Accuracy of zirconia crown manufactured using stereolithography and digital light processing.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to evaluate the accuracy of zirconia crowns fabricated using stereolithography (SLA) and digital light processing (DLP) and to compare their accuracy with those fabricated using the subtractive manufacturing (SM) method. METHODS: A typodont model with a prepared maxillary first molar was scanned, and the anatomical contour crown was designed using dental computer-aided-design (CAD) software. The designed file in standard tessellation language (STL) format was used to fabricate 10 crowns per group. The crowns were manufactured using a dental milling machine (Datron D5; MLC group), SLA (CERAMAKER 900; SLAC group), and DLP (ZIPRO; DLPC group) printers. The fabricated crowns were scanned using a dental laboratory scanner and saved in three parts: the external, intaglio, and marginal surfaces. For accuracy assessment, these parts were superimposed to the reference file. Root mean square (RMS) values were evaluated using three-dimensional analysis software (Geomagic Control X). Statistical significance was evaluated using a nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test (α = 0.05) and a post-hoc Mann-Whitney U test with Bonferroni correction (α = 0.016). RESULTS: Trueness evaluation revealed the lowest RMS value in all areas in the MLC group, followed by that in the DLPC group. The precision evaluation revealed the lowest RMS value in all areas in the MLC group. Statistically significant differences were observed among the groups in the external, intaglio, and marginal surface (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Although the restorations fabricated using SM revealed higher accuracy, the crowns manufactured using SLA and DLP methods were considered clinically acceptable. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: In the production of zirconia crowns, subtractive manufacturing continues to demonstrate significantly higher accuracy compared to additive manufacturing. However, crowns fabricated using the additive manufacturing method also demonstrated high accuracy.

The bone-protective benefits of amino-conjugated calcium in an ovariectomized (OVX) rat model.

Low bone density, fragility, and microarchitectural disintegration are the symptoms of osteoporosis. An imbalance between bone growth and resorption can lead to osteoporosis. This study evaluated the effects of amino-calcium (AC) on bone protection in ovariectomized control group (NC) rats. Amino-calcium (AC) was characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy analyses (NMR). After determining the biocompatibility of amino-calcium (AC) with MC3T3-E1 cells, alkaline phosphatase staining revealed significant changes on day 7. Three of the four groups underwent ovariectomy, whereas one group received a placebo. On micro-computed tomography, in vivo, data showed increased bone volume fraction in the femoral head and shaft areas in the amino-calcium (AC) group. Hematoxylin and eosin staining showed a bone mass and architectural protection in the amino-calcium (AC) group compared with the calcium carbonate and OVX control group. RNA sequencing analysis revealed high expression of osteogenesis-related genes in MC3T3-E1 cells. RNA sequencing revealed a significant fold change in the expression of integrin-binding sialoprotein (IBSP), bone gamma-carboxyglutamate proteins 1 and 2(BGLAP1 and BGLAP2), and periostin (POSTN). The study concluded that supplementing the OVX rats with calcium enhanced bone protection.

Trueness of stereolithography ZrO2 crowns with different build directions.

This study aims to measure the trueness of zirconia crowns with different build directions of materials fabricated using the stereolithography (SLA) method. The anatomic contour crown of prepped maxillary right first molar was designed using CAD software to obtain the standard tessellation language (STL) file. Two different build directions were set for the crowns using Materialize Magics software. One group was built with a margin base platform, while the other group was built in the direction opposite to the occlusal surface base platform. The 20 crown-shaped parts were printed. The STL files of scanned printing zirconia crowns were superimposed each segment by the 3D analysis software. The two groups were statistically analyzed using t-tests. Significant differences were found in the marginal and internal discrepancies between the groups. The build direction had a significant influence on the accuracy of the zirconia crown. The results indicate the most effective build direction for manufacturing SLA 3D-printed crowns.

Chemical Composition of Salix koreensis Anderss Flower Absolute and Its Skin Wound Healing Activities In Vitro.

Salix koreensis Anderss (SKA) has been used traditionally to treat inflammation, pain, and edema. SKA has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, but no study has examined its effects on skin wound healing. Here, we aimed to investigate the effects of the absolute extracted from SKA flower (SKAFAb) on skin wound healing-associated responses in keratinocytes. SKAFAb was produced using a solvent extraction method and its chemical composition was analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The effects of SKAFAb on HaCaT cells (a human epidermal keratinocyte cell line) were investigated using a Boyden chamber and 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine incorporation, sprout outgrowth, immunoblotting, enzyme-linked immunosorbent, and water-soluble tetrazolium salt assays. Sixteen constituents were identified in SKAFAb. SKAFAb promoted HaCaT cell proliferation, migration, and type I and IV collagen productions. SKAFAb increased sprout outgrowth and increased the phosphorylations of serine/threonine-specific protein kinase (Akt), c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase, extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in HaCaT cells. These results indicate that SKAFAb promotes keratinocyte proliferation and migration, probably by activating Akt and MAPK signaling pathways, and induces collagen synthesis in keratinocytes. SKAFAb may be a promising material for promoting skin wound healing.

Positive Promoting Effects of Smilax China Flower Absolute on the Wound Healing/Skin Barrier Repair-Related Responses of HaCaT Human Skin Keratinocytes.

Smilax china (SC) has pharmacological effects including anti-inflammatory activity, but its effects on skin wound healing and skin barrier function have not been investigated. Here, we investigated the effects of absolute extracted from SC flowers (SCF) on skin wound healing-linked responses and functional skin barrier proteins using human epidermal keratinocytes (HaCaT cells). SCF absolute contained 20 components and was non-toxic to HaCaT cells. The absolute increased the proliferation, migration, and sprout outgrowth of HaCaT cells, and enhanced the activations of serine/threonine-specific protein kinase and extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2. In addition, it increased the syntheses of type I and IV collagens and the expressions of skin barrier proteins (filaggrin and loricrin). These results indicate SCF absolute may has positive effects on skin wound healing by accelerating keratinocyte migration and proliferation activities and collagen synthesis, and on skin barrier function by upregulating barrier proteins in keratinocytes. We suggest SCF absolute to be considered as a potential means of promoting skin wound and barrier repair.

Effects of Poly(ethylene-co-glycidyl methacrylate) on the Microstructure, Thermal, Rheological, and Mechanical Properties of Thermotropic Liquid Crystalline Polyester Blends.

In this study, a series of thermotropic liquid crystalline polyester (TLCP)-based blends containing 1-30 wt% poly(ethylene-co-glycidyl methacrylate) (PEGMA) were fabricated by masterbatch-assisted melt-compounding. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed a uniformly dispersed microfibrillar structure for the TLCP component in cryogenically-fractured blends, without any phase-separated domains. The FT-IR spectra showed that the carbonyl stretching bands of TLCP/PEGMA blends shifted to higher wavenumbers, suggesting the presence of specific interactions and/or grafting reactions between carboxyl/hydroxyl groups of TLCP and glycidyl methacrylate groups of PEGMA. Accordingly, the melting and crystallization temperatures of the PEGMA component in the blends were greatly lowered compared to the TLCP component. The thermal decomposition peak temperatures of the PEGMA and TLCP components in the blends were characterized as higher than those of neat PEGMA and neat TLCP, respectively. From the rheological data collected at 300 °C, the shear moduli and complex viscosities for the blend with 30 wt% PEGMA were found to be much higher than those of neat PEGMA, which supports the existence of PEGMA-g-TLCP formed during the melt-compounding. The dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMA) analyses demonstrated that the storage moduli of the blends decreased slightly with the PEGMA content up to 3 wt%, increased at the PEGMA content of 5 wt%, and decreased again at PEGMA contents above 7 wt%. The maximum storage moduli for the blend with 5 wt% PEGMA are interpreted to be due to the reinforcing effect of PEGMA-g-TLCP copolymers.

Stimulatory Effects of Paederia foetida Flower Absolute on the Skin Wound and Barrier Repair Activities of Keratinocytes.

Paederia foetida (PF) has antidiarrheal, antidiabetic, and anti-inflammatory activities. However, its biological activities on skin remain unclear. In this study, we examined the effect of PF flower absolute (PFFA) on skin wound healing- and skin barrier-linked responses in human epidermal keratinocytes (HaCaT cells). PFFA contained 23 components and increased the proliferation and sprout outgrowth of HaCaT cells and modestly increased migration. PFFA enhanced the phosphorylation levels of extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2, serine/threonine-specific protein kinase (AKT), and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in HaCaT cells, and upregulated type I and IV collagen synthesis and filaggrin (an epidermal barrier protein) expression in HaCaT cells. These findings suggest PFFA may promote skin wound repair by stimulating migratory and proliferative activities (probably through the AKT/MAPK pathway), collagen synthesis, and skin barrier repair by upregulating the expressions of filaggrin in epidermal keratinocytes. Therefore, PFFA may be useful for developing agents that enhance skin wound and barrier-repair functions.

Migration- and Proliferation-Promoting Activities in Human Keratinocytes of Zea mays Flower Absolute and Its Chemical Composition.

Zea mays L. (ZM) has cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory activities, but its biological activities such as skin regeneration and wound healing in human skin have not been reported. In the present study, we tested the effects of ZM flower (ZMF) absolute on proliferation and migration of human keratinocytes (HaCaTs) and identified its components by using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis. GC/MS analysis revealed that the ZMF absolute contained 13 constituents, and it increased HaCaT proliferation and migration. The ZMF absolute enhanced the phosphorylation levels of serine/threonine-specific protein kinase (Akt), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 in HaCaTs. In addition, the absolute induced an increase in sprout outgrowth of HaCaTs. The present study reports for the first time that ZMF absolute may promote skin wound healing and/or skin regeneration by stimulating proliferative and migratory activities in dermal keratinocytes through the Akt/MAPK pathway. Therefore, ZMF absolute may be a promising natural material for the use in skin regeneration and/or wound healing applications.

Potential Beneficial Effects of Digitaria ciliaris Flower Absolute on the Wound Healing-Linked Activities of Fibroblasts and Keratinocytes.

Digitaria ciliaris is widely reported to be a problematic weed in agricultural areas and is mainly used as an indicator plant for the development of herbicides. However, its bioactivities on skin regeneration and wound healing have not been investigated. In the present study, we investigated the effects of D. ciliaris flower absolute on skin wound healing and skin regeneration-related events, that is, proliferation, migration, and collagen biosynthesis, in human fibroblasts and keratinocytes. For this study, we extracted absolute from the D. ciliaris flower by solvent extraction and identified the composition of D. ciliaris flower absolute using GC/MS analysis. We also tested the effect of D. ciliaris flower absolute in CCD986sk fibroblasts and/or HaCaT keratinocytes using the WST assay and 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine incorporation assay, Boyden chamber assay, ELISA, sprouting assay, and immunoblotting. GC/MS analysis of D. ciliaris flower absolute revealed that it contained 15 compounds. The absolute increased the proliferations of keratinocytes and fibroblasts and the migration of fibroblasts but did not affect cell viabilities. In addition, it enhanced the syntheses of type I and IV collagen in fibroblasts, but not in keratinocytes. The sprouting assay showed increased sprout outgrowth of fibroblasts. In addition, D. ciliaris flower absolute induced the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in fibroblasts. These results indicate that D. ciliaris flower absolute may promote skin wound healing/regeneration by inducing the proliferation, migration, and collagen synthesis of fibroblasts, as well as the proliferation of keratinocytes. Therefore, D. ciliaris flower absolute may be a potential natural source for cosmetic or pharmaceutical agents that promote skin wound healing/regeneration.

Chemical Composition of Patrinia scabiosifolia Flower Absolute and Its Migratory and Proliferative Activities in Human Keratinocytes.

Patrinia scabiosifolia (PS) has bioactivities such as antitumor and anti-inflammation effects. However, its effects on human skin physiological activities, such as skin regeneration and wound healing, remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects of absolute extracted from PS flower (PSF) on migration and proliferation of human dermal keratinocyte (HaCat). The yield of PSF absolute obtained by solvent extraction method was 0.105 % and its five constituents were found in GC/MS analysis. The PSF absolute induced the proliferation and migration of HaCats. The absolute increased the phosphorylation of serine/threonine-specific protein kinase (Akt) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 (Erk1/2) in HaCats. In addition, the absolute stimulated the outgrowth of collagen sprouting of HaCats. These results demonstrated, for the first time, that PSF absolute may have positive effects on skin regeneration and/or wound healing by inducing migration and proliferation of dermal keratinocytes via the Akt/Erk1/2 pathway. Therefore, PSF absolute may be a useful natural material for skin regeneration and/or wound healing.

3-Hydroxy-2-(trialkylsilyl)phenyl Triflate: A Benzyne Precursor Triggered via 1,3-C-sp2-to-O Silyl Migration.

3-Hydroxy-2-(trialkylsilyl)phenyl triflates are presented as new versatile hydroxyaryne precursors. These are base-activated aryne precursors induced via a C-sp2-to-O 1,3-Brook rearrangement. The reaction of various arynophiles and 3-trialkylsiloxybenzyne generated from 3-hydroxy-2-(trialkylsilyl)phenyl triflate efficiently afforded highly regioselective phenol derivatives. Furthermore, through crossover experiments, the intramolecular mechanism of silyl migration was demonstrated.

YB-1 overexpression promotes a TGF-ß1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition via Akt activation.

The Y-box binding protein-1 (YB-1) is a transcription/translation regulatory protein, and the expression thereof is associated with cancer aggressiveness. In the present study, we explored the regulatory effects of YB-1 during the transforming growth factor-ß1 (TGF-ß1)-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in lung adenocarcinoma cells. Downregulation of YB-1 increased E-cadherin promoter activity, and upregulation of YB-1 decreased promoter activity, suggesting that the YB-1 level may be correlated with the EMT. TGF-ß1 induced YB-1 expression, and TGF-ß1 translocated cytosolic YB-1 into the nucleus. YB-1 overexpression promoted TGF-ß1-induced downregulation of epithelial markers, upregulation of mesenchymal markers, and cell migration. Moreover, YB-1 overexpression enhanced the expression of E-cadherin transcriptional repressors via TGF-ß1-induced Akt activation. Our findings afford new insights into the role played by YB-1 in the TGF-ß1 signaling pathway.

Reversal of 2-Cys peroxiredoxin oligomerization by sulfiredoxin.

Hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) regulates the structure and function of 2-Cys peroxiredoxins (Prxs). Upon oxidation by excess H(2)O(2), Prxs become overoxidized to a sulfinic acid of its peroxidatic cysteine residue, resulting in a structural change from a small oligomer with peroxidase function to a large oligomer with chaperone function. Then, sulfiredoxin (Srx) reduces the overoxidized Prxs by an ATP-dependent mechanism. Although Srx is known to repair the overoxidized forms of Prx, the role of Srx in the reversal of Prx oligomerization remains to be elucidated. Here we investigated whether Srx1 directly facilitates the dissociation of yeast Prx1 (YPrx1) from a high-molecular-weight (HMW) complex to a low-molecular-weight (LMW) complex in vitro. Srx1 reactivates the YPrx1 peroxidase activity that is inactivated by H(2)O(2), whereas it decreases the chaperone activity enhanced by H(2)O(2). We show that Srx1 dissociates the H(2)O(2)-induced HMW YPrx1 complex, and that the Srx1 Cys84 residue is critical for its dissociation. In contrast to wild-type Srx1, an inactive Srx1 mutant (Srx1-C84S) did not induce the reactivation of inactivated YPrx1 or dissociation of the HMW YPrx1 complex. We revealed that Srx1 interacts directly with YPrx1 in yeast cells using bimolecular fluorescence complementation. Taken together, these findings suggest that Srx1 regulates YPrx1 function and structure in yeast cells through a direct interaction.

RNA-binding properties and RNA chaperone activity of human peroxiredoxin 1.

Human peroxiredoxin 1 (hPrx1), a member of the peroxiredoxin family, detoxifies peroxide substrates and has been implicated in numerous biological processes, including cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and redox signaling. To date, Prx1 has not been implicated in RNA metabolism. Here, we investigated the ability of hPrx1 to bind RNA and act as an RNA chaperone. In vitro, hPrx1 bound to RNA and DNA, and unwound nucleic acid duplexes. hPrx1 also acted as a transcription anti-terminator in an assay using an Escherichia coli strain containing a stem-loop structure upstream of the chloramphenicol resistance gene. The overall cellular level of hPrx1 expression was not increased at low temperatures, but the nuclear level of hPrx1 was increased. In addition, hPrx1 overexpression enhanced the survival of cells exposed to cold stress, whereas hPrx1 knockdown significantly reduced cell survival under the same conditions. These findings suggest that hPrx1 may perform biological functions as a RNA-binding protein, which are distinctive from known functions of hPrx1 as a reactive oxygen species scavenger.

Human peroxiredoxin 1 modulates TGF-ß1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition through its peroxidase activity.

The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which is induced by transforming growth factor-ß1 (TGF-ß1), is an important event that allows cancer cells to obtain invasive and metastatic characteristics. Although human peroxiredoxin 1 (hPrx1) has been implicated in tumor progression (e.g., invasion and metastasis), little is known about the role of hPrx1 in the EMT process during tumorigenesis. Here, we investigated the regulatory effect of hPrx1 during TGF-ß1-induced EMT in A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells. We observed that high hPrx1 levels downregulated E-cadherin expression, and low hPrx1 levels upregulated E-cadherin expression, suggesting that the hPrx1 level may be correlated with EMT. Knockdown of hPrx1 significantly inhibited TGF-ß1-induced EMT and cell migration, whereas hPrx1 overexpression enhanced TGF-ß1-induced EMT and cell migration. In contrast to wild-type hPrx1, a peroxidase-inactive hPrx1 mutant (hPrx1-C51S) resulted in markedly increased E-cadherin expression. Moreover, hPrx1 regulated the expression of two E-cadherin transcriptional repressors, Snail and Slug. These findings provide new insight into the role of hPrx1 in regulating TGF-ß1-induced EMT.