Evaluation of endothelial function and subclinical atherosclerosis in patients with HIV infection.

The aim of this study was to analyse the association between human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) related clinical and analytical parameters and the presence of subclinical atherosclerosis as well as endothelial dysfunction. This was a prospective cohort study of HIV-positive patients who underwent intima media thickness (IMT) determination and coronary artery calcium scoring to determine subclinical atherosclerosis. To detect endothelial dysfunction, the breath holding index, flow-mediated dilation and the concentration of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) were measured. Patients with an IMT ≥ 0.9 mm had an average of 559.3 ± 283.34 CD4/µl, and those with an IMT < 0.9 mm had an average of 715.4 ± 389.92 CD4/µl (p = 0.04). Patients with a low calcium score had a significantly higher average CD4 cell value and lower zenith viral load (VL) than those with a higher score (707.7 ± 377.5 CD4/µl vs 477.23 ± 235.7 CD4/µl (p = 0.01) and 7 × 104 ± 5 × 104 copies/ml vs 23.4 × 104 ± 19 × 104 copies/ml (p = 0.02)). The number of early EPCs in patients with a CD4 nadir < 350/µl was lower than that in those with a CD4 nadir ≥ 350 (p = 0.03). In HIV-positive patients, low CD4 cell levels and high VL were associated with risk of developing subclinical atherosclerosis. HIV patients with CD4 cell nadir < 350/µl may have fewer early EPCs.

Echinococcosis: A 15-year epidemiological, clinical and outcome overview / / Equinococosis: epidemiología, clínica y resultados en una panorámica de 15 años

Objective. To analyze the epidemiological and clinical characteristics and mortality of patients with cystic echinococcosis (CE) in northern Spain. Patients and methods. A retrospective study of the medical records of patients diagnosed with CE and hospitalized from 1997 to 2011 in a University Hospital. Results. A total of 76 patients (44 men) were diagnosed with CE. The mean age was 57.8 years (SD: 19.1 years; range: 14.9–92.7). The yearly average incidence was 1.08 cases/100,000 inhabitants. The highest incidence was registered in patients aged 70–79 years (22.7% of all cases). Liver was the main organ involved (92.1%), followed by lung (6.6%) and peritoneum (1.3%). Fifty-five patients (72%) received treatment: 2 (3.6%) medical treatment with albendazole, 27 (49%) surgical treatment, 3 (5.4%) medical treatment combined with cyst drainage, and 23 (42%) combined medical and surgical treatment. Eight patients had a recurrence. Twenty-four (31.2%) patients died. No patient's death was attributed directly to hydatidosis, though mortality was significantly higher in the untreated vs. the treated patient group (57% vs. 22%, p=0.003). Conclusions. Hydatidosis treatment and diagnostic approaches remain heterogeneous. The liver continues being the main organ affected. Mortality was higher in patients who did not receive treatment. However, this result might have been influenced by other factors, mainly age (AU)

Objetivos. Analizar las características epidemiológicas y clínicas y la mortalidad de los pacientes con equinococosis quística (EQ) en el norte de España. Pacientes y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo de las historias clínicas de los pacientes diagnosticados de EQ, ingresados entre los años 1997 y 2011 en un Hospital Universitario. Resultados. Se diagnosticaron de hidatidosis un total de 76 pacientes (44 varones). La media de edad fue de 57,8 años (DE: 19,1 años; rango: 14,9–92,7). El promedio de incidencia anual fue de 1,08 casos/100.000 habitantes. La incidencia más alta se registró entre los pacientes con una edad comprendida entre 70 y 79 años (22,7% de los casos). El hígado fue el principal órgano afectado (92,1%), seguido del pulmón (6,6%) y el peritoneo (1,3%). Recibieron tratamiento 55 pacientes (72%): 2 (3,6%) tratamiento médico (albendazol), 27 (49%) tratamiento quirúrgico, 3 (5,4%) tratamiento médico combinado con drenaje del quiste y 23 (42%) tratamiento médico y quirúrgico combinados. Presentaron recurrencias 8 pacientes, y fallecieron 24 (31,2%). Ninguno de los pacientes falleció por una causa atribuible a hidatidosis, aunque la mortalidad fue significativamente mayor en el grupo de los no tratados respecto al de los tratados (57% vs. 22%, p=0,003). Conclusiones. La aproximación diagnóstica y terapéutica de la hidatidosis continúa siendo heterogénea. El hígado sigue siendo el principal órgano afectado. La mortalidad fue mayor en los pacientes que no recibieron tratamiento, si bien este resultado puede estar influido por otros factores, principalmente la edad (AU)

Echinococcosis: A 15-year epidemiological, clinical and outcome overview.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the epidemiological and clinical characteristics and mortality of patients with cystic echinococcosis (CE) in northern Spain. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective study of the medical records of patients diagnosed with CE and hospitalized from 1997 to 2011 in a University Hospital. RESULTS: A total of 76 patients (44 men) were diagnosed with CE. The mean age was 57.8 years (SD: 19.1 years; range: 14.9-92.7). The yearly average incidence was 1.08 cases/100,000 inhabitants. The highest incidence was registered in patients aged 70-79 years (22.7% of all cases). Liver was the main organ involved (92.1%), followed by lung (6.6%) and peritoneum (1.3%). Fifty-five patients (72%) received treatment: 2 (3.6%) medical treatment with albendazole, 27 (49%) surgical treatment, 3 (5.4%) medical treatment combined with cyst drainage, and 23 (42%) combined medical and surgical treatment. Eight patients had a recurrence. Twenty-four (31.2%) patients died. No patient's death was attributed directly to hydatidosis, though mortality was significantly higher in the untreated vs. the treated patient group (57% vs. 22%, p=0.003). CONCLUSIONS: Hydatidosis treatment and diagnostic approaches remain heterogeneous. The liver continues being the main organ affected. Mortality was higher in patients who did not receive treatment. However, this result might have been influenced by other factors, mainly age.

Human toll-like receptor 1 T1805G polymorphism and susceptibility to pulmonary tuberculosis in northern Spain.

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key sensors of mycobacterial infections and play a crucial role in the initiation and coordination of the antimycobacterial innate immune response. T1805G, a functional TLR1 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), has been associated with susceptibility to pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB), but contradictory results among different populations have been reported. Our objective was to study this SNP in a genetically homogeneous population to evaluate its role in conferring susceptibility or resistance to PTB. In our population, the 1805G allele and the GG genotype (OR 2.04, 95%CI 1.26-3.31) influence susceptibility to PTB, in contrast with data observed in other populations.

Infección por el virus H1N1: hallazgos en la radiografía simple de tórax / H1N1 virus infection: chest radiographic findings

Objetivo. Mostrar los hallazgos en la radiografía de tórax (RT) de pacientes con infección confirmada por la nueva variante del virus de la gripe A (H1N1) correlacionándolos con la historia y evolución clínica. Material y métodos. Revisión de la historia clínica y estudios radiológicos de 99 pacientes con infección por la nueva variante del virus de gripe A ingresados en dos hospitales del Servicio Cántabro de Salud. Los hallazgos en la RT fueron clasificados por el patrón parenquimatoso y la distribución de las lesiones. Resultados. De los 99 pacientes evaluados, 28 presentaron alteraciones en la RT realizada al ingresar. En estos 28 pacientes los hallazgos fueron: condensación en 19, condensación más vidrio deslustrado en 7 y vidrio deslustrado en dos; en 17 la distribución de las lesiones fue difusa, en 17 bilateral, y por campos los más afectados fueron el inferior y el medio. Trece pacientes experimentaron una progresión de las lesiones y los 7 que precisaron ventilación mecánica mostraron con mayor frecuencia en la RT del ingreso una distribución difusa de las lesiones y un mayor número de campos pulmonares afectos. Los pacientes con RT patológica fueron preferentemente varones, fumadores y presentaron disnea, dolor pleurítico y diarrea (p<0,05). Conclusión. La mayoría de los pacientes con infección por la nueva variante del virus de la gripe A no presentaron alteraciones en la RT del ingreso; sin embargo, cuando estaban presentes, el patrón predominante fue una condensación de distribución difusa, bilateral y con predominio en las bases. El derrame pleural y las adenopatías hiliares o mediastínicas fueron infrecuentes (AU)

Objective. To show the plain chest film findings in patients with confirmed infection with the new variant of the influenza A (H1N1) virus and to correlate these findings with the clinical history and evolution. Material and methods. We reviewed the clinical histories and radiological studies in 99 patients infected with the new variant of H1N1 influenza who were admitted in two Hospitals in Cantabria, Spain. Plain chest film findings were classified according to their parenchymal pattern and the distribution of the lesions. Results. Of the 99 patients evaluated, 28 had changes on the plain chest film acquired at admission. In these 28 patients, the findings were: condensation in 19, condensation and ground-glass opacities in 7, and ground-glass opacities in 2; the distribution of the lesions was diffuse in 17 patients and bilateral in 17, with the lower and middle lobes being the most frequently affected. The lesions progressed in 13 patients, and the 7 patients who required mechanical ventilation had a higher frequency of diffuse lesion distribution and more lung fields affected on the plain chest field acquired at admission. Pathological findings on plain chest films were more common in males, in smokers, and in patients who presented with shortness of breath, pleuritic pain, and diarrhea (P<0.05). Conclusion. Most patients infected with the new variant of the H1N1 virus had no alterations on the plain chest film acquired on admission; when findings were present, the predominant pattern was diffuse, bilateral condensation mainly involving the bases of the lungs. Pleural effusion and hilar or mediastinal lymph node enlargement were uncommon (AU)

H1N1 virus infection: chest radiographic findings.

OBJECTIVE: To show the plain chest film findings in patients with confirmed infection with the new variant of the influenza A (H1N1) virus and to correlate these findings with the clinical history and evolution. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We reviewed the clinical histories and radiological studies in 99 patients infected with the new variant of H1N1 influenza who were admitted in two Hospitals in Cantabria, Spain. Plain chest film findings were classified according to their parenchymal pattern and the distribution of the lesions. RESULTS: Of the 99 patients evaluated, 28 had changes on the plain chest film acquired at admission. In these 28 patients, the findings were: condensation in 19, condensation and ground-glass opacities in 7, and ground-glass opacities in 2; the distribution of the lesions was diffuse in 17 patients and bilateral in 17, with the lower and middle lobes being the most frequently affected. The lesions progressed in 13 patients, and the 7 patients who required mechanical ventilation had a higher frequency of diffuse lesion distribution and more lung fields affected on the plain chest field acquired at admission. Pathological findings on plain chest films were more common in males, in smokers, and in patients who presented with shortness of breath, pleuritic pain, and diarrhea (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Most patients infected with the new variant of the H1N1 virus had no alterations on the plain chest film acquired on admission; when findings were present, the predominant pattern was diffuse, bilateral condensation mainly involving the bases of the lungs. Pleural effusion and hilar or mediastinal lymph node enlargement were uncommon.

High prevalence of upper urinary tract involvement detected by 111indium-oxine leukocyte scintigraphy in patients with candiduria.

The purpose of this investigation was to assess the prevalence of upper urinary tract involvement in patients with candiduria by means of (111)indium-oxine-labeled leukocyte scintigraphy. An observational cohort study of patients with confirmed candiduria was conducted in an acute-care teaching hospital in Spain from March 2006 through February 2009. An (111)In-labeled leukocyte scan was performed in order to assess the upper urinary tract involvement. A series of non-matched patients without candiduria nor bacteriuria undergoing scintigraphy to exclude infections in other sites than the urinary tract was also studied. Demographics, baseline illness, and clinical data were recorded. Candiduria was detected in 428 patients, and scintigraphy was performed in 35 of these patients. Twenty-nine patients without candiduria nor bacteriuria were also studied. Positive renal scintigraphy was documented in 24 (68%) patients with confirmed candiduria and in 3 (10%) patients without candiduria (p < 0.005). Renal uptake was not associated with a higher mortality nor with re-admissions. Subclinical pyelonephritis could be more frequent in patients with candiduria than it has been previously considered.

Abscesos cerebrales en un hospital de tercer nivel: epidemiología y factores que influyen en la mortalidad / Brain abscess in a tertiary medical center: epidemiology and prognostic factors related to mortality

Objetivos: Analizar la epidemiología, la evolución clínica,el tratamiento y los factores pronósticos de mortalidad de pacientescon absceso cerebral ingresados en un hospital de tercernivel.Métodos: Estudio observacional de cohortes retrospectivode pacientes diagnosticados de absceso cerebral en un hospitalde tercer nivel durante un periodo de 13 años.Resultados: Desde Enero de 1992 a Diciembre de 2005 sediagnosticaron 71 pacientes con absceso cerebral. Hubo unpredominio masculino (73%), con una edad media de 45 años.Fiebre, cefalea y alteración del estado mental fueron las manifestacionesclínicas más frecuentes. La localización más frecuentefue el lóbulo frontal (28 pacientes). Cincuenta y cuatro(76,1%) pacientes tenían abscesos uniloculados y 17 (23,9%)abscesos múltiples. Los estafilococos fueron los microorganismosmás frecuentemente aislados. La tomografía computarizadafue suficiente para realizar el diagnóstico en todos los casos.Se practicó drenaje quirúrgico a 26 pacientes con untiempo medio diagnóstico-intervención de 15,4 días. Precisaroningreso en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI) 34 pacientes.La mortalidad fue de un 21,4% (15 pacientes), siendoen todos los casos atribuible a la infección. Seis pacientes fallecieronen la UCI. En el análisis multivariante el ser mayor de 65años (OR, 1,0; CI 95%, 1,0-1,1) el tratamiento médico aislado(OR, 8,9; CI 95%, 1,1-73,8), la presencia de abscesos múltiples(OR, 6,0; CI 95%, 1,0-34,9), la inmunosupresión (OR, 21,5; CI95%, 2,9-157,2) y el tiempo desde el diagnóstico hasta la instauraciónde la antibioterapia (OR, 1,5 por día de retraso; CI95%, 1,0-2,1) fueron factores independientes de mortalidad...(AU)

Objective. To document the epidemiology, causes,treatment and prognostic factors associated with mortalityof patients with brain abscess in a tertiary medicalcenter.Methods. Observational retrospective cohort study ofpatients with cerebral abscess admitted at a tertiary hospitalduring 13 years.Results. The case records of 71 patients admitted to atertiary hospital between January 1992 and December2005 and diagnosed of brain abscess were review. Brainabscess occurred at all ages, more frequently in menthan in women. Fever, headache and altered mental statuswere common presenting symptoms. The most commonsite of infection was the frontal lobe (28 patients).Seventeen patients had multiple abscesses. Staphylococcalinfection was seen most commonly. Computed tomographyprovided sufficient diagnostic information in allcases. Twenty six patients had early surgical drainage.Thirty four patients were admitted to the intensive careUnit (ICU). The overall mortality was 21% (15 patients),all of that related to the infection. Six patients died inICU. More than 65 years of age (OR, 1,0; CI 95%, 1,0-1,1), medical treatment without surgery (OR, 8,9; CI 95%,1,1-73,8), presence of multiple abscesses, (OR, 6,0; CI95%, 1,0-34,9), immunosuppression (OR, 21,5; CI 95%, 2,9-157,2) and delay in starting antibiotherapy (OR, 1,5per day of delay; CI 95%, 1,0-2,1) were independent predictorsof in-hospital death.Conclusions: In spite of improvement in diagnosisand treatment of patients with cerebral abscess, mortalityis still high. Factors related to patient underlying diseasesand the delay in the start an antibiotic treatmentwere associated with increased mortality (50% increaseof mortality risk per day in the delay of starting antibiotherapy)(AU)

Prognostic factors and outcome after drowning in an adult population.

BACKGROUND: Drowning remains an actual problem. Although medical assistance has improved, it still has high rates of morbidity and mortality. We set out to explore the clinical characteristics and outcome of drowning patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) of tertiary-care university hospital. METHODS: We designed a retrospective observational study to analyse all drowning patients admitted to our ICU after successful cardiopulmonary resuscitation. The study was conducted during 1 January 1992-31 December 2005. There was no exclusion. We used a univariate analysis to evaluate the effect on patient and management characteristics on survival. RESULTS: There were 43 patients (five children and 38 adults), with male predominance. Fifteen patients, all adults (34.9%), died. Submersion time, age, Glasgow Coma Score (GCS), pupillary reactivity and acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHE II) at ICU admission were related to mortality. Non-survivors presented a higher glycaemia level at ICU admission than survivors (P=0.005). CONCLUSIONS: The outcome is closely related to the patient's clinical status on arrival to the hospital. We have found that submersion time, age, GCS, pupillary reactivity and APACHE II at ICU admission were related to mortality. Further research in prospective studies is needed.

[Brain abscess in a third-level hospital: epidemiology and prognostic factors related to mortality]. / Abscesos cerebrales en un hospital de tercer nivel: epidemiología y factores que influyen en la mortalidad.

OBJECTIVE: To document the epidemiology, causes, treatment and prognostic factors associated with mortality of patients with brain abscess in a tertiary medical center. METHODS: Observational retrospective cohort study of patients with cerebral abscess admitted at a tertiary hospital during 13 years. RESULTS: The case records of 71 patients admitted to a tertiary hospital between January 1992 and December 2005 and diagnosed of brain abscess were review. Brain abscess occurred at all ages, more frequently in men than in women. Fever, headache and altered mental status were common presenting symptoms. The most common site of infection was the frontal lobe (28 patients). Seventeen patients had multiple abscesses. Staphylococcal infection was seen most commonly. Computed tomography provided sufficient diagnostic information in all cases. Twenty six patients had early surgical drainage. Thirty four patients were admitted to the intensive care Unit (ICU). The overall mortality was 21% (15 patients), all of that related to the infection. Six patients died in ICU. More than 65 years of age (OR, 1.0; CI 95%, 1.0-1.1), medical treatment without surgery (OR, 8.9; CI 95%, 1.1-73.8), presence of multiple abscesses, (OR, 6.0; CI 95%, 1.0-34.9), immunosuppression (OR, 21.5; CI 95%, 2.9-157.2) and delay in starting antibiotherapy (OR, 1.5 per day of delay; CI 95%, 1.0-2.1) were independent predictors of in-hospital death. CONCLUSIONS: In spite of improvement in diagnosis and treatment of patients with cerebral abscess, mortality is still high. Factors related to patient underlying diseases and the delay in the start an antibiotic treatment were associated with increased mortality (50% increase of mortality risk per day in the delay of starting antibiotherapy).

[Analysis of subdural intracraneal empyemas in a third level hospital]. / Análisis de los empiemas subdurales intracraneales en un hospital de tercer nivel.

INTRODUCTION: Intracranial subdural empyema (ISE) is an infrequent infectious disorder of diverse etiology and difficult to diagnose because of its non-specific clinical features. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Retrospective study of patients diagnosed of ISE in a third-level university hospital in a 15-year period. RESULTS: Five men were included (mean age: 39.3 years). The most frequent primary source of infection was otic and sinusal (60%). The initial clinical manifestations were fever, headache, alteration of consciousness, and neurological focal symptoms. The mean time elapsed between onset of symptoms and diagnosis was 3.6 days. Diagnosis was performed by computed tomography in all patients. ISE was localized in the left hemisphere in 60% of cases mainly affecting the parietal lobe (80%). Anaerobic and streptococci germs were the most frequently isolated microorganisms. Therapy was based on antibiotics and surgical drainage in 100% of the cases. The surgical procedure used in the evacuation of empyema was craniotomy in all the patients. The mean time elapsed between diagnosis and surgery was 8.4 days. The mean Intensive Care Unit stay was 12.8 days, whereas the overall mean in-hospital stay was 45.2 days. Mortality was 40%. CONCLUSION: ISE, although infrequent, displays a high morbimortality that can be reduced with an early therapeutic approach which may include the surgical evacuation in all the cases.

Análisis de los empiemas subdurales intracraneales en un hospital de tercer nivel / Analysis of subdural intracranial empyemas in a third level hospital

El empiema subdural intracraneal (ESI) es un proceso infeccioso infrecuente, de etiología diversa yde difícil diagnóstico por presentar una clínica inespecífica. Pacientes y métodos. Estudio retrospectivo de los pacientes diagnosticados de ESI en un hospital universitario de tercer nivel durante un período de 15 años. Resultados. Se diagnosticaron cinco varones (media de edad: 39,3 años). El foco primario más frecuente fue ótico y sinusal (60%). Las manifestaciones clínicasiniciales fueron fiebre, cefalea, alteración del nivel de conciencia y síntomas neurológicos focales. El tiempo medio transcurrido desde el inicio de los síntomas hasta el diagnóstico fue de 3,6 días. El diagnóstico se realizó mediante tomografía computarizada en todos los pacientes. El ESI asentó sobre el hemisferio izquierdo en el 60% de los casos y afectó predominantementeal lóbulo parietal (80%). Los microorganismos aislados con mayor frecuencia fueron gérmenes anaerobios yestreptococos. El tratamiento se basó en terapia antibiótica y drenaje quirúrgico en el 100% de los casos. La técnica empleada para la evacuación del ESI fue la craneotomía en todos los pacientes. El tiempo medio transcurrido entre el diagnóstico yla intervención quirúrgica fue de 8,4 días. La estancia media en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos fue de 12,8 días, mientras que la hospitalaria global fue de 45,2 días. La mortalidad fue del 40%. Conclusión. El ESI, aunque infrecuente, presenta unaalta morbimortalidad, que puede disminuir con un abordaje terapéutico precoz, que debe incluir en todos los casos la evacuación quirúrgica de la colección

Intracranial subdural empyema (ISE) is an infrequent infectious disorder of diverse etiology anddifficult to diagnose because of its non-specific clinical features. Patients and methods. Retrospective study of patients diagnosed of ISE in a third-level university hospital in a 15-year period. Results. Five men were included (mean age: 39.3 years). Themost frequent primary source of infection was otic and sinusal (60%). The initial clinical manifestations were fever, headache, alteration of consciousness, and neurological focal symptoms. The mean time elapsed between onset of symptoms and diagnosis was 3.6 days. Diagnosis was performed by computed tomography in all patients. ISE was localized in the left hemisphere in 60% of cases mainly affecting the parietal lobe (80%). Anaerobic and streptococci germs were the most frequently isolated microorganisms. Therapy was based on antibiotics and surgical drainage in 100% of the cases. The surgical procedure used in the evacuation of empyema was craniotomy in all the patients. The mean time elapsed between diagnosis and surgery was 8.4 days. The mean Intensive Care Unit stay was 12.8 days, whereas the overall mean in-hospital stay was 45.2 days. Mortality was 40%. Conclusion. ISE, although infrequent, displays a high morbimortality that can be reduced with an early therapeutic approach which may include the surgical evacuation in all the cases