Gaseous atomic nickel in the coma of interstellar comet 2I/Borisov.

On 31 August 2019, an interstellar comet was discovered as it passed through the Solar System (2I/Borisov). On the basis of initial imaging observations, 2I/Borisov seemed to be similar to ordinary Solar System comets1,2-an unexpected characteristic given the multiple peculiarities of the only known previous interstellar visitor, 1I/'Oumuamua3-6. Spectroscopic investigations of 2I/Borisov identified the familiar cometary emissions from CN (refs. 7-9), C2 (ref. 10), O I (ref. 11), NH2 (ref. 12), OH (ref. 13), HCN (ref. 14) and CO (refs. 14,15), revealing a composition similar to that of carbon monoxide-rich Solar System comets. At temperatures greater than 700 kelvin, comets also show metallic vapours that are produced by the sublimation of metal-rich dust grains16. Observation of gaseous metals had until very recently17 been limited to bright sunskirting and sungrazing comets18-20 and giant star-plunging exocomets21. Here we report spectroscopic observations of atomic nickel vapour in the cold coma of 2I/Borisov at a heliocentric distance of 2.322 astronomical units-equivalent to an equilibrium temperature of 180 kelvin. Nickel in 2I/Borisov seems to originate from a short-lived nickel-containing molecule with a lifetime of [Formula: see text] seconds at 1 astronomical unit and is produced at a rate of 0.9 ± 0.3 × 1022 atoms per second, or 0.002 per cent relative to OH and 0.3 per cent relative to CN. The detection of gas-phase nickel in the coma of 2I/Borisov is in line with the recent identification of this atom-as well as iron-in the cold comae of Solar System comets17.

Automated Detection of Firearms and Knives in a CCTV Image.

Closed circuit television systems (CCTV) are becoming more and more popular and are being deployed in many offices, housing estates and in most public spaces. Monitoring systems have been implemented in many European and American cities. This makes for an enormous load for the CCTV operators, as the number of camera views a single operator can monitor is limited by human factors. In this paper, we focus on the task of automated detection and recognition of dangerous situations for CCTV systems. We propose algorithms that are able to alert the human operator when a firearm or knife is visible in the image. We have focused on limiting the number of false alarms in order to allow for a real-life application of the system. The specificity and sensitivity of the knife detection are significantly better than others published recently. We have also managed to propose a version of a firearm detection algorithm that offers a near-zero rate of false alarms. We have shown that it is possible to create a system that is capable of an early warning in a dangerous situation, which may lead to faster and more effective response times and a reduction in the number of potential victims.

[Evaluation of influewnce of Dupuytryen contracture's operative treatment on increase of quality of hand's function basing on research in use DASH (disability of the arm, shoulder and hand) questionnaire - own experience]. / Ocena wplywu operacyjnego leczenia przykurczu Dupuytrena na poprawe funkcji reki w oparciu o badania przeprowadzone z zastosowaniem kwestionariusza DASH (disability of the arm, shoulder and hand) - doswiadczenia wlasne.

UNLABELLED: The essence of Dupuytryen's contracture is progressive process of fibrous overgrow of the subfascial sturctures of hand volar's surface. This is the reason of impaired range of the finger movement's and subsequent limitations of their function. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study group consist of 95 patients treated because of Dupuytryen contracture in the 2nd Chair of Surgery, Medical College of JagielIonian University between 2006-2011. The subjective evalution of increase of hand's function quality was based on DASH (Disability of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand) questionnaire. THE AIM OF THE STUDY: The aim of the study was to determinate an influence of Dupuytren contracture's operative treatment on increase of quality of hand's function using the DASH questionnaire. RESULTS: Average value in DASH before operative treatment was 40.38 points (SD+/-12.53). In postoperative evaluation gradual increase was observed: after 3 month was 33.35 points (SD+/-16.39) and after one year - 32.57 points (SD+/-14.96). Statistically important differences between DASH test's results (P<0.01) were observed. Significantly superior results was before operation, results after 3 month and 1 year were nut statistically important. CONCLUSIONS: The research with the use of DASH questionnaire revealed the influence of Dupuytren's contracture severity on subjection evaluation of hand's function.

[Evaluation of hand injury severity]. / Ocena ciezkosci obrazen rak.

Hand Trauma Severity Scale (HTSS) was created on the basis of our study on 1199 patients who were treated because of the hand injuries in the Second Chair of Surgery Jagiellonian University in Krakow in years 1987-2000. (last examination in 2010, follow-up: 11 to 23 years, mean follow-up: 16 years). Hand Trauma Severity Scale (HTSS) has been created based on We looked at the range of injury, likely total length of treatment, final functional result and possible amount of posttraumatic disability. Created HTSS scale was compared to Hand Injury Severity Score (HISS) and their statistically significant correlation (p < 0,001) was found. We have also found statistically significant correlation between the severity evaluated with HTSS and the circumstances of traumas, their direct cause, necessity of hospitalization after primary reconstructive treatment and total length of treatment. Distant results of treatment such as resuming of previously performed work and permanent posttraumatic disability also correlated with the severity of hand injuries measured with scale described in this study.

[Hand injuries caused by circular saw]. / Obrazenia rak spowodowane pila tarczowa.

The investigation was carried out on 1199 patients treated for hand injuries in the II Department of Surgery of the Jagiellonian University between years 1987-2000. There were 225 patients injured while working with circular saw. These injuries were much more severe than others (p < 0.001) and patients with these injuries were more often (p < 0.001) admitted to the clinic. The length of total treatment was considerably longer (p < 0.001) and final results--worse than in other patients (p < 0.001)--permanent hand disability was almost three times larger. Disability pension was given to these patients much more frequently than to others (p < 0.001). The main reason of these injuries seems to be the common use of home-made circular saws without any protection devices and non-conformity to fundamental rules of work security. Patients with extensive multitissular hand injuries should be treated in specialistic centers of hand surgery, where the final results can be improved and the total costs of treatment considerably reduced.

[Hand injuries in adolescents]. / Obrazenia rak u dorastajacej mlodziezy.

MATERIAL AND METHODS: Based on the materials of 134 adolescent patients (age 15-19) with hand injuries treated in the II Department of Surgery of the Jagiellonian University between 1987-2000 results of treatment were described. The adolescents constituted 11.8% of all patients treated due to hand injuries. RESULTS: Home was the most common place of the accident (59 patients - 44.01%), and the most common mechanism of injury was cutting by the glass or another sharp tool (61 patients - 45.52%). The mild and moderate injuries predominated (112 patients - 83.58%). 39 patients (29.10%) were treated after alcohol abuse; unfortunately. 35 patients (26.12%) were hospitalized from 1 to 24 days (av. 7.14 days). Time to obtain complete recovery reached max. 270 days but av. 55.56 days. Various degree of the persistent limitation of the hand function were observed in 65 patients (48.5%). Two of them (1.49%) got the disability pension and 8 (5.77%) had to change former job and activities. CONCLUSION: The time of the complete cure could be shorter and the extent of persistent post-traumatic impairment of the patients with the heavy hand injuries could be limited if they would be treated in the specialized centers for hand surgery.

Alcohol-related hand injuries.

The study was based on 1199 patients consecutively treated for hand injuries in the Second Department of Surgery of the Jagiellonian University in Krakow between the years 1987 and 2000. Three hundred and twenty of these patients (26.6%) had consumed alcohol several hours before an accident. Data collected from an interview with the patient and a doctor on duty were used in the study. Routine tests for blood alcohol concentration were not carried out. Young men (89.3%), mostly manual workers (74.3%) (p<0.001), constituted the majority of patients in the alcohol group. They were younger on average (p<0.001) than sober patients. In most cases, the accident had happened at home (65.9%) (p<0.001) and the main cause of injury was a cut with glass (p<0.001). Despite only minor injuries they were treated in hospital due to their state of intoxication. The degree of hand disability was higher (p<0.05) than with sober patients. The average cost of treatment in a state of intoxication was more than twice as high as the cost of treatment in sober patients. Alcohol-related hand injuries present a major medical and socioeconomic problem.

[Evaluation of posttraumatic hand function in everyday activities]. / Ocena pourazowej sprawnosci rak w wykonywaniu czynnosci codziennych.

The original Hand Disability Score (HDS) questionnaire which subjectively evaluates the quality of hand function in 25 one- and two-handed daily living activities was developed. The strict correlation (p < 0.001) between HDS and both severity of injury and objectively measured hand impairment was confirmed. The HDS may be used as a single estimation of hand function after treatment or as an evaluation of the progress of rehabilitation procedures.

[Occupational hand injuries]. / Obrazenia rak w pracy zawodowej.

BACKGROUND: Hand injuries are the most frequent bodily traumas sustained at work. The aim of the study was to assess hand injuries and the results of their treatment in a group of our patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study covered 275 patients with occupational hand injuries treated in the II Department of Surgery, Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, during the years 1987-2000. The injury severity was estimated according to our own injury severity scale and the degree of hand disability according to the norms for certifying permanent posttraumatic disability issued by the Ministry of Health. The control group comprised 924 patients with non-occupational hand injuries treated in our Department in the same period. RESULTS: The study revealed that occupational hand injuries were more severe than those sustained in other conditions, their treatment was longer and posttraumatic disability more severe. CONCLUSIONS: More severe occupation-related injuries should be treated in hand surgery specialized centers.

[Hand injuries in the Krakow Region]. / Obrazenia rak w regionie krakowskim.

The material of 1199 patients with hand injuries treated in the II Department of Surgery in Krakow within the years 1987-2000 was epidemiologically elaborated. The adult population in this region counts 850,228 thousand inhabitants, therefore the number of hand injuries demanding special procedures amounts 5.74 for 10 thousand inhabitants yearly. Hand injuries most frequently affected young manual workers before 40 years of age (p < 0.001). Almost one half of accidents occurred at home (45.29%), and only 19.68% were work-related (p < 0.001). Machinery accidents (34.87%) and cutting with glass (18.43%) were two the most common causes of these injuries (p < 0.001). After the operation, prevalent number of patients (72.56%) were treated as an outpatient. The mean period of whole treatment amounts 76.95 +/- 67.81 days. It has been depended on the severity of injury and complications as well (p < 0.001). 90.59% of patients returned to previous work, and 4.89% of patients had to change their work. Disability pension was given to 4.50% of all patients.

[Hand injuries in elderly patients]. / Obrazenia rak u osób w starszym wieku.

We studied 1199 patients treated in II Department of Surgery in Cracow between 1987 and 2000. In the studied group, 138 patients were aged over 60 years. In most cases the injury took place at home (43.68%) and more often than not they occurred during operating mechanical equipment (52.89%) among which circular saw predominated (35.51%). It was revealed that the hand injuries of senior patients were more severe compared with the other patients and the permanent post-injury disability was more intense. The elderly patients with multi-tissue hand injuries should be treated in specialist centers. It is also essential to start as soon as possible the therapeutic rehabilitation (even during surgical treatment). Only such proceedings enable better final results of treatment.

[Incidence and risk factors of rebleeding from gastric and duodenal ulcers]. / Czynniki ryzyka i czstosc nawrotu krwawienia z wrzodów zoladka i dwunastnicy w materiale wlasnym.

We present the analysis of risk factors of recurrence of bleeding in patients with gastric and duodenal ulcers. The group consisted of 178 patients hospitalized between 1998-2002. Among them there were 76 patients with gastric ulcers and 102 patients with duodenal ulcers. The recurrence of bleeding was observed in 24.3% patients with gastric ulcer and 21.8% of patients with duodenal ulcer. The most important risk factors were: localization of ulcers, intensity of bleeding according to Forrest scale, presence of concomitant diseases, shock on admission and H. pylori infection. 26.3% of patient with gastric ulcer and 36.4% with duodenal ulcer needed emergency operation. The mortality rate among patients with gastric ulcer was 15.6% and with duodenal ulcer 13.6%.

[The economic impact of hand injury]. / Ekonomiczne skutki obrazen rak.

Basing on 170 cases treated at the II Surgery Department of the Medical Faculty of Kraków University, the authors have tried to assess the direct and indirect costs of treatment of hand injuries. The rates negotiated between the Malopolska NHS Provides and the University Hospital were analyzed in order to assess direct treatment costs of hand injuries. Indirect cost assessment was based on analysis of insurance costs sustained by insurance providers. The analysis showed that over 96% of total treatment costs are indirect expenses related to compensation, work absence and disability pensions. The costs could probably be extensively reduced if hand injuries were referred directly to specialized surgery units.