Toxicological assessment of enzyme-treated Zizania latifolia extract: Oral toxicology and genotoxicity in rats.

Zizania latifolia Turcz. has long been used as a food source in Southeast Asia. The grains, stems, and leaves of Z. latifolia and its major component, tricin, have also been studied to determine their biological activities. Previously, we hydrolyzed the aerial part of Z. latifolia using an enzyme mixture to maximize the tricin content of the Z. latifolia extract. However, the safety of enzyme-treated Z. latifolia extract (ETZL; DermaNiA™) has not yet been determined. In this study, we performed an in vivo 90-day repeated-dose evaluation and genotoxicity study to assess the toxicological potential of ETZL. EZTL did not exhibit genotoxicity in the bacterial reverse mutation test, in vitro chromosomal aberration assay, or in vivo micronucleus test. Moreover, no changes in body weight or hematological and serum biological parameters were observed in male or female rats under high-dose EZTL treatment (5000 mg/kg body weight (bw)/day) for 90 days with a 4-week recovery period. Significant changes were noted in the forestomach, kidneys, and adrenal glands in the test groups, but these changes, or tendency for recovery, were not observed in the recovery group. Based on these data, the no adverse effect level was determined to be 1250 mg/kg bw/day in rats.

Syringoleosides A-H, Secoiridoids from Syringa dilatata Flowers and Their Inhibition of NO Production in LPS-Induced RAW 264.7 Cells.

Repeated column chromatography of Syringa dilatata flowers, a native shrub to Korea, led to the isolation of eight new oleoside-type secoiridoids, syringoleosides A-H (1-8), as well as five known secoiridoids (9-13). The new chemical structures were identified through spectroscopic data analysis, as well as the application of chemical methods. Compounds 1, 2, 6, 7, 11, and 13 showed suppression effects on NO production in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells, with IC50 values ranging from 32.5 ± 9.8 to 65.7 ± 11.0 µM, and no visible toxicity. The content of the major secoiridoids in S. dilatata flowers, compounds 1, 4, 5, 8, 9, 12, and 13, were determined through HPLC analysis.

New Lignans from the Flower of Forsythia koreana and Their Suppression Effect on VCAM-1 Expression in MOVAS Cells.

Six lignans including two new lignans were obtained as the principal components of the Forsythia koreana flowers via silica gel (SiO2 ), octadecyl SiO2 (ODS) as well as Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography. In addition to two new lignans, named koreanaside A ((7R,8S,7'R,8'S)-7,7'-diepoxy-5'-hydroxy-3,3'-dimethoxylignan 4-O-ß-d-glucopyranoside) and koreanaside B ((7R,8S,7'S,8'R)-7,9'-epoxy-9,5',7'-trihydroxy-3,3'-dimethoxylignan 4-O-ß-d-glucopyranoside), four known lignans were identified to be (+)-phylligenin, (-)-epipinoresinol, pinoresinol, and tinosposide A. The structures and absolute configurations of koreanasides A and B were established by means of analysis of spectroscopic data (NMR, IR, FAB-MS, and CD), whereas the structures of known lignans were identified by comparison their NMR and MS values with those in the reported literature. Their chemical structures including configuration were established by means of analysis of spectroscopic data (NMR, IR, FAB-MS, and CD) but also comparison of their NMR and MS values with those in the reported literature. This is the first article for isolation of six lignans of F. koreana flowers. Koreanasides A and B showed high radical scavenging activity with oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) values of 0.97 ± 0.01 and 1.02 ± 0.01, respectively. Koreanaside A also prohibited expressing VCAM-1 in MOVAS cells with 80.5% at 25 mg/mL.