Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of aerobic bacteria responsible for post-surgical wound infection of the patients admitted into Khulna Medical College Hospital, Bangladesh.

Resistance against antimicrobial agents is dramatically increasing and gradually impacting treatment costs. Using existing drugs would have helped avoid bacterial infections in various circumstances. The primary objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of pathogens responsible for postsurgical wound infections and their antimicrobial susceptibility and resistance pattern among the patients admitted to Khulna Medical College Hospital, Khulna Bangladesh. This cross-sectional study involved 250 patients suffering from postsurgical wound infection as respondents. The bacterial pathogens were isolated from pus samples obtained from those patients. The isolated bacterial pathogens were identified through several standard biochemical tests, and finally, the culture sensitivity tests of those bacterial isolates were performed. The study was conducted from August 2019 to June 2020. Data regarding the patient's age, gender, occupation, surgery performed, duration of hospital stay, and comorbidity were also documented using standard questionnaires. Five bacterial pathogens were identified with different frequencies, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa (36 %), Escherichia coli (21.2 %), Staphylococcus aureus (8.8 %), Klebsiella spp. (7.2 %) and Proteus spp. (4.8 %). These bacterial pathogens showed sensitivity to ciprofloxacin (75 %), piperacillin-tazobactam (56.7 %) and gentamicin (50 %). Besides, S. aureus showed sensitivity to linezolid and vancomycin and resistance to cefuroxime, ceftazidime and imipenem. Male patients (68.4 %) suffered more from postsurgical wound infection than female patients (31.6 %). Patients aged 31 to 40 years were more severely affected than patients from other age groups. Postsurgical wound infection was vigorously observed in the patients who underwent hand surgery. Intensive occurrence of this infection was found in the patients who stayed in the hospital from 31 to 40 days. Diabetic patients suffered more from postsurgical wound infection compared to the other patients. Throughout the study, ciprofloxacin has been the best performer against E. coli, Klebsiella spp., and Proteus spp., and gentamicin showed better performance against S. aureus. The antibiotic resistance pattern of these bacterial pathogens reflects the worldwide necessity of rational antibiotic management and proper steps to maintain hospital hygiene in Bangladesh.

Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis YB0411 Inhibits Adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 Pre-adipocytes and Reduces High-Fat-Diet-Induced Obesity in Mice.

Although the health benefits of probiotics have been widely known for decades, there has still been limited use of probiotic bacteria in anti-obesity therapy. Herein, we demonstrated the role of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis YB0411 (YB, which was selected by an in vitro adipogenesis assay) in adipogenic differentiation in 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes. We observed that YB-treatment effectively reduced triglyceride accumulation and the expression of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α, ß, and δ (C/EBPα, C/EBPß, and C/EBPδ), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), fatty acid-binding protein 4 (aP2), and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC). YB-treatment also reduced the levels of core autophagic markers (p62 and LC3B) in 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes. Small-interfering-RNA-mediated knockdown and competitive-chemical-inhibition assays showed that AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) commenced the anti-adipogenic effect of YB. In addition, YB supplement markedly reduced body weight and fat accretion in mice with high-fat-diet-induced obesity. Our findings suggest that YB may be used as a potential probiotic candidate to ameliorate obesity.