A method to expedite data acquisition for multiple spatial-temporal analyses of tissue perfusion by contrast-enhanced ultrasound.

For semiquantitative analyses of tissue perfusion using contrast-enhanced ultrasound the acquisition and processing of time intensity curves (TIC) is required. These TICs can be computed for each pixel of an image plane, yielding parametric images of classification numbers like "blood volume" and "flow rate." The expenditure of time for data acquisition and analysis typically limits semiquantitative perfusion imaging to a single image plane in 2-D. 3-D techniques, however, provide a higher diagnostic value since more information (e.g., of an entire lesion) is obtained. Moreover, spatial compounding, being a 2-D-technique where an object is imaged from different viewing angles, is known to improve image quality by reducing artifacts and speckle noise. Both techniques, 3-D and compounding, call for optimized acquisition and processing of TICs in several image planes (3-D) or in several (overlapping) sections of the same image plane (compounding) to decrease the time needed for data acquisition. Here, an approach of interleaved imaging is presented which is applicable, among others, to contrast perfusion imaging using the replenishment method. The total acquisition time is decreased by sequentially scanning image planes twice for short time spans - first, immediately after microbubble destruction to record the initial rise of the TICs, and second, a sufficient time thereafter to assess final values of the TIC. Data from both periods are combined to fit a model function from which parameters are extracted such as perfusion rate and blood volume. This approach was evaluated by in vitro measurements on a perfusion-mimicking phantom for both, individual images such as would be used for volume reconstruction in 3-D and compound images obtained from full angle spatial compounding (FASC, 360 degrees ). An error analysis is conducted to derive the deviation of the extracted parameters of the proposed method compared with the conventional one. These deviations are entailed by a reduction in acquisition time of the proposed method, which can be adjusted by several parameters, depending on the prevailing flow. Optimization strategies are proposed to find optimal values for those settings.

Three-dimensional reconstruction of fine vascularity in ultrasound breast imaging using contrast-enhanced spatial compounding: in vitro analyses.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: Ultrasound image quality can be improved by imaging an object (here: the female breast) from different viewing angles in one image plane. With this technique, which is commonly referred to as spatial compounding, a more isotropic resolution is achieved while speckle noise and further artifacts are reduced. We present results obtained from a combination of spatial compounding with contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging in three dimensions to reduce contrast specific artifacts (depth dependency, shadowing, speckle) and reconstruct vascular structures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We used a conventional ultrasound scanner and a custom made mechanical system to rotate an ultrasound curved array probe around an object (360 degrees, 36 transducer positions). For 10 parallel image planes, ultrasound compound images were generated of a flow-mimicking phantom consecutively supplied with water and contrast agent. These compound images were combined to form a volume dataset and postprocessed to obtain a sonographic subtraction angiography. RESULTS: Image quality was significantly improved by spatial compounding for the native (ie, without contrast agent), and, in particular, for the contrast-enhanced case. After subtracting the native images from the contrast-enhanced ones, only structures supplied with contrast agent remain. This technique yields much better results for compound images than for conventional ultrasound images because speckle noise and an anisotropic resolution affect the latter. CONCLUSIONS: With the presented approach contrast specific artifacts can be eliminated efficiently, and a subtraction angiography can be computed. A speckle reduced three-dimensional reconstruction of submillimeter vessel structures was achieved for the first time. In the future, this technique can be applied in vivo to image the vascularity of cancer in the female breast.

Full angle spatial compounding for improved replenishment analyses in contrast perfusion imaging: in vitro studies.

For contrast enhanced perfusion imaging semi-quantitative methods (such as the bolus-, replenishment- or depletion-method) are commonly used to analyze the dynamic changes in concentration of contrast agent induced by insonification. In order to apply these methods and to decrease artifacts from tissue nonlinearity, perfusion imaging is conducted using decreased transmit power. However, echo signals from deeper structures are often too weak to be successfully analyzed. Furthermore, shadowing artifacts may occur as a result of high concentration of contrast agent in the beam path. Thus, those semi-quantitative methods often fail or yield ambiguous diagnoses. Imaging an object (e.g., the female breast) from multiple viewing angles (spatial compounding) may overcome these issues. In addition, spatial compounding achieves an isotropic resolution and reduces speckle and further common artifacts. In this paper we present results obtained from a combination of spatial compounding with contrast enhanced perfusion imaging. Applying the replenishment method, we extracted perfusion-related parameters and compared the conventional parametric images with the compound parametric images. We found that the compounded parametric images outperform the conventional images due to reduced noise and suppression of artifacts.

Ultrasonographic contrast-agent imaging of sub-millimeter vessel structures with spatial compounding: in vitro analyses.

In clinical diagnostics, ultrasonographic contrast-agent imaging gives access to medical parameters such as perfusion and vascularization. In addition to the artifacts that are typical for ultrasonic imaging, e.g., speckle noise and depth-dependent sensitivity and resolution, contrast-agent imaging shows more pronounced depth dependence and may suffer from shadowing artifacts that arise from high attenuation of the ultrasound waves by the contrast agent at high concentrations. By imaging an object from different viewing angles in one 2D image plane and summing the images obtained (spatial compounding), image quality can be increased and artifacts can be suppressed. In the present study, we combined both techniques to overcome the limitations of contrast-agent imaging. We used a commercially available ultrasound scanner and a custom-made high-precision mechanical system to rotate the ultrasound transducer fully around the object under investigation. Using this set-up, ultrasound data were acquired in reflection mode to generate a 360 degrees compound scan of a flow-mimicking phantom supplied with contrast agent.