Cost-effective control of SO2 emissions in Asia.

Despite recent efforts to limit the growth of SO(2) emissions in Asia, the negative environmental effects of sulphur emissions are likely to further increase in the future. This paper presents an extension of the RAINS-Asia integrated assessment model for acidification in Asia with an optimisation routine that can be used to identify cost-effective emission control strategies that achieve environmental targets for ambient SO(2) concentrations and sulphur deposition at least costs. Example scenarios developed with this optimisation module demonstrate a potential for significant cost savings in Asia, if emission controls are allocated to those sources that have the largest environmental impact and are cheapest to control. It is shown that strategies that simultaneously address harmful population exposure and the risk of vegetation damage from acid deposition result in the most cost-effective use of resources spent for emission controls.

[Method of fracture fixation using external fixation devices]. / A töréskezelés taktikája külsö rögzítök alkamazásakor.

An improvement of the results of treatment can be reached, beside respecting the indication of external fixateurs, with correct tactics of the treatment. Because of the disadvantages of the fixateur externe, we strive to restrict their use, to the time by all means necessary, and if possible to use other methods of fixation. This is motivated especially by the effect on fracture healing and the hindering of the movements and activity of the patient.

Significance of urgent (within 6h) internal fixation in the management of fractures of the neck of the femur.

The value of internal fixation of fractures of the neck of the femur within 6 h was assessed in a review of a 3-year series. Three groups were compared, in which the operation was performed within 6 h, between 6 and 24 h and after 24 h respectively. The time and quality of union and the incidence of collapse of the head of the femur were significantly better in the first group. The difference in the results between the other two groups was not significant. In view of these data the authors recommend the internal fixation of fractures of the neck of the femur within 6 h.

[Pathomechanism of calcium phosphate arthropathy based on a case]. / A kalcium-pirofoszfát arthropathia pathomechanizmusáról esetünk alapján.

Authors describe the case of a 43 years old male patient with complaints and restriction of motions since years, localized on the talocrural joint. In the background of the disease, responding inadequately to the therapy, calcium pyrophosphate depositions were found in the joint tissues. As the pathomechanism of the disease is even presently not cleared authors summarize our present knowledge referring to this problem.

DPS--a computerised diagnostic problem solver.

The paper contains a short description of the DPS system which is a computerized diagnostic problem solver. The system is under development of the Research Institute of Medical Bionics in Bratislava, Czechoslovakia. Its underlying philosophy yields from viewing the diagnostic process as process of cognitive problem solving. The implementation of the system is based on the methods of Artificial Intelligence and utilisation of production systems and frame theory should be noted in this context. Finally a list of program modules and their characterisation is presented.

[Treatment of scaphoid non-union with screw fixation (author's transl)]. / A sajkacsont álizület kezelése csavarozással.

The place of screw fixation in the management of scaphoid non-union is defined here. The authors emphasize, that there are definite indications for internal fixation with screw and this procedure is restricted to certain conditions. This conclusion is bases upon own experience and the literature too. Their own technique is described here. Out of 31 cases 26 (81%) healed well. Failures were due to faulty indication or technique.

[The place of palliative operations in treatment of complaints caused by scaphoid pseudoarthrosis (author's transl)]. / A palliatív mütétek helye a sajkacsont álízület okozta panaszok kezelésében.

The application of palliative operations intending the termination or the reduction of complaints caused by scaphoid pseudarthrosis have been reviewed in details on the basis of literature and according to own experiences. The indications of styloidectomy and the indications of the removal of the proximal end, as well as the extent of styloidectomy have been exactly defined. Styloidectomy as supplemental surgical intervention is not more applied. The results obtained by styloidectomy have been reviewed (57) cases. They did not do denervation, the Bentzon's-operation is regarded to be out of date.

[Operative treatment of non-recent and old perilunate dislocations (author's transl)]. / A nem friss és idösült perilunaris ficamok mütéti kezelése.

Experiences of the authors with the open reduction of 65 nonrecent and old perilunate dislocations are reported here. They analyse the diagnostic failures at these injuries and focus the attention to the correct assessment of the clinical and radiological signs. A survey of the literature on the possibilities of the operative treatment is given. A detailed description of their own technic and the results are given too.

[Operative treatment of lunate malatia (author's transl)]. / Az os lunatum malacia mütéti kezelése.

Authors give a review on the most up-to-date explanation for the aetiology of the lunate malatia and the characteristic features of the different stages of this disease. A report is given on the result of operative treatment in 60 cases of lunate malatia. In the non-arthritic stage the Graner-procedure or silivon prosthetic implant, in grave painful carpal arthritis a complete arthrodesis with AO-plate are recommended. The importance of the correct operative indication and method has been emphasized.

[Experiences with carpal arthrodesis (author's transl)]. / Tapasztalataink csukló-arthrodesissel.

Report is given on good results of 41 carpal arthrodesis with AO-plate. Literature is briefly surveyed, indications for arthrodesis and detailed technical description are given too. The importance of compression and stability has been stressed here. They find that fixation with AO-plate is the answer for the problems of carpal arthrodesis.