Reduced left atrial strain and risk of ischemic stroke in patients with normal sinus rhythm: a systematic review and meta-analysis

INTRODUCTION: Abnormalities in the left atrium have been linked to a higher risk of ischemic cerebrovascular events. Left atrial (LA) strain analysis can identify LA dysfunction, even in patients with normal LA volumes. However, the precise association between LA strain and the occurrence of ischemic stroke in individuals who are in normal sinus rhythm (NSR) is not well established. Hypothesis: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the relationship between reduced LA strain and the risk of ischemic stroke in patients with NSR. METHODS: We searched PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Central for studies that examined our clinical question. Two reviewers independently performed study selection, data extraction, and assessment of bias. Statistical analysis was performed using Review Manager 5.4.1. Heterogeneity was assessed with I2 statistics. We calculated pooled multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) under a random effects model. RESULTS: We included 8,632 patients from 4 cohort studies, of which 3 were prospective. The mean follow-up ranged from 2.5 years to 10.9 years. The mean age ranged from 68.8 to 75.2 years. All results were obtained through multivariable-adjusted analysis, which includes adjusting for LA size and occurrence of new-onset atrial fibrillation during follow-up. The incidence of ischemic stroke was significantly increased in patients with reduced reservoir strain (HR 1.53; 95% CI 1.09-2.15; p=0.01; Figure 1) and conduit strain (HR 1.39; 95% CI 1.16-1.59; p < 0.001). Reduced contractile strain was not predictive of stroke incidence (HR 1.94; 95% CI 0.96-3.93; p=0.07). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate an independent association of reduced LA strain with an increased incidence of ischemic stroke in patients without a previous history of atrial fibrillation. Future studies are warranted to evaluate the role of LA strain as part of a comprehensive risk stratification for stroke.

Evaluation of the prescription pattern of ferrous sulfate as a therapy for preventing iron deficiency anemia in infants.

BACKGROUND: Iron deficiency prevalence in infants is high. Therefore, iron supplementation has been recommended and specified as a program. This study aimed to determine the characteristics of the prescription of ferrous sulfate as a preventive therapy for iron deficiency anemia in young infants. METHODS: We conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study of clinical records of young infants with eight visits per year. We analyzed a total of 287 records. The prescription characteristics included five criteria prescription indication, age at prescription, dosage, periodicity, and time. These characteristics were scored as follows 1 point when it was considered adequate and 0 when it was considered inadequate; the minimum possible score was 0, and the maximum possible score was 5 points. Statistical analysis included percentages and 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS: The prescription pattern of ferrous sulfate as preventive therapy in infants under one year of age was indicated in 100% of the records reviewed. All five criteria were met in 18.1% of the reviewed records (95%CI 13.6-22.6). The lowest compliance corresponded to adequate dosage (29.2%; 95%CI 23.9-34.5). Age at prescription was correct in 75.9% (95%CI 70.9-80.9); duration of prescription was correct in 44.2% (95%CI 38.4-50.0), and periodicity was proper in 31.1% (95%CI 25.9-36.7) of the files reviewed. CONCLUSIONS: Compliance with the prescription of ferrous sulfate as a preventive measure for anemia in infants was not as expected; interventions are needed to reverse this behavior.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Debido a que la prevalencia de deficiencia de hierro en el lactante es alta, el aporte de hierro se ha recomendado como suplemento y se ha concretado como programa. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar las características de la prescripción de sulfato ferroso como terapia de prevención de anemia ferropénica en el lactante menor. MÉTODOS: Se llevó a cabo un estudio descriptivo con diseño transversal de expedientes clínicos de lactantes menores con ocho consultas al año. Se analizaron 287 expedientes. Las características de prescripción incluyeron cinco criterios: indicación de prescripción, edad de indicación, dosificación, periodicidad y tiempo. Se calificó con 1 punto cuando la característica se consideró adecuada y con 0 cuando se consideró inadecuada; la puntuación mínima posible fue 0 y la puntuación máxima posible de 5 puntos. El análisis estadístico incluyó porcentajes e intervalos de confianza (IC) al 95%. RESULTADOS: El patrón de prescripción del sulfato ferroso como terapia preventiva en el menor de un año se encontró indicado en 100% de los expedientes revisados. Se cumplió exactamente con los cinco criterios en el 18.1% de los expedientes revisados (IC95% 13.6-22.6); el cumplimiento más bajo correspondió a la dosificación adecuada (29.2%; IC95% 23.9-34.5). La edad de inicio fue correcta en el 75.9% (IC95% 70.9-80.9); la duración de la prescripción fue correcta en el 44.2% (IC95% 38.4-50.0) y la periodicidad fue correcta en el 31.1% (IC95% 25.9-36.7) de los expedientes revisados. CONCLUSIONES: El cumplimiento de la prescripción de sulfato ferroso como medida preventiva de la anemia en lactantes no fue el esperado, por lo que se requiere adoptar intervenciones para revertir este comportamiento.

Twisting development, the birth of a potential new gene.

Evolution has long been considered to be a conservative process in which new genes arise from pre-existing genes through gene duplication, domain shuffling, horizontal transfer, overprinting, retrotransposition, etc. However, this view is changing as new genes originating from non-genic sequences are discovered in different organisms. Still, rather limited functional information is available. Here, we have identified TWISTED1 (TWT1), a possible de novo-originated protein-coding gene that modifies microtubule arrangement and causes helicoidal growth in Arabidopsis thaliana when its expression is increased. Interestingly, even though TWT1 is a likely recent gene, the lack of TWT1 function affects A. thaliana development. TWT1 seems to have originated from a non-genic sequence. If so, it would be one of the few examples to date of how during evolution de novo genes are integrated into developmental cellular and organismal processes.

Evaluation of the prescription pattern of ferrous sulfate as a therapy for preventing iron deficiency anemia in infants / Evaluación del patrón de prescripción de sulfato ferroso como terapia de prevención de anemia ferropénica en el lactante

Abstract Background: Iron deficiency prevalence in infants is high. Therefore, iron supplementation has been recommended and specified as a program. This study aimed to determine the characteristics of the prescription of ferrous sulfate as a preventive therapy for iron deficiency anemia in young infants. Methods: We conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study of clinical records of young infants with eight visits per year. We analyzed a total of 287 records. The prescription characteristics included five criteria prescription indication, age at prescription, dosage, periodicity, and time. These characteristics were scored as follows 1 point when it was considered adequate and 0 when it was considered inadequate; the minimum possible score was 0, and the maximum possible score was 5 points. Statistical analysis included percentages and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: The prescription pattern of ferrous sulfate as preventive therapy in infants under one year of age was indicated in 100% of the records reviewed. All five criteria were met in 18.1% of the reviewed records (95%CI 13.6-22.6). The lowest compliance corresponded to adequate dosage (29.2%; 95%CI 23.9-34.5). Age at prescription was correct in 75.9% (95%CI 70.9-80.9); duration of prescription was correct in 44.2% (95%CI 38.4-50.0), and periodicity was proper in 31.1% (95%CI 25.9-36.7) of the files reviewed. Conclusions: Compliance with the prescription of ferrous sulfate as a preventive measure for anemia in infants was not as expected; interventions are needed to reverse this behavior.

Resumen Introducción: Debido a que la prevalencia de deficiencia de hierro en el lactante es alta, el aporte de hierro se ha recomendado como suplemento y se ha concretado como programa. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar las características de la prescripción de sulfato ferroso como terapia de prevención de anemia ferropénica en el lactante menor. Métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio descriptivo con diseño transversal de expedientes clínicos de lactantes menores con ocho consultas al año. Se analizaron 287 expedientes. Las características de prescripción incluyeron cinco criterios: indicación de prescripción, edad de indicación, dosificación, periodicidad y tiempo. Se calificó con 1 punto cuando la característica se consideró adecuada y con 0 cuando se consideró inadecuada; la puntuación mínima posible fue 0 y la puntuación máxima posible de 5 puntos. El análisis estadístico incluyó porcentajes e intervalos de confianza (IC) al 95%. Resultados: El patrón de prescripción del sulfato ferroso como terapia preventiva en el menor de un año se encontró indicado en 100% de los expedientes revisados. Se cumplió exactamente con los cinco criterios en el 18.1% de los expedientes revisados (IC95% 13.6-22.6); el cumplimiento más bajo correspondió a la dosificación adecuada (29.2%; IC95% 23.9-34.5). La edad de inicio fue correcta en el 75.9% (IC95% 70.9-80.9); la duración de la prescripción fue correcta en el 44.2% (IC95% 38.4-50.0) y la periodicidad fue correcta en el 31.1% (IC95% 25.9-36.7) de los expedientes revisados. Conclusiones: El cumplimiento de la prescripción de sulfato ferroso como medida preventiva de la anemia en lactantes no fue el esperado, por lo que se requiere adoptar intervenciones para revertir este comportamiento.

Anther Culture of the Gametophytic Self-Incompatible Species Physalis ixocarpa Brot.

Here we present an optimized protocol for in vitro embryo formation and plant regeneration through anther culture of the Mexican husk tomato (Physalis ixocarpa Brot.). This protocol relies on the application of an anther thermal shock at a specific developmental stage prior to the in vitro culture, ensures embryo formation from anthers without callus formation, and allows spending less time to regenerate doubled haploid complete plants. This protocol has been used for different cultivars of Physalis ixocarpa (Chapingo, Rendidora, Puebla, Arandaz, Manzano, Tamazula, Salamanca, and Milpero), and also for two wild-type accessions, all of them cultivated in Mexico. Chapingo cultivar responded with the highest percentage of androgenesis on the embryo induction medium (EIM).

Whole-Mount Immunolocalization Procedure for Plant Female Meiocytes.

Here we present an optimized protocol for immunolocalization of meiotic proteins during female meiosis in whole mount tissues. It ensures ovule morphology integrity and homogeneous reagent penetration. The method relies on paraformaldehyde tissue fixation, polyacrylamide embedding, tissue permeabilization, antibody incubation, counterstaining, and confocal microscopy analysis. This protocol has been used in diverse Arabidopsis ecotypes and in the legume Vigna unguiculata.

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae mitochondrial unselective channel behaves as a physiological uncoupling system regulated by Ca2+, Mg2+, phosphate and ATP.

It is proposed that the Saccharomyces cerevisiae the Mitochondrial Unselective Channel ((Sc)MUC) is tightly regulated constituting a physiological uncoupling system that prevents overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Mg(2+), Ca(2+) or phosphate (Pi) close (Sc)MUC, while ATP or a high rate of oxygen consumption open it. We assessed (Sc)MUC activity by measuring in isolated mitochondria the respiratory control, transmembrane potential (ΔΨ), swelling and production of ROS. At increasing [Pi], less [Ca(2+)] and/or [Mg(2+)] were needed to close (Sc)MUC or increase ATP synthesis. The Ca(2+)-mediated closure of (Sc)MUC was prevented by high [ATP] while the Mg(2+) or Pi effect was not. When Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) were alternatively added or chelated, (Sc)MUC opened and closed reversibly. Different effects of Ca(2+) vs Mg(2+) effects were probably due to mitochondrial Mg(2+) uptake. Our results suggest that (Sc)MUC activity is dynamically controlled by both the ATP/Pi ratio and divalent cation fluctuations. It is proposed that the reversible opening/closing of (Sc)MUC leads to physiological uncoupling and a consequent decrease in ROS production.

Whole-mount immunolocalization to study female meiosis in Arabidopsis.

Here we describe a whole-mount immunolocalization protocol to follow the subcellular localization of proteins during female meiosis in Arabidopsis thaliana, a model species that is used to study sexual reproduction in flowering plants. By using confocal microscopy, the procedure allows one to follow megasporogenesis at all stages before differentiation of the functional megaspore. This in particular includes stages that occur during prophase I, such as the installation of the axial and central elements of the synaptonemal complex along the meiotic chromosomes. In contrast to procedures that require microtome sectioning or enzymatic isolation and smearing to separate female meiocytes from neighboring cells, this 3-day protocol preserves the constitution of the developing primordium and incorporates the architecture of the ovule to provide a temporal and spatial context to meiotic divisions. This opens up the possibility to systematically compare the dynamics of protein localization during female and male meiosis. Steps describe tissue collection and fixation, preparation of slides and polyacrylamide embedding, tissue permeabilization, antibody incubation, propidium iodide staining, and finally image acquisition by confocal microscopy. The procedure adds an essential technique to the toolkit of plant meiotic analysis, and it represents a framework for technical adaptations that could soon allow the analysis of plant reproductive alternatives to sexual reproduction.

Polymorphism and methylation patterns in Agave tequilana Weber var. 'Azul' plants propagated asexually by three different methods.

Genetic variation in three forms of asexually propagated Agave tequilana Weber var. 'Azul' plants namely offsets, bulbils and in vitro cultured individuals was studied by AFLP analysis. Low levels of variation were observed between mother plants and offsets and a higher level between mother plant and bulbils. Families obtained from commercial plantations showed lower levels of variation in comparison to families grown as ornamentals. No variation was observed between the original explant and four generations of in vitro cultured plants. Epigenetic variation was also studied by analyzing changes in methylation patterns between mother plants and offspring in each form of asexual reproduction. Offsets and bulbils showed an overall decrease in methylation whereas in vitro cultured plants showed patterns specific to each generation: Generations 1 and 4 showed overall demethylation whereas Generations 2 and 3 showed increased methylation. Analysis of ESTs associated with transposable elements revealed higher proportions of ESTs from Ty1-copia-like, Gypsy and CACTA transposable elements in cDNA libraries obtained from pluripotent tissue suggesting a possible correlation between methylation patterns, expression of transposable element associated genes and somaclonal variation.

Prevalencia de portadores asintomáticos de streptococcus pyogenes y streptococcus pneumoniae en estudiantes del primer año de la Facultad de Odontología USMP, agosto 2009 / Prevalence of asymptomatic carriers of Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus pneumoniae in San Martín de Porres University Dentistry Students

Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de portadores asintomáticos de Streptococcus pyogenes y Streptococcus pneumoniae en estudiantes de Odontología de la Universidad San Martin de Porres. Material y Método: Se tomaron 64 muestras mediante hisopado faríngeo las que fueron sembradas en Agar sangre de carnero con gentamicina para aislamiento de la flora alfa hemolítica y con sulfametoxazol para los beta hemolíticos, las que fueron incubadas a 35 grados C por 48 horas. Posteriomente se realizaron pruebas de sensibilidad con optoquina y bacitracina para detectar Streptococcus pneumoniae y Streptococcus pyogenes, respectivamente. Adicionalmente se realizó la prueba de solubilidad en bilis con las cepas alfa hemolíticas para verificar la presencia de neumococos. Resultados: De la muestra estudiada, el 48,43% correspondió a portadores de Streptococcus pneumoniae, alcanzando el sexo femenino un mayor porcentaje (64,51%) mientras que el 6,25% de la muestra fue portador de Streptococcus pyogenes, en el cual también predominó el sexo femenino con un 75%.Conclusiones: La prevalencia de portación asintomática de Streptococcus pneumoniae fue de 48,43% y de Streptococcus pyogenes de 6,25% en los estudiantes, valor significativo que indica el riesgo de presentar las infecciones asociadas a estas especies o de transmitirlas a personas inmunocomprometidas.

Objective: To determine the prevalence of asymptomatic carriers of Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus pneumoniae in San Martin de Porres Universitys dentistry students. Materials and Methods: Sixty four samples were taken using a pharyngeal swab; they were cultured in sheep blood agar with gentamicine in order to isolate alpha hemolytic bacteria and with sulfamethoxazole in order to isolate beta hemolytic bacteria. These were incubated at 35 grados C for 48hrs. Subsequently, optoquin and bacitracine tests were used to detect Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus pyogenes respectively. Additionally, the bile solubility test was performed for alpha hemolytic strains to verify the presence of pneumococcus. Results: Of the studied sample, 48.43% corresponded to carriers of Streptococcus pneumoniae, reaching the female sex a major percentage (64.51 %) than the masculine sex. Another 6.25% of the sample was a carrier of Streptococcus pyogenes in which also the female sex predominated with 75 % of the positive results. Conclusions: The prevalence of Streptococcus pneumoniae carrier state was 48.43 % and of Streptococcus pyogenes 6.25 % in the students. This significant value indicates a risk of presenting infections associated with these species or of infecting immunocompromised individuals.