Fetal Splenic Artery Pulsatility Index May Predict the Need for Neonatal Intensive Care in Gestational Diabetes Class A1 Cases.

The fetal splenic artery pulsatility index is a parameter that reflects fetal well-being and has been used as a predictor of adverse pregnancy outcomes. The aim of this study was to investigate the predictive value of the splenic artery pulsatility index in gestational diabetes mellitus class A1 cases for intensive care unit admission. In this prospective case-controlled study, only sixty single pregnancy cases diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus class A1 were evaluated. Fetal splenic artery Doppler parameters such as peak systolic velocity, pulsatility index, resistivity index, and end-diastolic velocity were measured in all cases. The rate of requirements for the neonatal intensive care unit was noted. In cases requiring fetal intensive care, the fetal splenic pulsatility index was found to be statistically significantly lower than in healthy cases without it (0.94 ± 0.29 vs. 1.70 ± 0.53, respectively, p < 0.001, Student's t-test). When the fetal splenic PI cutoff value was selected as 1.105 cm3, the sensitivity was calculated as 97.9% and the specificity as 58.3% for predicting the need for fetal intensive care (AUC 0.968, p < 0.001, 95% CI 0.929-0.998). The use of a low fetal splenic artery PI parameter is a significant and good indicator for predicting the need for fetal intensive care according to the binary logistic regression analysis result (p = 0.006). This study suggests that evaluation of fetal splenic artery Doppler in mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus may be used to predict neonates requiring a newborn intensive care unit. Therefore, it is recommended that obstetricians use this simple, rapid, and valuable evaluation of fetal splenic artery Doppler and alert the neonatologist that a newborn intensive care unit may be required.

A case control study investigating the methylation levels of GHRL and GHSR genes in alcohol use disorder.

BACKGROUND: Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a relapsing disease described as excessive use of alcohol. Evidence of the role of DNA methylation in addiction is accumulating. Ghrelin is an important peptide known as appetite hormone and its role in addictive behavior has been identified. Here we aimed to determine the methylation levels of two crucial genes (GHRL and GHSR) in ghrelin signaling and further investigate the association between methylation ratios and plasma ghrelin levels. METHODS: Individuals diagnosed with (n = 71) and without (n = 82) AUD were recruited in this study. DNA methylation levels were measured through methylation-sensitive high-resolution melting (MS-HRM). Acylated ghrelin levels were detected by ELISA. The GHRL rs696217 polymorphism was analyzed by the standard PCR-RFLP method. RESULTS: GHRL was significantly hypermethylated (P < 0.0022) in AUD between 25 and 50% methylation than in control subjects but no significant changes of GHSR methylation were observed. Moreover, GHRL showed significant positive correlation of methylation ratio between 25 and 50% with age. A significant positive correlation between GHSR methylation and ghrelin levels in the AUD group was determined (P = 0.037). The level of GHRL methylation and the ghrelin levels showed a significant association in the control subjects (P = 0.042). CONCLUSION: GHSR and GHRL methylation levels did not change significantly between control and AUD groups. However, GHRL and GHSR methylations seemed to have associations with plasma ghrelin levels in two groups. This is the first study investigating the DNA methylation of GHRL and GHSR genes in AUD.

Oxyphenbutazone ameliorates carfilzomib induced cardiotoxicity in rats via inhibition of oxidative free radical burst and NF-κB/IκB-α pathway.

Carfilzomib (CFZ), a chemotherapeutic agent used for multiple myeloma treatments reported to cause high incidence of cardiac events either new onset and/or exacerbate formerly diagnosed heart failure with ventricular and myocardial dysfunction. Purpose: Current research designed to explore and examine the preventive effect of oxyphenbutazone in the CFZ -instigated cardiotoxicity. Methodology: Female Wistar Rats weighing 200-250 g selected randomly and grouped as follows: Group 1 designated as the Normal control and receive normal saline only. Group 2 served toxic control and exposed to CFZ (4 mg/kg, intraperitoneally [i.p.]). Group 3 & 4 served as treatment groups and administered with CFZ concomitantly orally fed with oxyphenbutazone at doses of 35 and 70 mg/kg/three times a week, respectively. The total duration of experimental protocol was of 21 days. After completion of the experiments animals subjected to blood collection using light ether anesthesia and serum was separated for biochemical analysis further. The serum levels of Mg+2, Ca+2 and cardiac enzymes (aspartate transaminase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK) and creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) levels were estimated. Later animals sacrificed and heart tissue isolated for further examinations. Intracellular proteins NFkB and IkBα were estimated by western blot. Results: The serum analysis revealed that CFZ administration significantly elevated the levels of LDH, CK and CKMB in CFZ exposed animals when compared to normal animals while administration of oxyphenbutazone significantly reduced these biochemical changes, Intracellular antioxidant enzymes and NF-kB in treatment groups as compared to disease control animals. Conclusion: Findings of the research protocol suggests significant injuries to cardiac tissues when animals exposed to CFZ and Oxyphenbutazone protected the cardiac tissues.

In vitro fertilization pregnancy may cause fetal thymic volume involution: A case-control study.

Background: The effect of modern infertility treatment modalities on fetal thymic volume has not been well known. Objective: 3-dimensional (3D) fetal thymus volumes of 18-24 wk in vitro fertilization (IVF) pregnancies and spontaneous pregnancy cases were compared. Materials and Methods: 135 cases were evaluated in this prospective case-control study. The study was conducted between July 2019 and July 2020 at a university hospital in Trabzon, Turkey. Fetal thymus volume was calculated in the pregnant cases included in the study with the help of the virtual organ computer-assisted analysis system included in the advanced ultrasonography system. The fetal thymus volumes were compared between pregnant women with IVF and spontaneous pregnant women. Results: The fetal thymus size was significantly lower in the IVF pregnancy group than in spontaneous pregnancy cases (p < 0.001). It was found that the fetal complications, such as non-reassuring fetal health status and requirement for neonatal intensive care, were higher in cases who became pregnant after IVF treatment. It was also found that the rate of any pregnancy complication was significantly higher in IVF pregnancy group (p = 0.02). Conclusion: In light of these results, it may be concluded that small fetal thymus size may be another fetal complication of IVF pregnancies.

Prenatal Sonographic Three-dimensional Virtual Organ Computer-assisted Analysis Thymic Volume Calculation May Predict Intrauterine Growth Restriction.

Background: Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) refers to fetuses that are small for their gestational age. There is no effective test to predict this disease. The aim of our study is whether fetal three-dimensional (3D) ultrasonography (USG)-assisted thymus volume (TV) measurement predicts IUGR cases. Methods: Fetal 3D USG thymus measurement between 15 and 24 weeks of gestation was performed in a total of 100 women of reproductive age. Fetal TV was measured using the virtual organ computer-assisted analysis system program. All cases were followed up in terms of pregnancy complications until delivery. Results: IUGR was developed in six cases in total. In cases with IUGR, mean fetal TV was found to be statistically significantly lower than in healthy cases without it. When the fetal TV was taken as 0.1645, the sensitivity was calculated as 89.5% and the specificity as 50% for predicting IUGR. The use of low fetal volume parameters is a significant and good indicator for predicting IUGR according to the binary logistic regression analysis result. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, 3D fetal TV measurement may be used in routine second-trimester sonographic anomaly screening to predict the development of fetal IUGR. In this way, fetal mortality and morbidity caused by IUGR may be reduced.

A data-driven analysis of global research trends on dirty-dozen persistent organic pollutants.

The occurrence, distribution, and fate of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) have been extensively studied worldwide; however, the patterns and dynamics of scientific publications on POPs are still unclear. In this study, the research trends on dirty dozen POPs, which are identified under the Stockholm Convention (SC) for immediate action were investigated and evaluated in a broad context to obtain up-to-date information. For this purpose, bibliometric analysis was carried out between 1945 and 2021 using the Web of Science (WoS) database. A total of 197,029 publications were analyzed. "Environmental Sciences" was the most popular research category and the USA was the leading country in dirty dozen POPs studies. The research hotspots are related to the most used keywords such as "Polychlorinated Biphenyls", "Dioxin" and "Persistent Organic Pollutants". In the evaluation of keyword clusters with highlighted research points, 7 clusters were obtained from the publications, which are related to the chemical properties, synthesis, structures, health effects, and analysis methods of dirty dozen POPs. The number of publications and, accordingly, the scientific interest in dirty dozen POPs listed under the SC has not reached equilibrium and continues regardless of the level of development of countries in the world.

Evaluation of the height of the corpus callosum body region in fetal meningomyelocele malformation.

PURPOSE: To investigate height of the corpus callosum (CC) in order to describe the corpus callosum anomalies in fetuses with meningomyelocele (MMC) and compare these findings with the corpus callosum of healthy fetuses. METHODS: In this study, fetal MRI examinations were performed on 44 fetal MMC malformation cases. As the control group, 34 fetal MRI examinations, which were anatomically normal, were evaluated retrospectively. In the study group, lateral ventricle diameter, the level and diameter of the MMC defect, and CC height were measured. In the control group, CC height and lateral ventricular diameter were measured. RESULTS: The mean CC body height was 1.36 mm in the study group, and 2.48 mm in the control group. The height of the CC body region of the study population was inclined to be thinner compared with the control population (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The fact that the height of the CC body region was found to be thinner in fetal MRI in cases of MMC compared with normal fetuses suggests that various callosal anomalies are uncertain, investigation of additional callosal anomalies may be beneficial in the decision for the continuation of pregnancy, and termination or intrauterine surgery in cases with MMC. Further large case group studies are needed.

Norfloxacin removal by ultraviolet-activated sodium percarbonate and sodium hypochlorite: process optimization and anion effect.

The efficiency of UV-activated sodium percarbonate (SPC) and sodium hypochlorite (SHC) in Norfloxacin (Norf) removal from an aqueous solution was assessed. Control experiments were conducted and the synergistic effect of the UV-SHC and UV-SPC processes were 0.61 and 2.89, respectively. According to the first-order reaction rate constants, the process rates were ranked as UV-SPC > SPC > UV and UV-SHC > SHC > UV. Central composite design was applied to determine the optimum operating conditions for maximum Norf removal. Under optimum conditions (UV-SPC: 1 mg/L initial Norf, 4 mM SPC, pH 3, 50 min; UV-SHC: 1 mg/L initial Norf, 1 mM SHC, pH 7, 8 min), the removal yields for the UV-SPC and UV-SHC were 71.8 and 72.1%, respectively. HCO3-, Cl-, NO3-, and SO42- negatively affected both processes. UV-SPC and UV-SHC processes were effective for Norf removal from aqueous solution. Similar removal efficiencies were obtained with both processes; however, this removal efficiency was achieved in a much shorter time and more economically with the UV-SHC process.

Revealing genetic links of Type 2 diabetes that lead to the development of Alzheimer's disease.

Background: A factor leading to Alzheimer's Disease (AD), portrayed by peripheral insulin resistance, is Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). The likelihood of T2D cases would be at boosted danger in alternating AD cases has severe social consequences. Several genes have been detected via gene expression profiling or different techniques; despite the consideration of the utility of numerous of these genes stays insufficient. Methods: This project is designed to uncover the mutual genomics motifs between AD and T2D via non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of T2D Mellitus of human cortical neurons of the neurovascular unit gene expression data. A rank factorization value is calculated by employing the combination of the NMF model with the unit invariant knee (UIK) point method. The metagenes are further determined by remarking the enriched Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway and gene ontology (GO) enrichment tools. In this study, the most highly expressed genes of metagenes are subjected to protein-protein interaction (PPI) network study to discover the most significant biomarkers of T2D Mellitus in the ageing brain. Results: We screened the most important shared genes (CDKN1A, COL22A1, EIF4A, GFAP, SLC1A1, and VIM) and essential human molecular pathways that motivate these diseases. The study aimed to validate the most significant hub genes using network-based methods which detected the corresponding relationship between AD and T2D. Conclusions: Using in silico tools, the computational pipeline has broadly examined transformed pathways and discovered promising biomarkers and drug targets. We validated the most significant hub genes using network-based methods which detected the corresponding relationship between AD and T2D. These consequences on brain cells hypothetically reserve to diabetic Alzheimer's so-called type 3 diabetes (T3D) and may offer promising methodologies for curative intrusion.

Combination of zero-valent aluminum-acid system and electrochemically activated persulfate oxidation for biologically pre-treated leachate nanofiltration concentrate treatment.

This study investigated the performance of combined zero-valent aluminum (ZVAl) and electrochemically activated persulfate (PS) oxidation for the leachate nanofiltration concentrate (NFC) treatment. Firstly, operating parameters in the ZVAl procedure were optimized and under the optimum conditions (ZVAl dose 1 g/L, initial pH 1.5) the removal efficiency of the chemical oxygen demand (COD), UV254, and color were 22.39%, 29.03%, and 48.26%, respectively. Secondly, the effect of various anode types (Ti/RuO2, Ti/IrO2, and Ti/SnO2) within the electrooxidation (EO) process was evaluated. The Ti/RuO2 anode was found to be the most effective one in terms of pollutant removal efficiencies and operation cost. The efficiency of single, binary, and hybrid processes was evaluated by control experiments and the results were ranked as PS < ZVAl < ZVAl + PS < EO < EO + PS < EO + ZVAl < EO + ZVAl + PS. In the following part of the study, the Box-Behnken design was preferred to optimize the operating parameters of the hybrid EO + ZVAl + PS process. The COD, UV254, and color removal efficiencies under optimum conditions (4.88 mM PS dose, 1.6 A current applied, and 120 min reaction time) were 62.1%, 75.2%, and 99.9%, respectively. The estimated and experimentally obtained data were close to each other. The pollutant removal efficiencies increased in parallel with the current density and reaction time; however, the effect of the PS dose remained at a negligible level. The obtained results indicate the effectiveness of the hybrid EO + ZVAl + PS process for the treatment of leachate nanofiltration concentrate under optimized conditions.

Electrochemically activated persulfate and peroxymonosulfate for furfural removal: optimization using Box-Behnken design.

Furfural removal by electrochemically activated peroxydisulfate (E-PS) and peroxymonosulfate (E-PMS) was investigated. The effect of different anodes was investigated for the electrochemical activation of oxidants. Box Behnken Design was applied to determine optimum operating conditions, which were determined as follows; PS concentration: 2.3 mM, applied current: 1.15 A, pH: 3.5, and reaction time: 118.3 min for E-PS process; PMS concentration: 1.8 mM, applied current: 1.05 A, pH: 3.3, and reaction time: 107.8 min for E-PMS process. The results of the study showed that the E-PMS process is more advantageous in terms of the chemical and electricity costs to be used.

Photodegradation of oxytetracycline by UV-assisted persulfate and percarbonate processes: kinetics, influencing factors, anion effect, and radical species.

In this study, the performance of ultraviolet (UV)-assisted persulfate (PS) and percarbonate (PC) oxidation processes in oxytetracycline (OTC) removal was investigated. UVC lamps were used for the photolysis process and the effect of operating parameters (initial pH, oxidant dose, initial OTC concentration, UV intensity) on OTC removal efficiency was determined. Control experiments were carried out at pH 5.5 and 32 W UV power for 60 min by adding a 4 mM oxidant with 10 mg/L initial OTC concentration. The OTC removal efficiency obtained as a result of only photolysis was 17.3% and the removal efficiency obtained by PS and PC oxidation alone was 18.3% and 12.7%, respectively. The OTC removal efficiencies increased in the combined processes and reached 58.1% and 69.9% for the UV-PS and UV-PC processes, respectively. The reaction rates of the processes were ranked as UV-PC > UV-PS > PS > UV > PC. In the UV-PS and UV-PC processes, the highest removal efficiencies were achieved at alkaline pH values. The OTC removal efficiency was increased with the increase in oxidant dose; however, the efficiency decreased after a certain dose due to the scavenging effect. The removal efficiency also increased as the initial OTC concentration decreased. The UV intensity had a positive effect on OTC removal efficiency. The effect of the water matrix on OTC removal efficiency was investigated while the dominant radical types were determined in UV-assisted processes. The EE/O values for the UV-PS and UV-PC processes were calculated as 211 kWh/m3 and 153 kWh/m3, respectively for 60 min of reaction time. Although similar removal efficiencies were obtained with both UV-assisted processes, the UV-PC process steps forward in terms of being a novel, environmentally friendly, more economic, and promising technology for OTC removal.

Decision of the Optimal Rank of a Nonnegative Matrix Factorization Model for Gene Expression Data Sets Utilizing the Unit Invariant Knee Method: Development and Evaluation of the Elbow Method for Rank Selection.

BACKGROUND: There is a great need to develop a computational approach to analyze and exploit the information contained in gene expression data. The recent utilization of nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) in computational biology has demonstrated the capability to derive essential details from a high amount of data in particular gene expression microarrays. A common problem in NMF is finding the proper number rank (r) of factors of the degraded demonstration, but no agreement exists on which technique is most appropriate to utilize for this purpose. Thus, various techniques have been suggested to select the optimal value of rank factorization (r). OBJECTIVE: In this work, a new metric for rank selection is proposed based on the elbow method, which was methodically compared against the cophenetic metric. METHODS: To decide the optimum number rank (r), this study focused on the unit invariant knee (UIK) method of the NMF on gene expression data sets. Since the UIK method requires an extremum distance estimator that is eventually employed for inflection and identification of a knee point, the proposed method finds the first inflection point of the curvature of the residual sum of squares of the proposed algorithms using the UIK method on gene expression data sets as a target matrix. RESULTS: Computation was conducted for the UIK task using gene expression data of acute lymphoblastic leukemia and acute myeloid leukemia samples. Consequently, the distinct results of NMF were subjected to comparison on different algorithms. The proposed UIK method is easy to perform, fast, free of a priori rank value input, and does not require initial parameters that significantly influence the model's functionality. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that the elbow method provides a credible prediction for both gene expression data and for precisely estimating simulated mutational processes data with known dimensions. The proposed UIK method is faster than conventional methods, including metrics utilizing the consensus matrix as a criterion for rank selection, while achieving significantly better computational efficiency without visual inspection on the curvatives. Finally, the suggested rank tuning method based on the elbow method for gene expression data is arguably theoretically superior to the cophenetic measure.

Serum MUC3 Protein as a Novel Marker of Gestational Hypertensive Disorders.

Background: This study aimed to investigate the serum levels of mucoprotein 3 in hypertensive diseases of pregnancy. Methods: In total, 60 consecutive women with gestational hypertensive diseases (gestational hypertension (n = 20), severe preeclampsia (n = 20), HELLP syndrome (n = 20)) and 20 pregnant women without any gestational hypertensive diseases were included for this prospective controlled study. Serum MUC3 protein levels were measured with commercially available ELISA kits. Results: Serum MUC3 protein level was the lowest in normal pregnant women (0.1047 ± 0.0295 ng/ml); while the severity of the disease increases, it significantly increased in severe preeclampsia (0.2700 ± 0.0199 ng/mL) and HELLP syndrome group (0.3494 ± 0.0455 ng/mL), but less in the gestational hypertension (0.2172 ± 0.0354 ng/mL) group. Mean serum MUC3 protein level differences were found the least in gestational hypertension (0.1125 ± 0.0107, p < 0.001), the most in HELLP syndrome (-0.2546 ± 0.0107, p < 0.001) compared with the pregnant control group. Conclusion: The increase in serum MUC3 protein concentration in these women supported the argument that serum MUC3 protein may be used as a marker indicating the severity of the gestational hypertensive diseases.

Gene Expression Characteristics of Tumor and Adjacent Non-Tumor Tissues of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDAC) In-Silico.

Background: One of the deadliest and most prevalent cancer is pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Microarray has become an important tool in the research of PDAC genes and target therapeutic drugs. Objectives: This study intends to clarify the promising prognostic and biomarker targets in PDAC using GSE78229 and GSE62452 datasets, publicly accessible at the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Materials and Methods: Utilizing GEOquery, Bio base, gplots, and ggplot2 packages in the R program, this study detects 428 differentially expressed genes that are further applied to build a co-expression network by the weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA). The turquoise module presented a higher correlation with PDAC progression. 79 candidate genes were selected based on the co-expression and protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks. In addition, the functional enrichment analysis was studied. Results: Five significant KEGG pathways linked to PDAC were detected, in which the endoplasmic reticulum protein processing pathway was remarked to be vital. The resulting 19 hub genes as HSPA4, PABPC1, HSP90B1, PPP1CC, USP9X, EIF2S3, MSN, RAB10, BMPR2, P4HB, UBC, B2M, SLC25A5, MMP7, SPTBN1, RALB, DNAJB1, CENPE, and PDIA6 were identified by the Network Analyst web tool founded on PPI network by the STRING. These were identified as the most connected hub proteins. The quantification of the expression of levels and survival probabilities were analyzed overall survival (OS) of the real hub genes and were investigated by Kaplan-Meier (KM) plotter through The Cancer Genome Atlas Program (TCGA) database. Conclusions: The protein-protein interactions and KEGG pathway enrichment by DAVID indicated that some pathways were involved in PDAC, such as "pathways in cancer (hsa05200)", "protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum (hsa04141)", "antigen processing and presentation (hsa04612)", "dopaminergic synapse (hsa04728)", and "measles (hsa05162)"; in which these pathways, the "protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum (hsa04141)", was further studied because of its closely relationship with PDAC. The rest of the hub genes reviewed throughout the study might be promising targets for diagnosing and treating PDAC and relevant diseases.

Application of combined EO/PMS/Me2+ process in organic matter and true color removal from paint manufacturing industry wastewater.

Treatment of paint manufacturing industry wastewater by electrooxidation (EO) process in which peroxymonosulfate (PMS) and transition metals are added was investigated. In the EO/PMS process, graphite was the cathode while different anode materials (Ti/IrO2, Ti/RuO2, and Ti/SnO2) were used. The anode with the highest chemical oxygen demand (COD) and true color removal efficiency was selected. To determine the catalyst effect on the process, different transition metals (Fe2+, Cu2+, Zn2+) were added and Fe2+ was chosen as the catalyst which provided higher removal efficiency and lower cost. The central composite design was applied for the optimization of the process variables of the EO/PMS/Fe2+ process. Current density, PMS dose, Fe2+ dose, and reaction time were process variables whereas COD and true color removal efficiency were system responses. Under optimum conditions (200 A/m2 current density, 14 mM PMS dose, 2.5 mM Fe2+ dose, 60 min reaction time), the estimated COD and true color removal efficiency by the model were 74.89% and 99.86%, respectively. The experimentally obtained COD and true color removal efficiencies as a result of validation studies were 74.28% and 99.03%, respectively. Quenching experiments showed that hydroxyl and sulfate radicals were both involved in the process.

Modeling the Cluster Size Distribution of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) Receptors.

We previously developed a method of defining receptor clusters in the membrane based on mutual distance and applied it to a set of transmission microscopy images of vascular endothelial growth factor receptors. An optimal length parameter was identified, resulting in cluster identification and a procedure that assigned a geometric shape to each cluster. We showed that the observed particle distribution results were consistent with the random placement of receptors within the clusters and, to a lesser extent, the random placement of the clusters on the cell membrane. Here, we develop and validate a stochastic model of clustering, based on a hypothesis of preexisting domains that have a high affinity for receptors. The proximate objective is to clarify the mechanism behind cluster formation and to estimate the effect on signaling. Receptor-enriched domains may significantly impact signaling pathways that rely on ligand-induced dimerization of receptors. We define a simple statistical model, based on the preexisting domain hypothesis, to predict the probability distribution of cluster sizes. The process yielded sets of parameter values that can readily be used in dynamical calculations as the estimates of the quantitative characteristics of the clustering domains.

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome: A Complex Disease with a Genetics Approach.

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a complex endocrine disorder affecting females in their reproductive age. The early diagnosis of PCOS is complicated and complex due to overlapping symptoms of this disease. The most accepted diagnostic approach today is the Rotterdam Consensus (2003), which supports the positive diagnosis of PCOS when patients present two out of the following three symptoms: biochemical and clinical signs of hyperandrogenism, oligo, and anovulation, also polycystic ovarian morphology on sonography. Genetic variance, epigenetic changes, and disturbed lifestyle lead to the development of pathophysiological disturbances, which include hyperandrogenism, insulin resistance, and chronic inflammation in PCOS females. At the molecular level, different proteins and molecular and signaling pathways are involved in disease progression, which leads to the failure of a single genetic diagnostic approach. The genetic approach to elucidate the mechanism of pathogenesis of PCOS was recently developed, whereby four phenotypic variances of PCOS categorize PCOS patients into classic, ovulatory, and non-hyperandrogenic types. Genetic studies help to identify the root cause for the development of this PCOS. PCOS genetic inheritance is autosomal dominant but the latest investigations revealed it as a multigene origin disease. Different genetic loci and specific genes have been identified so far as being associated with this disease. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and related genetic studies have changed the scenario for the diagnosis and treatment of this reproductive and metabolic condition known as PCOS. This review article briefly discusses different genes associated directly or indirectly with disease development and progression.

Screening the Significant Hub Genes by Comparing Tumor Cells, Normoxic and Hypoxic Glioblastoma Stem-like Cell Lines Using Co-Expression Analysis in Glioblastoma.

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is categorized by rapid malignant cellular growth in the central nervous system (CNS) tumors. It is one of the most prevailing primary brain tumors, particularly in human male adults. Even though the combination therapy comprises surgery, chemotherapy, and adjuvant therapies, the survival rate is on average 14.6 months. Glioma stem cells (GSCs) have key roles in tumorigenesis, progression, and counteracting chemotherapy and radiotherapy. In our study, firstly, the gene expression dataset GSE45117 was retrieved and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were spotted. The co-expression network analysis was employed on DEGs to find the significant modules. The most significant module resulting from co-expression analysis was the turquoise module. The turquoise module related to the tumor cells, hypoxia, normoxic treatments of glioblastoma tumor (GBT), and GSCs were screened. Sixty-one common genes in the turquoise module were selected generated through the co-expression analysis and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network. Moreover, the GO and KEGG pathway enrichment results were studied. Twenty common hub genes were screened by the NetworkAnalyst web instrument constructed on the PPI network through the STRING database. After survival analysis via the Kaplan-Meier (KM) plotter from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, we identified the five most significant hub genes strongly related to the progression of GBM. We further observed these five most significant hub genes also up-regulated in another GBM gene expression dataset. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of the turquoise module genes was constructed and a KEGG pathway enrichments study of the turquoise module genes was performed. The VEGF signaling pathway was emphasized because of the strong link with GBM. A gene-disease association network was further constructed to demonstrate the information of the progression of GBM and other related brain neoplasms. All hub genes assessed through this study would be potential markers for the prognosis and diagnosis of GBM.

Non-negative matrix factorization and differential expression analyses identify hub genes linked to progression and prognosis of glioblastoma multiforme.

One of the most prevailing primary brain tumors in adult human male is glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), which is categorized by rapid cellular growth. Even though the combination therapy comprises surgery, chemotherapy, and adjuvant therapies, the survival rate, on average, is 14.6 months. Glioma stem cells (GSCs) have key roles in tumorigenesis, progression, and defiance against chemotherapy and radiotherapy. In our study, firstly, the gene expression dataset GSE124145 was retrieved; the non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) method was applied on GBM dataset, and differentially expressed genes analysis (DEGs) was performed. After which, overlapping genes between metagenes and DEGs were detected to examine the Gene Ontology (GO) categories in the biological process (BP) in the stemness of GBM. The common hub genes were used to construct protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and further GO, while Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway was utilized to pinpoint the real hub genes. The analysis of hub genes particular for the same GO categories demonstrated that specific hub genes triggered distinct features of the same biological processes. After utilizing GSE124145 and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset for survival analysis, we screened five real hub genes: GUCA1A, RFC2, GNG11, MMP19, and NRG1, which are strongly associated with the progression and prognosis of GBM. The DEGs analysis revealed that all real hub genes were overexpressed in GBM and TCGA datasets, which further validates our results. The constructed study of PPI, GO, and KEGG pathway on common hub genes was performed. Finally, the KEGG pathways performed on the top 15 candidate hub genes (including six real hub genes) of the PPI network in the GBM gene expression dataset study found mitogen-activated protein kinase (Mapk) signaling pathway to be the most significant pathway. The rest of the hub genes reviewed throughout the analysis might be favorable targets for diagnosing and treating GBM and lower-grade gliomas.