Association study between salivary levels of interferon (IFN)-gamma, interleukin (IL)-17, IL-21, and IL-22 with chronic periodontitis.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate if the salivary levels of IL-17, IL-21, IL-22, and its ratio regarding salivary IFN-γ may be linked with the periodontal clinical status. DESIGN: One hundred and five chronic periodontitis (CP) subjects and 44 healthy controls (HC) were recruited. Periodontal status was assessed based on full-mouth clinical periodontal measurements. Cytokine salivary levels were analyzed by ELISA. The association between the analytes with CP was analyzed using a binary logistic regression model. RESULTS: A statistically significant increase in salivary levels of IFN-γ and IFN-γ/IL-22 ratio in CP group could be detected, but there was no significant domination of any Th17 cytokine that could be of predictive value for health/disease status. Univariate and binary logistic regression analyses revealed a strong and independent association of IFN-γ salivary levels and IFN-γ/IL-22 ratio with disease status. An interaction effect of ageing on IFN-γ levels also could be noted. CONCLUSION: While salivary levels of IFN-γ and IFN-γ/IL-22 ratio may act as strong/independent indicators of the amount and extent of periodontal breakdown, the low detection frequency of Th17 cytokines in saliva samples make these determinations useless for the detection of disease presence and/or its severity.

Confounding and interaction effect of Treponema denticola salivary carriage in chronic periodontitis.

AIM: To evaluate the salivary carriage of Treponema denticola and its association with demographic variables in the etiopathogenesis of chronic periodontitis. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Ninety-seven chronic periodontitis (CP) patients and a control group of 51 healthy subjects (HC) were selected. Periodontal status was assessed by criteria based on probing depth, attachment loss, extent, and severity of periodontal breakdown. A polymerase chain reaction method was used to determine the occurrence of T. denticola in saliva samples. Risk indicators for CP were assessed individually and adjusted for confounding and/or interaction using a logistic regression model. RESULTS: Although univariate analysis revealed a positive association of age >or=30 years, smoking, and salivary carriage of T. denticola with CP, after logistic regression analysis, the association between age >or=30 years/smoking and CP persisted, whereas salivary carriage of T. denticola failed to achieve statistical significance. An interaction effect was significantly detected between these three variables. CONCLUSION: Although salivary carriage of T. denticola may be a risk indicator for CP, its pathogenicity should not be exclusively endorsed to its detection in saliva, but it might be associated with the synergistic biological interaction of the bacterium with some demographic characteristics of the susceptible host.

Estimation of sCD14 levels in saliva obtained from patients with various periodontal conditions.

AIM: To assess the concentration of soluble CD14 receptor in saliva of people with periodontal disease and healthy patients and its relationship with periodontal status. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Unstimulated whole saliva samples from patients with chronic periodontitis (n = 34), aggressive periodontitis (n = 19) and healthy controls (n = 17) were obtained for the study. The periodontal status of each subject was assessed by criteria based on probing depth, clinical attachment loss and the extent of periodontal breakdown. The levels of sCD14 were measured in saliva samples with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS: Although no significant difference (P > 0.05) was found for salivary sCD14 levels between periodontitis groups, they were significantly greater (P < 0.05) than those detected for healthy controls. Furthermore, Spearman's correlation analysis showed statistically significant correlations (P < 0.01) between data from salivary sCD14 levels and clinical measurements. CONCLUSION: The findings of the present study reemphasize the importance of whole saliva as sampling method in terms of immunological purposes in periodontal disease and suggest that the elevated sCD14 concentration may be one of the host-response components associated with the clinical manifestations of periodontal disease.

Correlation between salivary IL-1beta levels and periodontal clinical status.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the concentration of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1beta in saliva of periodontally diseased and healthy patients and their relationship with the periodontal status. DESIGN: Unstimulated whole saliva samples from patients with chronic periodontitis (n=30), aggressive periodontitis (n=18) and healthy controls (n=18) were obtained for the study. The periodontal status of each subject was assessed by criteria based on probing depth, clinical attachment loss and the extent/severity of periodontal breakdown. The levels of IL-1beta were measured in saliva samples with a high sensitivity enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS: Although no significant difference (P=0.624) was found for salivary IL-1beta levels between periodontitis groups, they were significantly greater (P<0.01) than those detected for healthy controls. Furthermore, Spearman correlation analysis showed statistically significant correlations (P<0.01) between data from salivary IL-1beta levels and clinical measurements. CONCLUSION: The findings of the present study reemphasize the importance of whole saliva as sampling method in terms of immunological purposes in periodontal disease and suggest that the elevated IL-1beta concentration may be one of the host-response components associated to the clinical manifestations of periodontal disease.