Green synthesis of biomass-derived carbon quantum dots for photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue.

Water pollution, significantly influenced by the discharge of synthetic dyes from industries, such as textiles, poses a persistent global threat to human health. Among these dyes, methylene blue, particularly prevalent in the textile sector, exacerbates this issue. This study introduces an innovative approach to mitigate water pollution through the synthesis of nanomaterials using biomass-derived carbon quantum dots (CQDs) from grape pomace and watermelon peel. Utilizing the hydrothermal method at temperatures between 80 and 160 °C over periods ranging from 1 to 24 h, CQDs were successfully synthesized. A comprehensive characterization of the CQDs was performed using UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, Raman spectroscopy, and luminescence spectroscopy, confirming their high quality. The photocatalytic activity of the CQDs in degrading methylene blue was evaluated under both sunlight and incandescent light irradiation, with measurements taken at 20 min intervals over a 2 h period. The CQDs, with sizes ranging from 1-10 nm, demonstrated notable optical properties, including upconversion and down-conversion luminescence. The results revealed effective photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue under sunlight, highlighting the potential for scalable production of these cost-effective catalytic nanomaterials for synthetic dye degradation.

Application of young maize plant residues alters the microbiome composition and its functioning in a soil under conservation agriculture: a metagenomics study.

To increase our knowledge on how application of organic material alters soil microbial populations and functionality, shotgun metagenomic sequencing was used to determine the microbial communities and their potential functionality in an arable soil amended with young maize plants (Zea mays L.) in a laboratory experiment after 3 days. The relative abundance of bacterial and viral groups was strongly affected by organic material application, whereas that of the archaeal, protist and fungal groups was less affected. Cellulose degraders with copiotrophic lifestyle (e.g., Betaproteobacteria) were enriched in the amended soil, whereas the groups with slow growing oligotrophic and chemolithoautotrophic metabolism within Bacteria and Archaea were greater in the unamended than in the amended soil. The soil viral structure and richness were also affected. Caudovirales was the dominant viral family, with members of Siphoviridae enriched in the amended soil and members of Myoviridae in the unamended soil. More specialized metabolic traits related to both the degradation of complex C compounds and denitrification related genes were enriched in the young maize plant amended soil than in the unamended soil, whereas nitrification related genes were enriched in the latter. Copiotrophic life-style bacterial groups were enriched in the amended soil, whereas oligotrophic life-style bacterial groups in the unamended soil. Many bacterial and viral phylotypes were affected by the application of young maize plants, but the number of soil fungi, archaea and protists affected was smaller. Metabolic functionality was affected by the application of organic material as the relative abundance of genes involved in the denitrification process was higher in the maize plant amended soil than in the unamended soil and those involved in the nitrification process was higher in the unamended soil.

Application of ammonium to a N limited arable soil enriches a succession of bacteria typically found in the rhizosphere.

Crop residue management and tillage are known to affect the soil bacterial community, but when and which bacterial groups are enriched by application of ammonium in soil under different agricultural practices from a semi-arid ecosystem is still poorly understood. Soil was sampled from a long-term agronomic experiment with conventional tilled beds and crop residue retention (CT treatment), permanent beds with crop residue burned (PBB treatment) or retained (PBC) left unfertilized or fertilized with 300 kg urea-N ha-1 and cultivated with wheat (Triticum durum L.)/maize (Zea mays L.) rotation. Soil samples, fertilized or unfertilized, were amended or not (control) with a solution of (NH4)2SO4 (300 kg N ha-1) and were incubated aerobically at 25 ± 2 °C for 56 days, while CO2 emission, mineral N and the bacterial community were monitored. Application of NH4+ significantly increased the C mineralization independent of tillage-residue management or N fertilizer. Oxidation of NH4+ and NO2- was faster in the fertilized soil than in the unfertilized soil. The relative abundance of Nitrosovibrio, the sole ammonium oxidizer detected, was higher in the fertilized than in the unfertilized soil; and similarly, that of Nitrospira, the sole nitrite oxidizer. Application of NH4+ enriched Pseudomonas, Flavisolibacter, Enterobacter and Pseudoxanthomonas in the first week and Rheinheimera, Acinetobacter and Achromobacter between day 7 and 28. The application of ammonium to a soil cultivated with wheat and maize enriched a sequence of bacterial genera characterized as rhizospheric and/or endophytic independent of the application of urea, retention or burning of the crop residue, or tillage.

Identification of a New Family of Prenylated Volatile Sulfur Compounds in Cannabis Revealed by Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography.

Cannabis sativa L. produces over 200 known secondary metabolites that contribute to its distinctive aroma. Studies on compounds traditionally associated with the scent of this plant have focused on those within the terpenoid class. These isoprene-derived compounds are ubiquitous in nature and are the major source of many plant odors. Nonetheless, there is little evidence that they provide the characteristic "skunk-like" aroma of cannabis. To uncover the chemical origins of this scent, we measured the aromatic properties of cannabis flowers and concentrated extracts using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography equipped with time-of-flight mass spectrometry, flame ionization detection, and sulfur chemiluminescence. We discovered a new family of volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) containing the prenyl (3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl) functional group that is responsible for this scent. In particular, the compound 3-methyl-2-butene-1-thiol was identified as the primary odorant. We then conducted an indoor greenhouse experiment to monitor the evolution of these compounds during the plant's lifecycle and throughout the curing process. We found that the concentrations of these compounds increase substantially during the last weeks of the flowering stage, reach a maximum during curing, and then drop after just one week of storage. These results shed light on the chemical origins of the characteristic aroma of cannabis and how volatile sulfur compound production evolves during plant growth. Furthermore, the chemical similarity between this new family of VSCs and those found in garlic (allium sativum) suggests an opportunity to also investigate their potential health benefits.

Las verdades ficticias en la otra escena de Dora / As verdades ficticias na outra cena de Dora / The fictional truths in the other scene of Dora / Les verités fictives dans l'autre scène de Dora

El trabajo consiste en dar cuenta de cuatro posicionamientos de verdad ficticia derivados del drama de Sabina Berman, Feliz Nuevo Siglo doktor Freud, en torno al caso Dora de Sigmund Freud. De esta puesta de escena inherente a la estructura histérica se revelan los fantasmas de prostitución, de la seducción del padre, de la instauración de la feminidad y de la diversidad textual de la (contra) transferencia. El drama lleva la clínica a una dimensión de debate crítico donde el mismo Freud se encuentra dividido entre las formulaciones de su teoría sexual y las cuestiones inéditas que provoca el testimonio de la experiencia singular No sólo se abre el telón de fondo de las condiciones sociales e históricas que enmarcan un ejercicio de clínica de la palabra y la subjetividad sino aquellas que determinan las complejas relaciones entre los sexos y los esquemas imaginarios-ideológicos que inciden en el pensamiento de Freud.

O trabalho consiste em apresentar quatro posicionamentos de verdade fictícia procedente do drama de Sabina Berman, Feliz Nuevo Siglo, Doktor Freud, em torno do caso Dora, de Sigmund Freud. Dessa encenação, inerente à própria estrutura histérica, revelam-se os fantasmas da prostituigão, da sedugão do pai, da implan-tação da feminilidade e da diversidade textual da (contra)transfêrencia. A obra leva a clínica a urna dimensão de debate crítico, no qual o próprio Freud encontrase dividido entre as formulações de sua teoria da sexualidade e as questões inéditas que o testemunho da experiencia única provoca. Não só a cortina das condições históricas e sociais que compreende um exercício da clínica da palavra e da subjetividade é aberta, mas daquelas que determinam as complexas relações entre os sexos e os paradigmas imaginário-ideológicos que têm impacto no pensamento de Freud.

This article discusses four different positions of fictional truth derived from Sabina Berman's play, Feliz Nuevo Siglo Doktor Freud, on Dora's clinical case. The staging inherent to the hysteric structure reveals the fantasies of prostitution, of the seduction of the father, of the instauration of femininity and of the textual diversity of (counter) transference. The play takes clinical work to a dimension of critical debate in which Freud finds himself divided between the different formulations of his sexual theory and the breakthroughs brought about by the testimony of the singular experience. It reveals not only the background of social and historical conditions that frame the clinical exercise of the word and subjectivity, but also the conditions that determine complex relations between sexes and imaginary-ideological schemes that influence Freud's thinking.

Cet article consiste à rendre compte de quatre positions de vérité fictive dérivées la piéce de Sabina Berman, Feliz Nuevo Siglo Doktor Freud, sur le cas de Dora, patiente traitée par Sigmund Freud. De cette mise en scéne inhérente à la structure hystérique, se révélent les fantômes de la prostitution, de la séduction du pére, de l'établissement de la féminité et la diversité textuelle du (contre)transfert. La piéce mène la clinique vers une dimension de débat critique où Freud lui-même est partagé entre les formulations de sa théorie sexuelle et les questions inédites ce qui provoque le témoignage de l'expérience singulière. On révèle ainsi non seulement la toile de fond des conditions sociales et historiques qui encadrent une pratique clinique de la parole et de la subjectivité, mais aussi celles qui déterminent les relations complexes entre les sexes et les schémas imaginaires-idéologiques qui influencent la pensée de Freud.

Bacterial Communities in Alkaline Saline Soils Amended with Young Maize Plants or Its (Hemi)Cellulose Fraction.

We studied three soils of the former lake Texcoco with different electrolytic conductivity (1.9 dS m-1, 17.3 dS m-1, and 33.4 dS m-1) and pH (9.3, 10.4, and 10.3) amended with young maize plants and their neutral detergent fibre (NDF) fraction and aerobically incubated in the laboratory for 14 days while the soil bacterial community structure was monitored by means of 454-pyrosequencing of their 16S rRNA marker gene. We identified specific bacterial groups that showed adaptability to soil salinity, i.e., Prauseria in soil amended with young maize plants and Marinobacter in soil amended with NDF. An increase in soil salinity (17.3 dS m-1, 33.4 dS m-1) showed more bacterial genera enriched than soil with low salinity (1.9 dS m-1). Functional prediction showed that members of Alfa-, Gamma-, and Deltaproteobacteria, which are known to adapt to extreme conditions, such as salinity and low nutrient soil content, were involved in the lignocellulose degradation, e.g., Marinimicrobium and Pseudomonas as cellulose degraders, and Halomonas and Methylobacterium as lignin degraders. This research showed that the taxonomic annotation and their functional prediction both highlighted keystone bacterial groups with the ability to degrade complex C-compounds, such as lignin and (hemi)cellulose, in the extreme saline-alkaline soil of the former Lake of Texcoco.

Donación de órganos y tejidos: un análisis psicoanalítico de dibujos / Organ and tissue donation: a psychoanalytic analysis of drawings

INTRODUCCIÓN: La donación de órganos y tejidos de donador cadavérico es un acto poco frecuente debido a ciertas creencias y falta de información en los sujetos. Por ello, algunas instituciones como el Centro Nacional de Trasplante (CENATRA), han emprendido campañas para promoverla especialmente entre la población infantil quienes presentan una actitud más favorable que la población adulta. Un resultado de ello es el concurso de dibujo infantil pro donación a nivel estatal y nacional en México. OBJETIVO: El presente artículo recupera algunos dibujos que fueron publicados en la revista Detrasplantes (2003 al 2014) para analizarlos desde una perspectiva psicoanalítica y así visibilizar componentes subjetivos del acto de donación que suelen ser soslayados en las campañas de sensibilización pues el énfasis recae en los valores altruistas. METODOS: Metodológicamente, los dibujos seleccionados para el análisis fueron aquellos cuyos elementos gráficos mostraban semejanzas y, de ahí, conformaban un patrón repetitivo que posteriormente fue descrito y desglosado en función de cuatro subtemas principales: 1) el componente real; 2) transparencia y fragmentación corporal; 3) regalo y sacrificio, y, 4) anonimato del donante y deuda. Mismos que fueron desarrollados con el apoyo de nociones psicoanalíticas. CONCLUSIÓN: El artículo concluye que la donación de órganos y tejidos de donador cadavérico involucra componentes subjetivos del orden de la angustia, y por ello, es un acto que no puede circunscribirse exclusivamente al ámbito médico y fisiológico. Al visibilizar el costado subjetivo, la perspectiva psicoanalítica permite ampliar la comprensión acerca de lo que frena el aumento del altruismo respecto a la donación de órganos y tejidos de donador cadavérico.

INTRODUCTION: Cadaveric donor organ and tissue donation is a rare act due to certain beliefs and lack of information in the subjects. For this reason, some institutions such as the National Transplant Centre (CENATRA), have undertaken campaigns to promote it, especially among children, who have a more favourable attitude than the adult population. One result of this is the children's drawing contest for donation at a state and national level in Mexico. OBJECTIVE: The present article recovers some drawings that were published in the magazine Detrasplantes (2003 to 2014) in order to analyze them from a psychoanalytic perspective and thus make visible the subjective components of the act of donation that are often overlooked in awareness campaigns because the emphasis lies on altruistic values. METHODS: Methodologically, the drawings selected for analysis were those whose graphic elements showed similarities and, hence, formed a repetitive pattern that was later described and broken down according to four main sub-themes: 1) the real component; 2) transparency and body fragmentation; 3) gift and sacrifice, and, 4) donor anonymity and debt. These were developed with the support of psychoanalytic notions. CONCLUSION: The article concludes that the donation of organs and tissues from cadaveric donors involves subjective components of the order of anguish, and therefore, is an act that cannot be limited exclusively to the medical and physiological field. By making the subjective side visible, the psychoanalytical perspective allows us to broaden our understanding of what is holding back the increase in altruism with respect to cadaveric donor organ and tissue donation.

Soil microbial diversity drops with land-use change in a high mountain temperate forest: a metagenomics survey.

Land-use change has been identified as the most severe threat to biodiversity. Soils are important biodiversity reservoirs, but to what extent conversion of high-altitude temperate forest to arable land affects taxonomic and functional soil biodiversity is still largely unknown. Shotgun metagenomics was used to determine the taxonomic and functional diversity of bacteria, archaea and DNA virus in terms of effective number of species in high-altitude temperate oak and pine-oak forest and arable soils from Mexico. Generally, the soil ecosystem maintained its microbial species richness notwithstanding land-use change. Archaea diversity was not affected by land-use change, but the bacterial diversity decreased with 45-55% when the oak forest was converted to arable land and 65-75% when the pine-oak forest was. Loss in bacterial diversity as a result of land-use change was positively correlated (R2 = 0.41) with the 10-25% loss in functional diversity. The archaeal communities were evener than the bacterial ones, which might explain their different response to land-use change. We expected a decrease in DNA viral communities as the bacterial diversity decreased, i.e. their potential hosts. However, a higher viral diversity was found in the arable than in the forest soils. It was found that converting high altitude oak and pine-oak forests to arable land more than halved the bacterial diversity, but did not affect the archaeal and even increased the viral diversity.

Combinations of the antioxidants sulforaphane or curcumin and the conventional antineoplastics cisplatin or doxorubicin as prospects for anticancer chemotherapy.

Drugs used in clinical oncology have narrow therapeutic indices with adverse toxicity often involving oxidative damage. Chemoresistance to these conventional antineoplastics is usually mediated by oxidative stress-upregulated pathways such as those of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α). Accordingly, the use of antioxidants in combinational approaches has begun to be considered for fighting cancer because of both the protective role against adverse effects and the ability to sensitize chemoresistant cancer cells. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) has been identified as a mediator of the cytoprotection but it is not regularly associated with tumor chemosensitization. However, some Nrf2 inducers could be exerting cytoprotective and chemosensitizing roles through a simple integrated mechanism in which the cellular level of reactive oxygen species is controlled, thus inhibiting the oxidative damage in non-target tissues and the tumor chemoresistance mediated by NF-κB or HIF-1α. As examples to show the general idea of this antioxidant combination chemotherapy, this review explores the preclinical information available for four combinations, each composed by a paradigmatic oncological drug (cisplatin or doxorubicin) and a recognized antioxidant (sulforaphane or curcumin). The issues for translating these outcomes to clinical trials are briefly discussed.

Estudio de alteraciones neurocognitivas en pacientes infectados por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana / Study of neurocognitive alterations in patients infected by the human immunodeficiency virus

El virus de inmunodeficiencia humana, conocido por su impacto en el sistema inmunológico, ocasionamanifestacionesneurológicas progresivas con afectación cognitiva, perturbando funciones de atención, memoria, lenguaje, ejecución y procesamiento de la información, lo cual interfiere de forma negativa en la vida social, laboral y familiar del paciente. Objetivos: Evaluar las alteraciones de diferentes funciones neurocognitivas de los pacientes con infección por el virusde inmunodeficienciahumana, en una institución prestadora de servicios de salud de la cuidad de Ibagué - Colombia. Método: Se utilizó la Evaluación Cognitiva Montreal (MoCA), la cual fue diseñada como un instrumento ágil para determinar alteraciones cognitivas leves. La población objeto de estudio la constituyeron 44 pacientes portadores de virus de inmunodeficiencia humana, seleccionados dentro de un marco de muestreo no-probabilístico con muestra intencional o de conveniencia, entre los 14 y 75 años de edad. Resultados: Mayor deterioro neurocognitivo en los pacientes diagnosticados con virus de inmunodeficiencia humana de mayor edad; datos epidemiológicos indican que la edad más avanzada se asocia a una mayor prevalencia de desorden neurocognitivo asociado al virus de inmunodeficiencia humana. Conclusiones: El estudio de los mecanismos del deterioro neurocognitivo en pacientes con virus de inmunodeficiencia humana se hace cada vez más relevante, porque cada día aumenta su esperanza de vida, pero a su vez genera complicaciones con mayor predominio de la comorbilidad médica, psiquiátrica y neurológica(AU)

Introduction: The Human Immunodeficiency Virus, known for its impact on the immune system, causes progressive neurologic manifestations with cognitive impairment, disrupting attention functions, memory, language, execution and processing of information. The latter negatively interferes in social, work and family life of the patient. Objectives: To evaluate alterations in varied neurocognitive functions on patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virusinfection, at a health institution in Ibague, Colombia. Method: The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) was used. It was designed as a tool to determine mild cognitive alterations. The study population was made up of 44 carriers of Human Immunodeficiency Virus who were selected within a framework of non-probabilistic sampling and with purposive sample or convenience, between 14 and 75 years old. Results: Greater neurocognitive impairment in patients diagnosed with Human Immunodeficiency Virus in legal age; someepidemiological data indicate that the older age is associated with a higher prevalence of neurocognitive disorder associated with Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Conclusions: The study of the neurocognitive impairment mechanisms in patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus becomes increasingly more relevant, as their life expectancy increases daily. On the other hand, it causes complications with greater prevalence of medical psychiatric and neurological comorbidity(AU)

Algunas vicisitudes del odio y de la intolerancia a la alteridad en el discurso freudiano / Some vicissitude of hatred and intolerance to alterity in Freudian discurse

En el presente artículo se hace un análisis teórico desde el discurso de Freud acerca de las vicisitudes de las posiciones subjetivas del odio insertadas en dinámicas de intolerancia a la alteridad y a la diferencia. El método utilizado fue la revisión teórica documental y la de los textos como apertura de sentido, haciendo un recorrido por la obra de Freud, así como por otros referentes del pensamiento psicoanalítico. El objetivo consiste en analizar las incidencias del odio como problemática de actualidad, enlazando al psicoanálisis con las dimensiones sociales y culturales. Como resultado se puede revelar el papel fundante del odio en las relaciones con la alteridad inserta en el mundo exterior y se vislumbra la ilusoria alteridad amable del narcisismo. Así como se detectan los efectos delirantes del rechazo de la identidad amorosa homosexual. Se concluye el despliegue de la diferencia como riesgo y amenaza al narcisismo de la posición fálica o del amor de sí, mostrando un escenario del odio a las pequeñas diferencias, bajo el moldeamiento de un estado de suspicacia feroz volcado en una postura de intransigencia que se extiende desde el mítico padre primordial hasta el Dios celoso de su unicidad.

The paper displays a theoretical analysis according to Freud's discourse about the vicissitudes of subjective positions in hatred, inserted in dynamics of intolerence to otherness and to difference. The method used for the analysis is the theoretical research and the of the texts with an open sense, taking a journey through through Freud's works, as primary source; as well as the usage of other psychoanalitic secondary references to analyse a current predicament, linking psychoanalysis to the social and cultural dimensión. As result of it, we show the founding role of hatred in relation to the external factor, and it is glimpsed the imaginay kind otherness of narcisism and the delirant effects of rejection of homosexual loving identity. It is concluded that the display of differences is set as a risk and narcisistic threat of the phallic position of love, showing a scenary of hatred thowards the small differences, under the shape of a state of violent suspicion for God and the fundamental father.

Spatial Compounding of 3-D Fetal Brain Ultrasound Using Probabilistic Maps.

A new method to address the problem of shadowing in fetal brain ultrasound volumes is presented. The proposed approach is based on the spatial composition of multiple 3-D fetal head projections using the weighted Euclidean norm as an operator. A support vector machine, which is trained with optimal textural features, was used to assign weighting according to the posterior probabilities of brain tissue and shadows. Both phantom and real fetal head ultrasound volumes were compounded using previously reported operators and compared with the proposed composition method to validate it. The quantitative evaluations revealed increases in signal-to-noise ratio ≤35% and in contrast-to-noise ratio ≤135% using real data. Qualitative comparisons made by obstetricians indicated that this novel method adequately recovers brain tissue and improves the visibility of the main cerebral structures. This may prove useful both for fetal monitoring and in the diagnosis of brain defects. Overall this new approach outperforms spatial composition methods previously reported.

La gravedad del duelo como acontecimiento / A gravidade do luto como acontecimento / The gravity of mourning as an event / La gravité de l'événement de deuil

El trabajo se propone elucidar la experiencia de duelo en su condición de acontecimiento. Respecto al cual se emprenden posiciones de renuencia o de desmentida. Del mismo modo se busca esclarecer los efectos de lo que concebimos como doble duelo mediante el procedimiento de interpretación de los discursos en un drama fílmico y en un testimonio de caso clínico. Se concluye advirtiendo el sentido de castración que posee el duelo en tanto acontecimiento.

O trabalho tem como objetivo elucidar a experiência de luto em sua condição de acontecimento, a respeito da qual se empreendem posições de relutância ou desmentido. Por outro lado, pretendem-se esclarecer os efeitos do que se concebe como um duplo luto, utilizando-se o processo de interpretação dos discursos em um filme do gênero drama e por meio do testemunho de um caso clínico. Conclui-se indicando o sentido da castração que se relaciona ao luto como um acontecimento.

This paper intends to clarify the experience of mourning as an event, based on which reluctance and denial are a possibility. On the other hand, we intend to explain the effects resulting from what can be considered double mourning, based on interpretation of the script of a dramatic film, as well as on testimony from a clinical case. We conclude by highlighting the feeling of castration that relates to mourning as an event.

Cet article vise à élucider l'expérience du deuil en tant qu'évènement. Face à celui-ci, le sujet assume des positions soit de réticence, soit de déni. On examine d'ailleurs les effets de ce qui est conçu comme double deuil en utilisant un processus d'interprétation de discours d'un film dramatique, ainsi que par moyen d'un témoignage d'un cas clinique. Notre conclusion porte sur le sens de la castration par rapport au deuil comme évènement.

Dieser Artikel analysiert die Erfahrung der Trauer als Ereignis, welche im Subjekt Widerwille oder Verneinung auslöst und versucht außerdem, die Auswirkungen der sogenannten 'doppelten Trauer' zu erklären. Zu diesem Zweck interpretieren wir die Diskurse eines dramatischen Filmes, sowie die Aussagen eines klinischen Falles. Abschließend zeigen wir auf, dass der Sinn der Kastration sich in der Form eines Ereignisses zur Trauer bezieht.

Wear of the Primary WaveOne single file when shaping vestibular root canals of first maxillary molar.

BACKGROUND: It is very important for a clinician to know the increased wear of mechanized files when establishing endodontic therapy. The aim of this study was to check the wear of the Primary WaveOne file upon shaping two, four and six maxillary molar vestibular canals. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The deterioration of 40 files, divided into four groups, was evaluated microscopically: group 1, control (unused); group 2, two canals; group 3, four canals; and group 4, six canals. After instrumentation, the files were embedded in resin and sectioned at their apical third into three equal parts. To analyze the wear of edges in the different sections, AutoCAD software was used and analysis of variance (ANOVA) was then performed to compare the mean rake angles. RESULTS: The files with two and four uses showed slight wear, whereas those with six applications showed significant wear (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Primary WaveOne files can be used in up to four root canals without their edges losing effectiveness. Key words:Files wear, reciprocating motion, shaping capacity, WaveOne.

Sulforaphane induces differential modulation of mitochondrial biogenesis and dynamics in normal cells and tumor cells.

Antioxidant-based chemotherapy has been intensely debated. Herein, we show that sulforaphane (SFN) induced mitochondrial biogenesis followed by mitochondrial fusion in a kidney cell line commonly used in nephroprotective models. At the same concentration and exposure time, SFN induced cell death in prostate cancer cells accompanied by mitochondrial biogenesis and fragmentation. Stabilization of the nuclear factor E2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) could be associated with these effects in the tumor cell line. An increase in the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ co-activator-1α (PGC1α) level and a decrease in the hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF1α) level would suggest a possible metabolic shift. The knockdown in the nuclear respiratory factor-1 (NRF1) attenuated the SFN-induced effect on prostate cancer cells demonstrating that mitochondrial biogenesis plays an important role in cell death for this kind of tumor cells. This evidence supports SFN as a potential antineoplastic agent that could inhibit tumor development and could protect normal tissues by modulating common processes.

Actitud hacia la muerte y su relación con la empatía médica en estudiantes de Medicina / Attitude towards death and their relationship with medical empathy in medical students

Introducción: la actitud hacia la muerte y la empatía corresponden a aptitudes personales y sociales, de dichas aptitudes se desprende la creación de buenas relaciones humanas, por lo tanto deberían ser consideradas como un aspecto esencial de profesionalismo en la medicina y, por ende, debería ser incorporado al proceso de enseñanza­aprendizaje. Objetivo: asociar las actitudes hacia la muerte y empatía en estudiantes de Medicina. Métodos: se realizó un estudio no experimental, correlacional de corte longitudinal. La muestra fue no probabilística a conveniencia y se conformó con 307 voluntarios de primer año de la Facultad de Medicina UAEMéx; se aplicó la escala de Empatía Médica de Jefferson y Perfil Revisado de actitud hacia la muerte. Se realizó la comparación de medias mediante ANOVA y Prueba T de Student, la relación de variables se hizo por el coefiente de correlación de Pearson. Resultados: en la Empatía Médica de Jefferson el promedio obtenido por los hombres fue mayor con respecto a las mujeres en el pre y pos test; solo se encontró una diferencia estadísticamente significativa en el pretest. El 54,59 por ciento de estudiantes obtuvieron un puntaje superior al promedio en ambas mediciones. Conclusiones: las actitudes hacia la muerte y la Escala de Empatía Médica de Jefferson se relacionan positiva y negativamente, los valores de las correlaciones son débiles, pero significativos(CU)

Introduction: The attitude toward death and empathy correspond to personal and social skills, such skills creating good human relations is clear, therefore they should be regard as an essential aspect of professionalism in medicine and, therefore, It should be incorporated into the teaching-learning process. Objective: The objective of this research was to associate the attitudes toward death and empathy in medical students. Methods: Anon-experimental study, correlational slitting was performed. The sample was non-probabilistic convenience and settled for 307 volunteers first year of the Faculty of Medicine at the Autonomous University of the State of Mexico; Scale of Physician Empathy Jefferson and revised profile attitude toward death was given. Comparison of means was performed using ANOVA and Student t test, the ratio of variables was made by the Pearson correlation coefiente. Results: Jefferson Medical Empathy average earned by men was higher compared to women in the pre and post test; only statistically significant difference was found in the pre test. 54.59 percent of the students scored above average on both measures score. Conclusions: Attitudes toward death and the Scale of Physician Empathy Jefferson relate positively and negatively, the values ​​of the correlations are weak, but significant(AU)

Curcumin Attenuates Gentamicin-Induced Kidney Mitochondrial Alterations: Possible Role of a Mitochondrial Biogenesis Mechanism.

It has been shown that curcumin (CUR), a polyphenol derived from Curcuma longa, exerts a protective effect against gentamicin- (GM-) induced nephrotoxicity in rats, associated with a preservation of the antioxidant status. Although mitochondrial dysfunction is a hallmark in the GM-induced renal injury, the role of CUR in mitochondrial protection has not been studied. In this work, LLC-PK1 cells were preincubated 24 h with CUR and then coincubated 48 h with CUR and 8 mM GM. Treatment with CUR attenuated GM-induced drop in cell viability and led to an increase in nuclear factor (erythroid-2)-related factor 2 (Nrf2) nuclear accumulation and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 alpha (PGC-1α) cell expression attenuating GM-induced losses in these proteins. In vivo, Wistar rats were injected subcutaneously with GM (75 mg/Kg/12 h) during 7 days to develop kidney mitochondrial alterations. CUR (400 mg/Kg/day) was administered orally 5 days before and during the GM exposure. The GM-induced mitochondrial alterations in ultrastructure and bioenergetics as well as decrease in activities of respiratory complexes I and IV and induction of calcium-dependent permeability transition were mostly attenuated by CUR. Protection of CUR against GM-induced nephrotoxicity could be in part mediated by maintenance of mitochondrial functions and biogenesis with some participation of the nuclear factor Nrf2.

"Aufhebung" de los diques animicos en el amor y el duelo / "Aufhebung" das barragens psiquicos em amor e luto / "Aufhebung" dams of psychic in love and mourning / «Aufhebung¼ des barrages psychiques dans l'amour et le deuil

Freud, respecto a la sexualidad y sus pretensiones de placer parcial inscribe el concepto hegeliano de "Aufhebung". Establece una perspectiva dialéctica en el despliegue de apetencia pulsional de placer. No hay placer sin ley, sin límite. Propone la vergüenza, el asco y la moral, como diques anímicos en la búsqueda de placer pulsional. El goce, plus-de-placer, se desprende de sobrepujar esta función límite del dique anímico. Es lo que las tecnologías cibernéticas ofrecen al amor, cancelando los límites entre público y privado. El amor en línea auspicia la irrupción de la osadía superando los diques anímicos. La tecnología deifica la imagen en un encuentro desafiante que hace a un lado los escrúpulos, en nombre de un amor dispuesto a todo ante un desconocido. Se cultivan relaciones imaginarias donde el cuerpo aparece como súbdito de la voluntad imperiosa de un otro enaltecido. Estos cuerpos impúdicos y tecnificados, en el escenario del amor también se pueden mostrar en sus heridas y mutilaciones. Sin pudor se entrega el cuerpo a la mirada sorprendida del otro. También en la pérdida de ese amor, o la del ser amado se ven surcadas por la impudicia. Dos mujeres realizan sobre sus cuerpos los intentos de subjetivación de sus pérdidas. El dolor, otro dique, otro límite en la meta pulsional del placer, es superado al abrir el cuerpo a la mirada del otro. El amor en línea derroca los límites exhibiendo lo privado y el duelo oscila entre hacer del cuerpo un ejercicio de masacre y privatizar el ritual. Los diques pueden inscribirse como resistencia al duelo, y pueden anteponerse a toda experiencia de duelo. Esas funciones del límite se dirigen a la movilización de placer y el goce. También pueden sofocar, bloquear, el trámite subjetivo del duelo, en tanto reconocimiento y simbolización de la falta.

Freud, sobre a sexualidade e suas pretensões de prazer parcial, inscreve o conceito hegeliano de "Aufhebung". Estabelece uma perspectiva dialética no desdobramento de apetência pulsional de prazer. Não há prazer sem lei, sem limite. Propõe a vergonha, o asco e a moral como diques anímicos na busca de prazer pulsional. O gozo, plus-de prazer, desprende-se de sobrepujar esta função limite do dique anímico. É o que as tecnologias cibernéticas oferecem ao amor, cancelando os limites entre público e privado. O amor em linha auspicia a irrupção da ousadia, superando os diques anímicos. A tecnologia diviniza a imagem num encontro desafiante que deixa a um lado os escrúpulos, em nome de um amor disposto a tudo ante um desconhecido. Cultivam-se relações imaginarias nas quais o corpo aparece como súdito da vontade imperiosa de um outro enaltecido. Estes corpos impudicos e tecnificados no cenário do amor também podem mostrar-se nas suas feridas e mutilações. Sem pudor, entrega-se o corpo à mirada surpreendida do outro. Também na perda desse amor, ou a do ser amado, é sulcado pela impudicícia. Duas mulheres realizam sobre seus corpos as intenções de subjetivação de suas perdas. A dor, outro dique, outro limite na meta pulsional do prazer, é superada ao abrir o corpo à mirada do outro. O amor em linha derroca os limites, exibindo o privado, e o duelo oscila entre fazer do corpo um exercício de massacre e privatizar o ritual. Os diques podem inscrever-se como resistência ao duelo e podem se antepor a toda experiência de duelo. Essas funções do limite dirigem-se à mobilização do prazer e do gozo. Também podem sufocar e bloquear o trâmite subjetivo do duelo, em tanto reconhecimento e simbolização da falta.

Freud on sexuality and its claims of partial pleasure enters the Hegelian concept of "Aufhebung". It establishes a dialectical perspective on the unfolding of instinctual craving for pleasure. There is no pleasure without law, without limit. It proposes shame, disgust and morality as animistic beliefs in search of instinctual pleasure. The enjoyment loosens to overcome this limit function of the animistic belief. It is what the cybernetic technologies offer to love, canceling the boundaries between public and private. The online love promises the eruption of daring, overcoming animistic beliefs. The technology deifies the image in a challenging encounter that leaves aside the scruples on behalf of a willing love before an unknown person. Imaginary relationships in which the body appears as subject of imperious will of another one exalted is cultivated. These lewd and technified bodies in the scenery of love can also show up in their wounds and mutilations. Shamelessly indulges the body to surprised glance of the other. Also in the loss of this love, or of being loved, is furrowed by unchastity. Two women carry on their bodies the subjectivity intentions of their losses. Pain, another belief, another limit on the instinctual goal of pleasure, is overcome when opening the body to the other glance. The online love debacle limits, displaying the private, and the duel oscillates between making the body an exercise of massacre and privatizing ritual. Beliefs can sign up as resistance to the duel and can be raised against the whole dueling experience. These limit functions address to the mobilization of pleasure and enjoyment. They can also smother and block the subjective processing of the duel, both in recognition and symbolization of lack.

Freud, à propos de la sexualité et de ses prétentions de plaisir parciel, utilise le concept de Hegel « Aufhebung ¼. Il établit une perspective dialectique dans le dédoublemet de l'appétence pulsionnelle de plaisir. Il n'y a pas de plaisir sans loi, sans limite. Il propose la honte, la répugnance et la morale comme des digues animistes dans la poursuite de plaisir pulsionnel. La jouissance, plus de plaisir, se détache de dépasser cette fonction limite du digue animiste. C'est ça que les technologies cybernétiques offrent à l'amour, en annulant les limites entre ce qui est public et ce qui est privé. l'amour en ligne prédit l'irruption de l'audace, en surpassant les digues animistes. La technologie divinise l'image dans une rencontre défiante, et les scrupules sont déconsidérés à couse d'un amour bien déterminé en face de l'inconnu. On cultive des relations imaginaires dans lesquelles le corps apparaît sujet au souhait de l'autre exalté. Ces corps sans pudeur et technifiés dans la scène de l'amour peuvent se montrer avec ses blessures et mutilations. Sans pudeur on offre le corps au regard surpris de l'autre. Au momment de la perte de cet amour, ou de la personne aimée, on est frappé par l'impudicité. Deux femmes réalisent sur leur corps les instentions de subjectivité de leurs pertes. La douleur, un autre digue, une autre limitation de la pulsion du plaisir, est supérée quand on offre le corps au regard de l'autre. L'amour en ligne détruit les limites et expose le privé, ainsi le duel varie entre l'action d'utiliser le corps comme un exercice de massacre et celle de privatiser le rituel. Les digues peuvent s'instaurer comme la résistence au duel ou s'y opposer. Cettes fonctions du limite se conduit à la mobilisation du plaisir et de la juissance. Elles peuvent aussi bloquer la variété subjective du duel et le transformer en reconnaissence et symbolisation de l'absence.

C-phycocyanin prevents cisplatin-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress.

The potential of C-phycocyanin (C-PC) to prevent cisplatin (CP)-induced kidney mitochondrial dysfunction was determined in CD-1 male mice. The CP-induced mitochondrial dysfunction was characterized by ultrastructural abnormalities and by decrease in the following parameters in isolated kidney mitochondria: adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-induced oxygen consumption (state 3), respiratory control ratio, ADP/oxygen (ADP/O) ratio, adenosine triphosphate synthesis, membrane potential, calcium retention, glutathione (GSH) content, and activity of respiratory complex I, aconitase, catalase, and GSH peroxidase. These mitochondria also showed increase in hydrogen peroxide production, malondialdehyde, and 3-nitrotyrosine protein adducts content. The above-described changes, as well as CP-induced nephrotoxicity, were attenuated in mice pretreated with a single injection of C-PC. Our data suggest that the attenuation of mitochondrial abnormalities is involved in the protective effect of C-PC against CP-induced nephrotoxicity. This is the first demonstration that C-PC pretreatment prevents CP-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in mice.

Condiciones violentas de duelo y pérdida: un enfoque psicoanalítico / Violent Circumstances of Grief and Loss: A Psychoanalytical Approach / Condições violentas de luto e perda: um enfoque psicanalítico

El objetivo de este artículo es reflexionar y analizar, desde un punto de vista psicoanalítico, el tema de la imposibilidad del duelo pensado a partir de la experiencia de las pérdidas (entendidas estas en su dimensión más fatídica), de seres amados arrebatados por la violencia; en particular, lo referente a la relación del duelo con el trauma y el reclamo de los cuerpos desaparecidos. Esto es revisado a partir de la necesidad de abordar una de las problemáticas actuales en México que se imponen a la mirada y estudio de la psicología y el psicoanálisis. Para ello, se hace uso de diversos métodos de análisis teórico y discursivo, ubicando a Freud como principal referente teórico. El resultado es el encuentro de discursos repetidos de dolor, que delatan una imposibilidad de efectuación del duelo, del ritual de la pérdida, del trauma y de la insuficiencia de la palabra. A partir de esta posición de complicación subjetiva ante la pérdida, se da cuenta de la incursión del no-lugar del duelo al producirse una pérdida particular que le implique al sujeto enfrentarse tanto con la muerte del otro como a la de sí mismo.

The objective of this study is to reflect and analyze, from a psychoanalytical perspective, the difficulty in adapting emotionally to the experience of loss (understood in its most fatidical dimension) of loved ones who have been taken from us through violence, particularly with regard to the relationship between grief and trauma, and the search for those persons who are missing. This study is being undertaken due to the need to tackle one of the most pressing problem areas in Mexico, which requires consideration and study on the part of psychology and other sciences. To accomplish this, diverse psychoanalytic theoretical and discursive methods are used, with Freud as the main theoretical reference. The results reveal repeated reports of pain that evidence the inability to assume the process of grieving, together with the associated trauma and the inadequacy of words. From this position of subjective complication when faced with loss, the absence of an opportunity to complete the grieving process when a personal loss occurs becomes evident, which implies that the subject has to deal with the death of the other person as well as his own.

O escopo de este artigo e reflexionar e analisar, desde um ponto de vista psicanalítico, o tema da impossibilidade do luto pensado a partir da experiência das perdas (entendidas na sua dimensÃo mais fatídica) de seres amados arrebatados pela violência, em particular o referente com a relaçÃo do luto com o trauma e o reclamo dos corpos desaparecidos. Isto é revisado a partir da necessidade de abordar uma das problemáticas atuais no México que se impõem na mirada e estudo da psicologia e o psicanálise. SÃo ocupados diversos métodos de análise teórico e discursivo, colocando ao Freud como principal referente teórico. O resultado é o encontro de discursos repetidos de dor que delatam uma impossibilidade de efetuaçÃo de luto, do ritual da perda, do trauma e da insuficiência da palavra. A partir de esta posiçÃo de complicaçÃo subjetiva ante a perda, damos conta da incursÃo do nÃo-lugar do luto no momento da perda particular que implique para o sujeito enfrentara morte do outro e a mesma própria.