Widespread blunting of hypothalamic and amygdala-septal activity and behavior in rats with long-term hyperglycemia.

Anxiety and depression in diabetic patients contributes to a poor prognosis, but possible causal relationships have been controversial. Anxiety, fear, and anhedonia are mediated by interactions between different deep structures of the temporal lobe (e.g., amygdala complex and hippocampus) and other forebrain-related structures (e.g., lateral septal nucleus). Connections between these structures and the hypothalamic orexinergic system are necessary for the maintenance of energy and wakefulness. However, few studies have explored the impact of long-term hyperglycemia in these structures on anxiety. We induced long-term hyperglycemia (glucose levels of ∼500mg/dl) in Wistar rats by injecting them with alloxan and simultaneously protecting them from hyperglycemia by injecting them daily with a low dose of insulin (i.e., just enough insulin to avoid death), thus maintaining hyperglycemia and ketonuria for as long as 6 weeks. Compared with controls, long-term hyperglycemic rats exhibited a significant reduction of Fos expression in the lateral septal nucleus and basolateral amygdala, but no differences were found in cerebellar regions. Orexin-A cells appeared to be inactive in the lateral hypothalamus. No differences were found in sucrose consumption or behavior in the elevated plus maze compared with the control group, but a decrease in general locomotion was observed. These data indicate a generalized blunting of the metabolic brain response, accompanied by a decrease in locomotion but no changes in hedonic- or anxiety-like behavior.

[Splenic and bone marrow increased 18F-FDG uptake in a PET scan performed following treatment with G-CSF]. / Hipercaptación esplénica secundaria a factor estimulador de colonias granulocitarias (G-CSF) en el estudio PET-FDG.

We present the case of an 11 year-old Caucasian girl who presented chest pain of 12 weeks evolution, with no other symptoms and a negative physical examination. Lactate dehydrogenase levels were increased to 797 U/l, whereas beta-2-microglobulin (BM2) levels were normal. The thoracic CT showed a bulky mediastinal mass that occupied the pretracheal, paratracheal and right prevascular regions. The gallium scintigraphy showed high uptake in the mediastinic region; the bone scintigraphy was negative. Biopsy of the mediastinal mass revealed the presence of diffuse large B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Treatment included 4 cycles of chemotherapy followed by 7 days of subcutaneous granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF, Lenogastrim) at a dose of 5 mg/Kg/day. Following treatment, a CT scan was performed to evaluate response, finding a calcification of the mass without significant reduction of the overall size. Because CT was inconclusive in the assessment of response to therapy, a 18F-FDG PET scan was performed. The 18F-FDG PET scan did not show any pathological uptake in the mediastinum but revealed a splenic and bone marrow diffusely increased 18F-FDG uptake. The differential diagnosis included a secondary effect induced by G-CSF therapy as one of the main possibilities, but other possibilities such as a malignant infiltration by lymphoma could not be discarded. Therefore, a second 18F-FDG PET scan was performed 3 months later. This study showed no pathological findings, with a normal 18F-FDG uptake in the spleen and bone marrow. Thus, the benign and reactive nature of the splenic and bone marrow 18F-FDG increased uptake found in the previous study was confirmed. We consider that the stimulating effect that G-CSF therapy has on the spleen and bone marrow must be taken into account when performing a 18F-FDG PET scan, as it can be an important source of false-positive results.

Hipercaptación esplénica secundaria a factor estimulador de colonias granulocitarias (G-CSF) en el estudio PET-FDG / Splenic and bone marrow increased 18F-FDG uptake in a pet scan performed following treatment with G-CSF

Presentamos el caso clínico de una niña de 11 años que ingresó por dolor torácico, doce semanas de evolución, sin compromiso del estado general ni síntomas, con exploración física normal, e incremento de LDH 797 U/l con beta 2 microglobulina normal (BM2).El TAC torácico mostraba gran lesión que ocupaba los espacios pre y paratraqueal y prevascular derecha. La gammagrafía ósea fue negativa y gammagrafía con 67 Galio demostró gran fijación mediastínica del radiotrazador. La biopsia de la masa, reveló la presencia de un linfoma no Hodgkin (LNH) de células grandes, recibiendo cuatro ciclos de quimioterapia, seguido de siete días con adminstracion subcutanea de Lenogastrim (Granulocyte) a una dosis de 5 g/kg/ día. El primer TAC torácico de control objetivó una calcificación de la masa sin reducción del tamaño, por lo que se solicitó un estudio de Tomografía por Emisión de Positrones con 18F-fluoro-2-deoxi-glucosa (PET-FDG) para valorar la existencia de tumor. La PET-FDG no visualizó captación patológica del radiotrazador en mediastino, pero sí detectó una hipercaptación difusa en médula ósea y bazo, posiblemente atribuible a la administración del factor estimulador de colonias granulocitarias (G-CSF). Dado que los hallazgos de la PET-FDG eran difíciles de descartar entre efecto secundario o relacionado con la existencia de infiltración por linfoma, se repitió un segundo control tres meses más tarde. En el nuevo estudio la hiperactividad esplénica y de médula ósea habían desaparecido. Consideramos importante, el efecto (G-CSF) que puede producir hipercaptación de FDG tanto en médula ósea como en bazo, actuando como factor de confusión en la interpretación del estudio PET-FDG (AU)

Prevalencia factores de riesgo cardiovascular. Localidad de los Mártires Bogotá - Colombia / Prevelencia factors of cardiovascular risk. Localidad of the Martires

El estilo de vida y los patrones de conducta personal parecen ser los principales determinantes de la morbilidad y mortalidad de las enfermedades crónicas, se deben identificar los factores de riesgo para definir políticas de intervención tempranas. Tipo de estudio-.descriptivo transversal. Se realizó una encuesta de evaluación rápida (OMS), en la población de la localidad de los Mártires en Bogotá, seleccionando aleatoriamente la muestra en forma bietápica y entrevistando a los mayores de 18 años. Se tomó muestra sanguínea en ayunas para colesterol, triglicéridos, glicemia, HDL, LDL, peso y presión arterial. Se clasificaron los factores en alto, mediano y bajo riesgo. La muestra se calculó con una precisión del 4.5 por ciento, prevalencia del factor más común del 50 por ciento, nivel de confianza del 90 por ciento y un valor de P< 0.05. Conclusión, La prevalencia de factores de riesgo oscila entre el 5.2 por ciento y el 45 por ciento , la población tiene un bajo nivel educativo que interfiere con la modificación de los mismos. Se deben realizar programas específicos de prevención y promoción que tengan en cuenta las barreras culturales y del comportamiento

The lowest effective dose of fluoxetine in the forced swim test significantly affects the firing rate of lateral septal nucleus neurones in the rat.

The administration of a relatively high dose of antidepressant drugs produces an increased neuronal firing rate of the lateral septal nucleus (LSN) in the rat and a decreased immobility in rats forced to swim. However, it is unknown whether a minimally effective low-dose 21-day treatment with the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, fluoxetine, while reducing immobility in the forced swim test, also increases the neuronal firing rate of the LSN in Wistar rats. The total time of immobility decreased with a daily injection of 0.5, 1.0 or 2.0 mg/kg of fluoxetine (p < 0.001), and the lowest dose increasing the latency to the first immobility period (p < 0.0001) was 1.0 mg/kg. Therefore, the action of the 21-day fluoxetine treatment (1.0 mg/kg) on the firing rate of LSN neurones was tested in another group of rats. A total amount of 78 single-unit extracellular recordings was taken from the LSN of eight control rats (n = 40) and eight fluoxetine treated rats (n = 38). The LSN firing rate in the fluoxetine group was double (18.3 +/- 2.5 spikes per 10 s, p < 0.05) that in the control group (7.0 +/- 0.9 spikes per 10 s), and the first order interval of firing proved to be significantly lower in the fluoxetine group compared to the control group (384.3 +/- 22.3 and 639.7 +/- 27.5 ms, respectively; p < 0.05). In conclusion, the increased neuronal tiring rate of the LSN in the animals treated with a low dose of fluoxetine may be associated with an increased motivation to escape from the stressful situation that the forced swim represents.