The effects of female age on blood-feeding, insemination, sperm storage, and fertility in the dengue vector mosquito Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae).

Mating induces behavioral and physiological changes in female insects-collectively referred to as the female post-mating response (PMR)-that facilitate the production of progeny. PMRs are elicited by transfer of male-derived seminal components during mating, but are altered by other factors, including adult age. Increased female age is often accompanied by declines in fertility. However, mating shortly after emergence also impacts fertility in the insect model Drosophila melanogaster. Here, we determined the age post-emergence when females of the vector mosquito Aedes aegypti can be inseminated and blood-feed. We next examined fecundity, fertility, and the storage of sperm in the female reproductive tract in "young" (30-41 hours-old) and "old" (2- and 3-week-old) females, finding that blood-feeding began at 14 hours, and mating at ∼24 hours post-emergence. Although young females consumed smaller blood quantities and stored fewer sperm, they were similarly fertile to 4-day-old controls. Old females, however, suffered significant declines in fecundity by 2 weeks of age. Our results show that female Ae. aegypti start to become sexually receptive 1 day after their emergence, but can ingest blood much sooner, suggesting that mating is not a prerequisite to blood-feeding, and that females can ingest an arbovirus infected blood-meal shortly after emergence.

Efecto de los extractos vegetales de Jatropha curcas y Anonna muricata sobre teleoginas de la garrapata común del ganado Ripichephalus (Boophilus) microplus bajo condiciones de laboratorio / Effect of plant extracts of jatropha curcas and Anonna muricata on engorged females of common cattle tick Ripichephalus (Boophilus) microplus under laboratory conditions / Efeito de extractos de plantas de Jatropha curcas e Anonna muricata em teleogines do carrapato gado comum Ripichephalus (Boophilus) microplus sob condições de laboratório

Resumen La garrapata común (Rhipicephalus (B.) microplus) del ganado es considerada el ectoparásito más importante en la ganadería. El uso repetitivo y tradicional de acaricidas comerciales se ha convertido en un serio problema en cuanto a la resistencia adquirida por esta garrapata. Por esta razón, el control biológico ha surgido como una alternativa prometedora en el control de este ectoparásito. En este estudio se evalúa el efecto de los extractos vegetales de dos plantas, J. curcas y A. muricata, sobre el índice de producción de huevos y la eficiencia reproductiva de R (B.) microplus bajo condiciones de laboratorio. Cada extracto fue evaluado a cinco concentraciones (entre 0.1 y 5%), usando controles negativo y positivo para su comparación. Ambas plantas mostraron actividad biológica, sin embargo, A. muricata tuvo un efecto mayor comparado con J. curcas, inclusive a concentraciones bajas (0,5 y 1 %). Por el contrario, J. curcas mostró solo un efecto moderado en concentraciones altas (5%). En conclusión, los resultados obtenidos en laboratorio indican que los extractos de A. muricata son promisorios para controlar la garrapata común del ganado.

Abstract Rhipicephalus (B.) microplus or common cattle tick is considered the most important ectoparasite of livestock. Traditional and repetitive control of this tick through the use of conventional products has become a serious problem regarding tick's resistance. For this reason, biological control has emerged as a very promising alternative to control this tick. In the present study, an experiment was designed to assess the effect of plant extracts of J. curcas y A. muricata on Production eggs Index (IPH) and estimated reproduction (ER) of R (B) microplus under laboratory conditions. Each plant extract was assessed in five different concentrations (between 0.1 and 5%); a positive and negative control was used for comparison. Both plants showed biological activity, however, A. muricata showed significantly effect on engorged females of the cattle tick compared with J. curcas, even at lower concentrations (0.5, and 1 %). In conclusion, the results obtained indicate that A. muricata's seed extracts are promissory to biocontrol the common cattle tick under laboratory conditions.

Resumo O carrapato comum (Rhipicephalus (B.) microplus) do gado é considerado o ectoparasita mais importante da pecuária. O uso repetitivo e tradicional de inseticidas comerciais se converteu em um sério problema quanto a resisitência adquirida por esse carrapato. Por essa razão, o controle biológico surgiu como uma alternativa promissora no controle deste ectoparasita. Esse estudo avalia o efeito dos extratos vegetais das plantas,J. curcas e A. muricata,sobre o índice de produção de ovos e a eficiência reprodutiva deR (B.) microplussegundo condições de laboratório. Cada extrato foi avaliado em 5 concentrações (entre 0,1 e 5%), usando controles negativo e positivo para sua comparação. Ambas as plantas mostraram atividade biológica, porém,A. muricatateve um efeito maior comparado comJ. curcas,inclusive as concentrações baixas (0,5 y 1 %). Pelo contrário,J. curcasmostrou só um efeito moderado nas concentrações altas (5%). Em conclusão, os resultados obtidos no laboratório indicam que os extratos deA. muricatasão promissores para controlar o carrapato comum do gado.