Sífilis, VIH y hepatitis B en el binomio madre-hijo. Caracterización de casos atendidos en centros de tercer nivel del interior de Córdoba / Syphilis, HIV and hepatitis B in the Mother-Child binomial

ntroducción: Las infecciones perinatales pueden transmi-tirse al feto y al recién nacido. Sífilis, VIH y hepatitis B deben tamizarse durante la gestación.Objetivo: Conocer la incidencia, prevalencia y manejo de sífilis, VIH y hepatitis B en el binomio madre/hijo. Comparar resultados con estadísticas oficiales.Materiales y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo, descriptivo y analítico, mediante revisión de historias clínicas del Sana-torio de la Cañada y Hospital Pasteur, Villa María, Córdoba. Período 01/12/2020 al 31/07/2021. Resultados: Se estudiaron 870 embarazos, la incidencia de sífilis materna fue 52,87/1000 embarazos, 76,1% de las gestantes eran menores de 30 años y hubo 41% de diag-nósticos tardíos. La incidencia de sífilis congénita fue de 18,3/1000 RN vivos. La incidencia de VIH materno fue de 6,89/1000 embarazos, 66,7% tenían menos de 30 años y el 77,7% tuvo carga viral indetectable al parto. El 100% de los RN expuestos fueron estudiados, todos con carga viral indetectable al nacimien-to. No hubo casos de hepatitis B.Conclusión: 6,3% de las embarazadas presentaron al me-nos una serología reactiva y el mayor porcentaje diagnós-tico se centró en menores de 30 años. La incidencia de sífilis congénita superó la provincial y nacional (18,3 vs. 1,18 vs. 1,14). El porcentaje de positividad de VIH materno superó al provincial. No hubo transmisión vertical de VIH al nacimiento. La prevalencia de hepatitis B fue menor a las oficiales

Introduction: Perinatal infections can be transmitted to the fetus and new-born. Syphilis, HIV and Hepatitis B must be monitored during pregnancy.Objective: To know incidence, prevalence and management of syphilis, HIV and Hepatitis B in the mother/child binomial. To compare results with official statistics.Materials and methods: Retrospective, descriptive and analytical study, through the review of medical records from Sanatorio La Cañada and Hospital Pasteur in Villa Maria, Cordoba. Period 12/01/2020 to 07/31/2021.Results 870 pregnancies were studied, the incidence of maternal syphilis was 57.87/1000 pregnancies, 76.1% of pregnant women were under 30 years old, and there were 41% late diagnoses. The incidence of congenital syphilis was 18.3/1000 live newborns. The incidence of maternal HIV was 6.89/1000 pregnancies, 66.7% were women under 30 years old and 77.7% had undetectable viral load at birth. 100% of the exposed newborns were studied, all with undetectable viral load at birth. There were no cases of Hepatitis B.Conclusion: 6.3% of pregnant women presented at least one reactive serology and the highest diagnostic percentage was focused on those under 30 years old. The incidence of congenital syphilis exceeded the provincial and national data (18.3 vs 1.18 vs 1.14). The percentage of maternal HIV positivity was superior to the provincial one. There was no vertical transmission of HIV at birth. The prevalence of Hepatitis B was less than the official ones.

Apicomplexans in Goat: Prevalence of Neospora caninum, Toxoplasma gondii, Cryptosporidium spp., Eimeria spp. and Risk Factors in Farms from Ecuador.

Neospora caninum, Toxoplasma gondii, Cryptosporidium and Eimeria cause severe impacts on the productivity of goat herds. The objectives of the present study were to establish the prevalence of these apicomplexans in goat farms from Ecuador; to evaluate a rapid test for Cryptosporidium diagnosis and to identify the risk factors associated with the infections. A questionnaire was designed to obtain information from 24 goat farms from Zapotillo, Garza Real, Cazaderos, Limones and Paletillas parishes in Ecuador. Blood (n = 388) and feces (n = 391) samples were collected. Indirect ELISA and standard parasitological assays were carried out to evaluate the seroprevalence of N. caninum and T. gondii and to detect oocysts of Cryptosporidium and Eimeria. The overall prevalence values of N. caninum and T. gondii were 12.11% and 18.20%, Cryptosporidium spp. and Eimeria spp. oocysts were detected in 10.49% and 89.51% of the total samples. A low correlation value was found between the results obtained by Ziehl-Nielsen and the rapid test. The multinomial logistic regression analysis revealed that vitamin supplementation, age of diarrhea, frequency of deworming, pasture area, presence of artiodactyls, domestic fowl, administration of sulfas, age group, body condition, abortions, type of pastures and the presence of cattle were risk factors according to the parasite species.

Acaricidal Efficacy of Plants from Ecuador, Ambrosia peruviana (Asteraceae) and Lepechinia mutica (Lamiaceae) against Larvae and Engorged Adult Females of the Common Cattle Tick, Rhipicephalus microplus.

Control measures against common cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus are of the upmost importance because of considerable, deleterious impact on a farm's economy. Due to resistance phenomena to synthetic acaricides being a constraint in affected farms, the search for plant derivatives as acaricides has increased dramatically in recent years. In this work, essential oils obtained from two Ecuadorian plants, Ambrosia peruviana and Lepechinia mutica (EOAp, EOLm), traditionally used as insecticides in indigenous communities, were studied on larvae and engorged females at the parasitic stages of R. microplus. Larvae and females were treated with five (0.0625, 0.125, 0.25, 0.50 and 1%) and six concentrations (0.125, 0.25, 0.50, 1, 2 and 4%), respectively, of each EOsAp/Lm. A 98-99% larval mortality was achieved with 0.5% of both EOsAp/Lm. EOAp inhibited oviposition and egg hatching up to 82% and 80%, respectively, and had an overall efficacy of 93.12%. Efficacy of EOLm was 72.84%, due to the low influence of EOLm on reproductive parameters. By steam distillation and GC-MS analysis, γ-Curcumene was identified as the main constituent (52.02%) in the EOAp and Shyobunol (10.80%) in EOLm. The results suggest that major components of both essential oils should be further studied as promissory acaricides against R. microplus.

Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with bovine leukemia virus (BLV) seropositivity in cattle herds from Ecuador / Seroprevalencia y factores de riesgo asociados a la seropositividad al virus de la leucemia bovina (BLV) en explotaciones de producción bovina en Ecuador / Seroprevalência e fatores de risco associados à soropositividade do vírus da leucemia bovina (BLV) em rebanhos bovinos do Equador

Abstract Background: Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is the causative agent of enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL). This disease mainly affects cattle, causing severe economic losses to producers. Objective: To establish individual and herd seroprevalence and determine the risk factors associated with BLV seropositivity for dairy and dual-purpose cattle herds in Ecuador. Methods: A total of 2,668 serum samples from 386 herds were collected. A questionnaire, including variables related to cattle health, management and the environment was completed by each herd. A commercial blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test was used to determine seropositivity. A generalized estimating equation model (GEE) was developed to determine the factors associated with BLV seropositivity. Results: Individual seroprevalence of BLV infection in Ecuador was 17.3% (CI95% = 15.86-18.74%). Herd prevalence was 37.8% (CI95% = 33.0-42.6%), and intra-herd prevalence ranged between 12.5 and 100% (median: 37.5%). The risk factors associated with BLV seropositivity were artificial insemination (OR: 2,215; CI95% =1.402-3.501), concrete floors (OR: 2.178; CI95% = 1.217-3.889), presence of wild ruminants (OR: 2.998; CI95% = 1.788-5.027), and sampling season (wet; OR: 1.996; CI95% = 1.140-3.497). Conclusions: Results indicate that BLV is widespread in cattle herds in Ecuador. In addition, the study suggests that a control program to fight BLV infection should focus on controlling the risk factors identified.

Resumen Antecedentes: El virus de la leucosis bovina (BLV) es el principal agente etiológico causante de la leucosis enzoótica bovina (EBL). Esta enfermedad afecta a los bovinos causando grandes pérdidas económicas a los productores. Objetivo: Establecer la seroprevalencia y dispersión del BLV, así como los factores de riesgo asociados a la seropositividad en explotaciones lecheras y de doble propósito en Ecuador. Métodos: Se recolectó un total de 2.668 muestras de suero de 386 explotaciones. Se aplicó un cuestionario que incluyó variables relacionadas con la salud del hato, medidas de manejo, y características ambientales de cada explotación. Para los análisis serológicos se utilizó un test inmunológico ligado a enzimas (ELISA). Para definir los factores de riesgo asociados a la seropositividad a BLV se desarrolló un modelo utilizando ecuaciones de estimación generalizadas (GEE). Resultados: La seroprevalencia de BLV en Ecuador fue de 17,3% (IC95% = 15,86-18,74%). La dispersión fue de 37,8% (IC95%= 33,0-42,6%), y la prevalencia intra-hato alcanzó rangos entre 12,5-100% (media: 37,5%). Los factores de riesgo asociados a la seropositividad a BLV fueron: inseminación artificial (OR: 2,215; IC95% = 1,402-3,501), piso de concreto (OR: 2,178; IC95% = 1,217-3,889), presencia de rumiantes salvajes (OR: 2,998; IC95% = 1,788-5,027), y temporada de muestreo (húmeda; OR: 1,996; IC95% = 1,140-3,497). Conclusiones: Los resultados indican que el BLV se encuentra disperso en las explotaciones de Ecuador. Adicionalmente, se sugiere la implementación de un programa de control para la lucha contra el BLV, debiéndose considerar medidas que se enfoquen al control de los factores de riesgo identificados en esta investigación.

Resumo Antecedentes: O vírus da leucemia bovina (BLV) é o principal agente causador da leucose enzoótica bovina (EBL). Esta doença afeta o gado causando graves prejuízos econômicos aos produtores. Objetivo: Estabelecer a soroprevalência e dispersão do BLV, assim como os fatores de risco associados à soropositividade nas produções leiteiras e de duplo propósito no Equador. Métodos: Um total de 2.668 amostras de soro de 386 explorações foram coletadas. Foi aplicado um questionário que incluía variáveis relacionadas à saúde do rebanho, medidas de manejo e ambiente para cada exploração. Para a análise sorológica foi utilizado um teste imunológico sobre enzimas (ELISA) para determinação da soropositividade. Para definir os fatores de risco associados à soropositividade a BLV, foi utilizado um modelo de equações estimativas generalizadas (GEE). Resultados: A soroprevalência de BLVno Equador é de 17,3% (IC95% = 15,86-18,74%). La dispersão de 37,8% (IC95% = 33,0-42,6%), e a prevalência intra-rebanho alcançou entre 12,5-100% (media: 37,5%). Os fatores de risco associados à soropositividade a BLV foram inseminação artificial (OR: 2,215; IC95% = 1,402-3,501), chão de concreto (OR: 2,178; IC95% = 1,217-3,889), presença de ruminantes selvagens (OR: 2,998; IC95% = 1,788-5,027) e época da amostragem (úmida; OR: 1,996; IC95% = 1,140-3,497). Conclusões: Os resultados indicam que o BLV se encontra disseminado nas explorações no Equador. Adicionalmente, o estudo pode contribuir para a implementação de um programa de controle para a luta contra o BLV, devendo-se considerar ações de controle dos fatores de risco identificados nesta investigação.

Reversal of SARS-CoV2-Induced Hypoxia by Nebulized Sodium Ibuprofenate in a Compassionate Use Program.

INTRODUCTION: Sodium ibuprofenate in hypertonic saline (NaIHS) administered directly to the lungs by nebulization and inhalation has antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects, with the potential to deliver these benefits to hypoxic patients. We describe a compassionate use program that offered this therapy to hospitalized COVID-19 patients. METHODS: NaIHS (50 mg ibuprofen, tid) was provided in addition to standard of care (SOC) to hospitalized COVID-19 patients until oxygen saturation levels of > 94% were achieved on ambient air. Patients wore a containment hood to diminish aerosolization. Outcome data from participating patients treated at multiple hospitals in Argentina between April 4 and October 31, 2020, are summarized. Results were compared with a retrospective contemporaneous control (CC) group of hospitalized COVID-19 patients with SOC alone during the same time frame from a subset of participating hospitals from Córdoba and Buenos Aires. RESULTS: The evolution of 383 patients treated with SOC + NaIHS [56 on mechanical ventilation (MV) at baseline] and 195 CC (21 on MV at baseline) are summarized. At baseline, NaIHS-treated patients had basal oxygen saturation of 90.7 ± 0.2% (74.3% were on supplemental oxygen at baseline) and a basal respiratory rate of 22.7 ± 0.3 breath/min. In the CC group, basal oxygen saturation was 92.6 ± 0.4% (52.1% were on oxygen supplementation at baseline) and respiratory rate was 19.3 ± 0.3 breath/min. Despite greater pulmonary compromise at baseline in the NaIHS-treated group, the length of treatment (LOT) was 9.1 ± 0.2 gs with an average length of stay (ALOS) of 11.5 ± 0.3 days, in comparison with an ALOS of 13.3 ± 0.9 days in the CC group. In patients on MV who received NaIHS, the ALOS was lower than in the CC group. In both NaIHS-treated groups, a rapid reversal of deterioration in oxygenation and NEWS2 scores was observed acutely after initiation of NaIHS therapy. No serious adverse events were considered related to ibuprofen therapy. Mortality was lower in both NaIHS groups compared with CC groups. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment of COVID-19 pneumonitis with inhalational nebulized NaIHS was associated with rapid improvement in hypoxia and vital signs, with no serious adverse events attributed to therapy. Nebulized NaIHS s worthy of further study in randomized, placebo-controlled trials (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04382768).

Acaricidal effect of Schinus molle (Anacardiaceae) essential oil on unengorged larvae and engorged adult females of Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Acari: Ixodidae).

The current concern about resistance to acaricides and the impact of toxic waste on the environment has led to the search of vegetal alternatives in the control of the brown tick of the dog Rhipicephalus sanguineus. Schinus molle L. (Anacardiaceae) derivatives have been associated with insecticidal, antimicrobial and antiprotozoal activities and essential oil showed to be lethal to R. microplus larvae. This study aimed at evaluating the acaricidal effect of essential oil of S. molle (EOSm) on engorged adult females and larval stages of R. sanguineus. One-hundred engorged females were obtained from the ears, interdigital spaces, neck, groin and base of the tail of two cross-bred dogs. The larvae package test was accomplished with 21-day-old larvae and five concentrations (v/v) of EOSm (0.125, 0.25, 0.50, 1 and 2%) in an anionic detergent, a synthetic acaricide (cypermethrin) and detergent and deionized water as controls. The immersion adult test was carried out with nine concentrations (0.125, 0.25, 0.50, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 20%) of the EOSm. At the concentration of 2%, EOSm caused 99.3% of larval mortality. In adults, inhibition of oviposition, egg hatching (EH) and reproductive efficiency (RE) values were dose-dependent from 4 to 20% EOSm; the lowest values of EH (29.62) and RE (22.61) were achieved with 20% EOSm. Strong and negative correlations were found between concentration of EOSm and EH (r = - 0.948) and between concentration of EOSm and RE (r = - 0.985). This study demonstrated for the first time the acaricidal effect of EOSm on larvae and reproductive parameters of engorged adult females of R. sanguineus.

Coxiella burnetii seroprevalence and associated risk factors in dairy and mixed cattle farms from Ecuador.

Q fever is a zoonotic disease caused by Coxiella burnetii, a bacterial agent for which ruminants are the main reservoir. An extensive cross-sectional study to determine the seroprevalence of and associated risk factors for Q fever was performed in dairy and mixed (dairy-beef) cattle herds in Ecuador. A total of 2668 serum samples from 386 herds were analyzed using an ELISA. In addition, a questionnaire with 57 variables related to management, feeding, facilities, biosecurity and animal health was completed for every cattle farm. A Generalized Estimating Equations model was used to determine the factors associated with C. burnetii seropositivity. The true prevalence of C. burnetii seropositivity in dairy and mixed cattle from Ecuador reached 12.6% (CI95%: 11.3-13.9%). The herd prevalence was 46.9% (181/386) (CI95%: 41.9-51.9%), and the within herd prevalence ranged between 8% and 100% (mean: 25.0%; Q1: 12.5%, Q2: 25.0%, Q3: 37.5%). Four factors were included in the GEE model for C. burnetii seropositivity: age of the cattle (OR: 1.01; CI95%: 1.006-1.014), feeding of calves with milk replacers (OR: 1.94; CI95%: 1.1-3.3), bovine respiratory syncytial virus seropositivity (OR: 1.54; CI95%: 1.1-2.3), and disinfection of the umbilical cord (OR: 0.60; CI95%: 0.4-0.9).

Prevalencia del síndrome metabólico en profesores de Guanajuato, México / Metabolic syndrome prevalence in Guanajuato, Mexico's teachers

Objetivos: Identificar la prevalencia del síndrome metabólico en profesores del nivel educativo básico del estado de Guanajuato, México. Diseño: Estudio observacional, transversal, retrospectivo. Institución: Universidad de Guanajuato, México. Participantes: Docentes de nivel educativo básico. Intervenciones: En 477 docentes, 208 hombres y 269 mujeres, se llevó a cabo una evaluación médica directa y exámenes de laboratorio de los componentes del síndrome metabólico (glucosa, triglicéridos y colesterol de densidad alta (HDL-C)), así como, medición de circunferencia de abdomen, presión arterial y nivel de actividad física. Principales medidas de resultados: Prevalencia del síndrome metabólico. Resultados: La prevalencia del síndrome metabólico fue 32,2 por ciento en los docentes hombres y 26,8 por ciento en las mujeres. Más de 40 por ciento de los profesores presentó tres factores de riesgo para el síndrome metabólico, siendo más prevalente la hipertrigliceridemia. Referente al nivel de actividad física, 24 por ciento correspondió a personas sedentarias, 65 por ciento hipoactivos y únicamente 11 por ciento practicaba ejercicio vigoroso regular. Conclusiones: El perfil de salud de los docentes de Guanajuato se encontró lejos del ideal esperado, observándose una elevada prevalencia del síndrome metabólico, por lo que se sugiere aplicar estrategias de prevención para modificar los estilos de vida del profesorado, en especial mejorar la dieta y promover mayor nivel de actividad física.

Objectives: To identify the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Guanajuato, MexicoÆs teachers of basic education. Design: Observational, transversal, retrospective study. Setting: Universidad de Guanajuato, Mexico. Participants: Teachers of basic education. Interventions: In 477 teachers that included 208 men and 269 women, medical evaluation and laboratory tests were done including the metabolic syndrome components (glucose, triglycerides and high density cholesterol (HDL-C) analysis), abdominal circumference measurement, blood pressure, and level of physical activity. Main outcome measures: Metabolic syndrome prevalence. Results: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 32.2 per cent in men and 26.8 per cent in women teachers. Over 40 per cent of teachers had three risk factors for metabolic syndrome, hypertriglyceridemia the most prevalent. Concerning the level of physical activity, 24 per cent were sedentary people, 65 per cent hypoactive, and only 11 per cent practiced regular vigorous exercise. Conclusions: GuanajuatoÆs teacherÆs health profile was far from ideal, showing high prevalence of metabolic syndrome. For prevention strategies we suggest lifestyle change, especially improving diet and promoting physical activity.