaining a guiding tool for psychotherapeutic intervention(AU)

Psicoterapia dinámica breve realizada en una unidad de agudos hospitalaria de salud mental. A propósito de un caso / Brief dinamic psychotherapy conducted in the hospital unit for acute mental health patients. A case report

Se expone una experiencia en psicoterapia dinámica breve realizada en un varón de 48 años, ingresado en una Unidad de Agudos Hospitalaria de Salud Mental. Modelo de psicoterapia breve dirigida a trabajar la afectividad del paciente, haciendo del sentimiento el foco terapéutico y de la adquisición de un mejor manejo de éstos, el objetivo principal. Con el propósito de obtener herramientas psicoterapéuticas útiles allí donde la limitación temporal es un hándicap fundamental(AU)

We describe a brief psychotherapy experience made on a 48 year old man admitted to the Hospital Units for Acute Mental Health Patients. This psychotherapeutical model is directed to work the patient’s emotions, making his feelings the therapeutic focal point. The main objective of this brief psychotherapy was the acquisition of better management of the patient’s emotions and feelings. We aim at gaining useful psychotherapeutic tools where time is a major handicap(AU)

Síndrome de Mirizzi, una causa infrecuente de ictericia obstructiva / Mirizzi Syndrome, a rare cause of obstructive jaundice

El dolor abdominal es un motivo de consulta muy frecuente en atención primaria. La variabilidad de entidades nosológicas que presenta complica su diagnóstico diferencial. Las principales causas de dolor en hipocondrio derecho son biliares (cólico biliar, colecistitis y colangitis). El síndrome de Mirizzi es una complicación que aparece en aproximadamente el 1% de los pacientes con colelitiasis. Consiste en la impactación de un cálculo en el infundíbulo de la vesícula o el conducto cístico que comprime el conducto hepático común, pudiendo erosionarlo y generar una fístula colecisto-coledociana. Cursa clínicamente como ictericia obstructiva, asociándose frecuentemente a cáncer de vesícula. Se diagnostica mediante ecografía abdominal, confirmándose mediante colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica, colangiografía percutánea o colangio-resonancia. Su tratamiento es quirúrgico, pudiendo realizarse por vía laparoscópica o abierta en función de su estadio (AU)

Abdominal pain is a common cause of consultation in primary care. The variability in disease conditions with this pain complicates differential diagnosis. The main causes of right upper quadrant pain are bile (biliary colic, cholecystitis and cholangitis). Mirizzi syndrome is a complication that occurs in approximately 1% of patients with cholelithiasis. It consists of the impaction of calculi in the neck of the gallbladder or cystic duct that compresses the common hepatic duct, which may erode and create a cholecystocholedochal fistula. It clinically appears as obstructive jaundice, frequently associated with gallbladder cancer. It is diagnosed by ultrasound, confirmed by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, percutaneous cholangiography or resonance-cholangiopancreatography. Treatment is surgical and can be performed by laparoscopic or open surgery, depending on the staging (AU)

Psiquiatría transcultural. A propósito de un caso / Cross Cultural Psychiatry. Report of a case

Aspectos socio-culturales resultan determinantes en el manejo, evaluación, diagnóstico, y tratamiento de los pacientes inmigrantes. Se presenta un caso de un varón nigeriano que es traído al Servicio de Urgencias del Hospital de Valme por trastorno de conducta y gestos autolesivos realizados en vía pública (AU)

Socio-cultural aspects were decisive in immigrant patient management, evaluation, diagnosis and treatment. We present the case of a Nigerian male who is brought to Valme Hospital Emergency Department for behavioral disorder and self-inflected injury in public spaces (AU)

Involvement of 2-arachidonoyl glycerol in the increased consumption of and preference for ethanol of mice treated with neurotoxic doses of methamphetamine.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Methamphetamine (METH) is a psychostimulant amphetamine that causes long-term dopaminergic neurotoxicity in mice. Hypodopaminergic states have been demonstrated to increase voluntary ethanol (EtOH) consumption and preference. In addition, the endocannabinoid system has been demonstrated to modulate EtOH drinking behaviour. Thus, we investigated EtOH consumption in METH-lesioned animals and the role of cannabinoid (CB) signalling in this EtOH drinking. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: Mice were treated with a neurotoxic regimen of METH, and 7 days later exposed to increasing concentrations of drinking solutions of EtOH (3, 6, 10 and 20%). Seven days after neurotoxic METH, the following biochemical determinations were carried out in limbic forebrain: CB(1) receptor density and stimulated activity, 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) activity, dopamine levels and dopamine transporter density. KEY RESULTS: EtOH consumption and preference were increased in METH-treated mice. Seven days after METH, a time at which both dopamine levels and density of dopamine transporters in limbic forebrain were decreased, CB(1) receptor density and activity were unaltered, but 2-AG levels were increased. At this same time-point, MAGL activity was reduced. The CB(1) receptor antagonist AM251 prevented the METH-induced increase in EtOH consumption and preference, while N-arachidonoyl maleimide, an inhibitor of MAGL, increased EtOH consumption and preference in both saline- and METH-treated mice. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: An increase in endocannabinoid tone may be involved in the increased consumption of and preference for EtOH displayed by METH-lesioned mice as blockade of the CB(1) receptor decreased EtOH-seeking behaviours, whereas the MAGL inhibitor increased EtOH consumption.

Sex-dependent maternal deprivation effects on brain monoamine content in adolescent rats.

Rats subjected to a single prolonged episode of maternal deprivation (MD) [24h, postnatal days 9-10] show, later in life, behavioural alterations that resemble specific signs of schizophrenia and other neuropsychiatric signs including increased levels of impulsivity and an apparent difficulty to cope with stressful situations. Some of these behavioural modifications are observable in the periadolescent period. However there is no previous information regarding the possible underlying neurochemical correlates at this critical developmental period. In this study we have addressed the effects of MD on the levels of serotonin (5-HT), dopamine (DA) and their respective metabolites in prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, striatum, midbrain and cerebellum of male and female periadolescent Wistar rats. MD rats showed significantly increased levels of 5-HT in all regions studied with the exception of cerebellum. In addition, MD animals showed increased levels of DA in PFC as well as increased levels of DA and a decrease of DOPAC/DA and HVA/DA ratios in striatum. The effect of MD on the monoaminergic systems was in several cases sex-dependent.

Abordaje psicoterapéutico de la afectividad en los trastornos afectivos o neuróticos / No disponible

Se expone una experiencia en psicoterapia breve realizadaen pacientes diagnosticados de trastorno afectivoo neurótico. Con objeto de obtener herramientas psicoterapeúticasútiles donde la limitación temporal es handicapfundamental, se pretende demostrar que junto altratamiento psicofarmacológico, un abordaje precoz dela afectividad se traduce en una mayor eficacia del tratamiento.Se incluyeron 24 pacientes y se utilizaron lasEscalas Hamilton para Ansiedad y Depresión. El estudioestadístico incluyó análisis descriptivo y la pruebano paramétrica Wilcoxon. Se observó significaciónestadística (p < 0,0005) al cuantificar la diferencia pre ypostratamiento. Para la ansiedad pretratamiento mediana35 (27,25; 38,75), y postratamiento 8 (4,00; 15,50),para depresión, mediana pretratamiento 24 (24; 29,75) ypostratamiento 7 (3,00; 9,25). Confirmándose como lacombinación psicofarmacoterapia-psicoterapia es el tratamientomás eficaz en trastornos afectivos y neuróticos,al observar mejoría clínica y estadísticamente significativatanto en sintomatología ansiosa comodepresiva transcurridos tan sólo 4-5 sesiones de tratamiento(AU)

Presents a study of brief psychotherapy on patientswith affective or neurotic disorder. In order to gain usefulpsychotherapy tools, where limited time is majorhandicap, we want to demonstrate that psychopharmacologicaltreatment together an early approach to affectivityresults in more effective treatment. We included24 patients, using the Hamilton Anxiety and DepressionScales. The statistical analysis included descriptive andnon-parametric Wilcoxon test. Statistical significancewas observed (p < 0.0005) to quantify the differencebefore and after psychotherapy. The pre-treatmentmedian for anxiety was 35 (27.25, 38.75), and posttreatment8 (4.00, 15.50), for depression, the pre-treatmentmedian was 24 (24, 29.75) and post-treatment 7(3.00; 9.25). This confirms that the combination of psicofarmacotherapyand psychotherapy is effective inaffective and neurotic disorders treatment, showingclinically and statistically significant improvement inboth anxiety and depressive symptoms after only 4-5treatment sessions(AU)