Polymicrobial Septic Peritonitis Caused by Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus casseliflavus following Uterine Rupture in a Goat.

A one-year-old female miniature goat was presented to an emergency service after calving a dead goatling. Physical and ultrasonographic examination revealed the presence of a viable fetus; therefore, the goat was submitted to an emergency cesarean section. In the postoperative period, the animal had septic peritonitis caused by Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus casseliflavus. Both bacterial strains showed contrasting antimicrobial resistance profiles. Laparohysterectomy and abdominal cavity lavage were performed, but, once the animal had adhesions and necrotic lesions in abdominal organs, euthanasia was executed. A post-mortem examination revealed fibrino-necrotic septic peritonitis secondary to uterine rupture. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first detailed report of polymicrobial septic peritonitis in a miniature goat and the first report of septic peritonitis caused by E. faecium and E. casseliflavus.

Ultimobranchial body cyst in an adult horse: clinical, histopathologic, and immunohistochemical features.

A 9-y-old Mangalarga Marchador gelding was referred to a veterinary hospital because of a swelling on the upper right side of the neck. Ultrasound examination revealed a multilocular structure adjacent to the thyroid gland with low echogenic content suggestive of fluid. The mass was removed surgically. Histologically, the cystic cavities in the surgical sample were filled with abundant eosinophilic secreta and lined by cuboidal, segmentally ciliated, columnar epithelium with interspersed goblet cells. Segmental crowding of the multilayered lining of the cyst was noted. Immunohistochemistry suggested the presence of both C cells and follicular cells, given the positivity of the immunomarkers calcitonin and TTF-1, respectively. The histogenesis of ultimobranchial cysts is uncertain. Based on clinical, histopathologic, and immunohistochemical identification, the cystic structure in this case is compatible with an ultimobranchial body cyst.

Diagnostic accuracy of Wisconsin and California scoring systems to detect bovine respiratory disease in preweaning dairy calves under subtropical environmental conditions.

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is a multifactorial disease which causes short- and long-term negative effects. Early detection is crucial for a prompt response to therapy, as well as to decrease mortality risk. Clinical scoring systems have been developed mostly in North America for screening calves at risk or suspected of having BRD, and these tools have also been applied in subtropical and tropical countries. However, it has been unknown whether these scoring systems had the same accuracy in tropical environmental conditions. Therefore, this study evaluated the accuracy of 4 different field techniques, as well as serum haptoglobin (HAP), to diagnose BRD in Holstein dairy calves in subtropical conditions. The tests used to diagnose BRD were thoracic ultrasound (TUS; positive if consolidation depth ≥1 cm), thoracic auscultation (AUSC; positive if crackles, wheezes, or silent areas were present), Wisconsin score (WISC; ≥2 categories with scores of ≥2), and California score (CALIF; positive if total score ≥5). Also, HAP was measured and classified as positive if ≥15 mg/dL. Heifers between 30 d of age and weaning (n = 482), residing on 17 commercial dairies in São Paulo state, were enrolled in this study. Bayesian latent class models were used with informative priors to evaluate the accuracy of TUS, AUSC, and HAP, and noninformative priors for the accuracy of WISC and CALIF. The percentage of calves positive for each test on each farm ranged from 0 to 56% for WISC, 11-51% for CALIF, 0-72% for TUS, 0-32% for AUSC, and 0-100% for HAP. The sensitivity (Se; 95% credible interval) and specificity (Sp) for WISC were 77.9% (64.8-90.2) and 81.9% (76.3-88.2). For CALIF, the Se was 67.1% (53.6-80.1) and Sp 79.1% (73.9-84.6). For TUS Se was 59.8% (46.5-73.1) and Sp was 84.8% (80.0-89.5), and for AUSC, Se was 58.8% (41.3-79.8) and Sp was 98.6% (95.7-99.9). The Se and Sp of HAP was 67.6% (55.3-78.8) and 46.7% (41.4-52.2), respectively. The performance of the scoring systems was similar to, or better than, the performance found in North American studies, despite the fact that calves were in a tropical environment.

Hepatic lesions in captive owl monkeys (Aotus infulatus) with ultrasonographic "starry sky" liver.

BACKGROUND: The "starry sky" (SK) liver is ultrasonographic pattern characterized by multiple hyperechogenic foci in hepatic parenchyma. The study aimed to characterize the microscopic hepatic lesions in captive owl monkeys with SK liver. METHODS: Thirty-seven clinically healthy owl monkeys had their liver scanned and 18 of them had liver biopsy. Animals with SK and peliosis hepatis (PH) were subjected to immunohistochemical and molecular screening for Bartonella spp. RESULTS: SK liver occurred in 59.4% (22/37) of the owl monkeys. Biopsied animals showed steatosis, hydropic degeneration, hemosiderosis, PH, and multifocal granulomatous hepatitis. Two monkeys had SK, granulomatous hepatitis, and PH which were negative for Bartonella spp. CONCLUSIONS: PH and granulomatous hepatitis associated with hepatocellular degenerative lesions may present as hyperechoic nodular liver lesions consisted of SK liver; therefore, concomitant occurrence of two lesions or more contributed to the hepatic SK pattern among owl monkeys and such cases might be clinically monitored.

Ultrasound and clinical findings in the metacarpophalangeal joint assessment of show jumping horses in training.

BACKGROUND: Physical exercise is known to cause significant joint changes. Thus, monitoring joint behavior of athletic horses is essential in early disorders recognition, allowing the proper management. OBJECTIVES: The aims of this study were to determine the morphological patterns, physical examination characteristics and ultrasound findings of show jumping horses in training and to establish a score-based examination model for physical and ultrasound follow-ups of metacarpophalangeal joint changes in these animals. METHODS: A total of 52 metacarpophalangeal joints from 26 horses who were initially in the taming stage were evaluated, and the horses' athletic progression was monitored. The horses were evaluated by a physical examination and by B-mode and Doppler-mode ultrasound examinations, starting at time zero (T0), which occurred concomitantly with the beginning of training, and every 3 months thereafter for a follow-up period of 18 months. RESULTS: The standardized examination model revealed an increase in the maximum joint flexion angles and higher scores on the physical and ultrasound examinations after scoring was performed by predefined assessment tools, especially between 3 and 6 months of evaluation, which was immediately after the horses started more intense training. The lameness score and the ultrasound examination score were slightly higher at the end of the study. CONCLUSIONS: The observed results were probably caused by the implementation of a training regimen and joint adaptation to physical conditioning. The joints most likely undergo a pre-osteoarthritic period due to work overload, which can manifest in a consistent or adaptive manner, as observed during this study. Thus, continuous monitoring of young athlete horses by physical and ultrasound examinations that can be scored is essential.

Avaliação ultrassonográfica de cães com ruptura do ligamento cruzado cranial submetidos a artrotomia / Ultrasonographic evaluation of dogs with cranial cruciate ligament rupture undergoing to arthrotomy

Background: The cranial cruciate ligament rupture (CrCLR) is the most common disease of the stifle joint in dogs. Oneof the major concerns in the assessment of these animals is diagnosing the presence of a medial meniscus tears, which isa frequent consequence due to the instability of the joint. Ultrasonography is indicated in the evaluation of the meniscifrom human and canine patients, and the results are similar to magnetic resonance imaging. The aim of this study was tocompare the ultrasonography and the arthrotomy in the evaluation of the cranial cruciate ligament and medial meniscusof dogs with CrCLR undergoing surgery for stifle stabilization.Materials, Methods & Results: Ultrasonographic examination was performed prior to arthrotomy in 23 dogs with diagnosis of complete CrCLR and five with suspected partial CrCLR undergoing for stifle joint stabilization surgery. Theultrasonography identified the complete rupture in 82.6% and the arthrotomy in 100% of the joints with this diagnosis. Inthe joints with suspected CrCLR during the clinical exam, arthrotomy and ultrasonography identified respectively threeand four joints with partial CrCLR, and two and one with healthy ligaments. There was no difference between the twotechniques in the assessment of the cranial cruciate ligament (P = 0.20). The ultrasonography identified medial meniscaltears in 39.3%, while arthrotomy was found in 21.4% (P = 0.0006) of the joints. The most frequent meniscal tear type observed in the arthrotomy was folded caudal horn. The ultrasonography was able only in differentiate presence and absenceof meniscal injury. Besides the real tear that affects the meniscus morphology, the ultrasound also identified echogenicityand echotexture changes in the medial (5/28) and lateral (8/28) menisci. Other changes observed in all joints evaluated byultrasound were the presence of effusion and synovial membrane thickening...(AU)

Diagnóstico ultrassonográfico das afecções articulares em cães: revisão / Ultrasonography diagnosis of joint diseases in dogs: review / Diagnóstico ecográfico de las enfermedades articulares en perros: revisión

A ultrassonografia não é utilizada com frequência na avaliação musculoesquelética de cães. Em pacientes humanos, o uso dessa modalidade de imagem tem demonstrado sua importância no diagnóstico e na monitoração das afecções musculoesqueléticas durante as últimas três décadas. A ultrassonografia permite identificar as diferentes estruturas anatômicas envolvidas com as articulações e detectar alterações patológicas em tendões, ligamentos, cápsula e cartilagem articular, menisco e superfícies ósseas. A dependência das habilidades do operador e a dificuldade de acesso a determinadas estruturas são as principais limitações dessa modalidade. Porém, sua disponibilidade e seu baixo custo podem torná-la parte importante da avaliação das alterações musculoesqueléticas em cães.

Ultrasonography is not frequently used in the evaluation of the musculoskeletal system of dogs. During the last three decades this imaging technique has been shown to be valuable in the diagnosis and monitoring the musculoskeletal disorders of human patients. Ultrasonography allows recognitions of different anatomical joint structures and enable detection of lesions in tendons, ligaments, joint capsule, cartilage, meniscus and bone surfaces. The diagnostic value of the technique is highly operator-dependent, and can be influenced by the difficult to access to some anatomical structures. In spite of its limitations, the availability and low cost of the ultrasonography can make it an important tool in the assessment of musculoskeletal disorders in dogs.

La ecografía no es una técnica que se use con frecuencia para la evaluación musculoesquelética de los perros. En pacientes humanos, esta modalidad de imagen ha demostrado su importancia en el diagnóstico y monitoreo de las afecciones musculoesqueléticas durante las últimas tres décadas. La ecografía permite identificar las estructuras anatómicas de las articulaciones, detectando alteraciones patológicas en tendones, ligamentos, cápsula y cartílago articular, meniscos y superficies óseas. Las principales limitaciones son su dependencia en cuanto a las habilidades del operador y las dificultades de acceso a determinadas estructuras. No obstante, su disponibilidad y bajo costo pueden hacer que esta técnica pase a formar parte de la evaluación de las alteraciones musculoesqueléticas en perros.

Diagnóstico ultrassonográfico das afecções articulares em cães: revisão / Ultrasonography diagnosis of joint diseases in dogs: review / Diagnóstico ecográfico de las enfermedades articulares en perros: revisión

A ultrassonografia não é utilizada com frequência na avaliação musculoesquelética de cães. Em pacientes humanos, o uso dessa modalidade de imagem tem demonstrado sua importância no diagnóstico e na monitoração das afecções musculoesqueléticas durante as últimas três décadas. A ultrassonografia permite identificar as diferentes estruturas anatômicas envolvidas com as articulações e detectar alterações patológicas em tendões, ligamentos, cápsula e cartilagem articular, menisco e superfícies ósseas. A dependência das habilidades do operador e a dificuldade de acesso a determinadas estruturas são as principais limitações dessa modalidade. Porém, sua disponibilidade e seu baixo custo podem torná-la parte importante da avaliação das alterações musculoesqueléticas em cães.(AU)

Ultrasonography is not frequently used in the evaluation of the musculoskeletal system of dogs. During the last three decades this imaging technique has been shown to be valuable in the diagnosis and monitoring the musculoskeletal disorders of human patients. Ultrasonography allows recognitions of different anatomical joint structures and enable detection of lesions in tendons, ligaments, joint capsule, cartilage, meniscus and bone surfaces. The diagnostic value of the technique is highly operator-dependent, and can be influenced by the difficult to access to some anatomical structures. In spite of its limitations, the availability and low cost of the ultrasonography can make it an important tool in the assessment of musculoskeletal disorders in dogs.(AU)

La ecografía no es una técnica que se use con frecuencia para la evaluación musculoesquelética de los perros. En pacientes humanos, esta modalidad de imagen ha demostrado su importancia en el diagnóstico y monitoreo de las afecciones musculoesqueléticas durante las últimas tres décadas. La ecografía permite identificar las estructuras anatómicas de las articulaciones, detectando alteraciones patológicas en tendones, ligamentos, cápsula y cartílago articular, meniscos y superficies óseas. Las principales limitaciones son su dependencia en cuanto a las habilidades del operador y las dificultades de acceso a determinadas estructuras. No obstante, su disponibilidad y bajo costo pueden hacer que esta técnica pase a formar parte de la evaluación de las alteraciones musculoesqueléticas en perros.(AU)

The correlation between score-based protocol for equine joint assessment and subsequent arthroscopic intervention outcomes / Protocolo de avaliação baseado em escore das afecções articulares em equinos e correlação com o resultado do tratamento por artroscopia

This study aimed to grade joint abnormalities in horses submitted to therapeutic arthroscopy using score-based protocols for equine joint assessment, correlated with arthroscopic treatment outcomes and owner satisfaction. In this prospective study, we evaluated 126 joints of athletic horses referred for arthroscopy. The joints were scored according to findings of medical history and physical, radiographic, ultrasonographic and arthroscopic examination. Lameness, positive response to flexion test and decreased maximum joint flexion angle were detected in more than 50% of joints. Soft tissue swelling, sclerosis, subchondral bone osteolysis and single osteochondral fragments were the most common radiographic findings. Ultrasonographic examination revealed changes in synovial fluid volume and appearance, and subchondral bone irregularities. Increased vascularity of the synovial villi, chondral fibrillation, chondral fissures and superficial cartilage erosions were the most significant arthroscopic findings. The approaches that demonstrated greater sensitivity and correlation with treatment outcome and owner satisfaction were medical history, ultrasonographic and arthroscopic examination. The scoring protocol employed to grade joint abnormalities enabled the creation of a joint score system for the objective assessment, thus determining the most frequent findings and establishing an

O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar as anormalidades articulares observadas em equinos submetidos à artroscopia terapêutica, utilizando protocolos baseados em pontuações e correlacionando os resultados do tratamento cirúrgico com a satisfação do proprietário. Neste estudo prospectivo, foram avaliadas 126 articulações de cavalos atletas, encaminhados para artroscopia. As articulações foram pontuadas de acordo com os achados da anamnese e exame físico, exame radiográfico, exame ultrassonográfico e avaliação artroscópica. A claudicação, resposta positiva ao teste de flexão e diminuição do ângulo máximo de flexão articular foram detectados em mais de 50% das articulações. Aumento de volume dos tecidos moles, esclerose subcondral, osteólise subcondral e fragmentos osteocondrais únicos foram os achados radiográficos mais comuns. O exame ultrassonográfico revelou, com frequência, as alterações no volume e na aparência do líquido sinovial, além de irregularidades osteocondrais. O aumento da vascularização das vilosidades sinoviais, fibrilação condral, fissuras condrais e erosões superficiais da cartilagem foram os achados artroscópicos mais significativos. As abordagens diagnósticas que demonstraram maior sensibilidade e melhor correlação entre o resultado do tratamento e satisfação do proprietário foram história médica, exame ultrassonográfico e artroscópico. O protocolo de avaliação

The correlation between score-based protocol for equine joint assessment and subsequent arthroscopic intervention outcomes / Protocolo de avaliação baseado em escore das afecções articulares em equinos e correlação com o resultado do tratamento por artroscopia

This study aimed to grade joint abnormalities in horses submitted to therapeutic arthroscopy using score-based protocols for equine joint assessment, correlated with arthroscopic treatment outcomes and owner satisfaction. In this prospective study, we evaluated 126 joints of athletic horses referred for arthroscopy. The joints were scored according to findings of medical history and physical, radiographic, ultrasonographic and arthroscopic examination. Lameness, positive response to flexion test and decreased maximum joint flexion angle were detected in more than 50% of joints. Soft tissue swelling, sclerosis, subchondral bone osteolysis and single osteochondral fragments were the most common radiographic findings. Ultrasonographic examination revealed changes in synovial fluid volume and appearance, and subchondral bone irregularities. Increased vascularity of the synovial villi, chondral fibrillation, chondral fissures and superficial cartilage erosions were the most significant arthroscopic findings. The approaches that demonstrated greater sensitivity and correlation with treatment outcome and owner satisfaction were medical history, ultrasonographic and arthroscopic examination. The scoring protocol employed to grade joint abnormalities enabled the creation of a joint score system for the objective assessment, thus determining the most frequent findings and establishing an

O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar as anormalidades articulares observadas em equinos submetidos à artroscopia terapêutica, utilizando protocolos baseados em pontuações e correlacionando os resultados do tratamento cirúrgico com a satisfação do proprietário. Neste estudo prospectivo, foram avaliadas 126 articulações de cavalos atletas, encaminhados para artroscopia. As articulações foram pontuadas de acordo com os achados da anamnese e exame físico, exame radiográfico, exame ultrassonográfico e avaliação artroscópica. A claudicação, resposta positiva ao teste de flexão e diminuição do ângulo máximo de flexão articular foram detectados em mais de 50% das articulações. Aumento de volume dos tecidos moles, esclerose subcondral, osteólise subcondral e fragmentos osteocondrais únicos foram os achados radiográficos mais comuns. O exame ultrassonográfico revelou, com frequência, as alterações no volume e na aparência do líquido sinovial, além de irregularidades osteocondrais. O aumento da vascularização das vilosidades sinoviais, fibrilação condral, fissuras condrais e erosões superficiais da cartilagem foram os achados artroscópicos mais significativos. As abordagens diagnósticas que demonstraram maior sensibilidade e melhor correlação entre o resultado do tratamento e satisfação do proprietário foram história médica, exame ultrassonográfico e artroscópico. O protocolo de avaliação

The correlation between score-based protocol for equine joint assessment and subsequent arthroscopic intervention outcomes / Protocolo de avaliação baseado em escore das afecções articulares em equinos e correlação com o resultado do tratamento por artroscopia

This study aimed to grade joint abnormalities in horses submitted to therapeutic arthroscopy using score-based protocols for equine joint assessment, correlated with arthroscopic treatment outcomes and owner satisfaction. In this prospective study, we evaluated 126 joints of athletic horses referred for arthroscopy. The joints were scored according to findings of medical history and physical, radiographic, ultrasonographic and arthroscopic examination. Lameness, positive response to flexion test and decreased maximum joint flexion angle were detected in more than 50% of joints. Soft tissue swelling, sclerosis, subchondral bone osteolysis and single osteochondral fragments were the most common radiographic findings. Ultrasonographic examination revealed changes in synovial fluid volume and appearance, and subchondral bone irregularities. Increased vascularity of the synovial villi, chondral fibrillation, chondral fissures and superficial cartilage erosions were the most significant arthroscopic findings. The approaches that demonstrated greater sensitivity and correlation with treatment outcome and owner satisfaction were medical history, ultrasonographic and arthroscopic examination. The scoring protocol employed to grade joint abnormalities enabled the creation of a joint score system for the objective assessment, thus determining the most frequent findings and establishing an

O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar as anormalidades articulares observadas em equinos submetidos à artroscopia terapêutica, utilizando protocolos baseados em pontuações e correlacionando os resultados do tratamento cirúrgico com a satisfação do proprietário. Neste estudo prospectivo, foram avaliadas 126 articulações de cavalos atletas, encaminhados para artroscopia. As articulações foram pontuadas de acordo com os achados da anamnese e exame físico, exame radiográfico, exame ultrassonográfico e avaliação artroscópica. A claudicação, resposta positiva ao teste de flexão e diminuição do ângulo máximo de flexão articular foram detectados em mais de 50% das articulações. Aumento de volume dos tecidos moles, esclerose subcondral, osteólise subcondral e fragmentos osteocondrais únicos foram os achados radiográficos mais comuns. O exame ultrassonográfico revelou, com frequência, as alterações no volume e na aparência do líquido sinovial, além de irregularidades osteocondrais. O aumento da vascularização das vilosidades sinoviais, fibrilação condral, fissuras condrais e erosões superficiais da cartilagem foram os achados artroscópicos mais significativos. As abordagens diagnósticas que demonstraram maior sensibilidade e melhor correlação entre o resultado do tratamento e satisfação do proprietário foram história médica, exame ultrassonográfico e artroscópico. O protocolo de avaliação

Avaliação ultrassonográfica de cães com ruptura do ligamento cruzado cranial submetidos a artrotomia / Ultrasonographic evaluation of dogs with cranial cruciate ligament rupture undergoing to arthrotomy

Background: The cranial cruciate ligament rupture (CrCLR) is the most common disease of the stifle joint in dogs. Oneof the major concerns in the assessment of these animals is diagnosing the presence of a medial meniscus tears, which isa frequent consequence due to the instability of the joint. Ultrasonography is indicated in the evaluation of the meniscifrom human and canine patients, and the results are similar to magnetic resonance imaging. The aim of this study was tocompare the ultrasonography and the arthrotomy in the evaluation of the cranial cruciate ligament and medial meniscusof dogs with CrCLR undergoing surgery for stifle stabilization.Materials, Methods & Results: Ultrasonographic examination was performed prior to arthrotomy in 23 dogs with diagnosis of complete CrCLR and five with suspected partial CrCLR undergoing for stifle joint stabilization surgery. Theultrasonography identified the complete rupture in 82.6% and the arthrotomy in 100% of the joints with this diagnosis. Inthe joints with suspected CrCLR during the clinical exam, arthrotomy and ultrasonography identified respectively threeand four joints with partial CrCLR, and two and one with healthy ligaments. There was no difference between the twotechniques in the assessment of the cranial cruciate ligament (P = 0.20). The ultrasonography identified medial meniscaltears in 39.3%, while arthrotomy was found in 21.4% (P = 0.0006) of the joints. The most frequent meniscal tear type observed in the arthrotomy was folded caudal horn. The ultrasonography was able only in differentiate presence and absenceof meniscal injury. Besides the real tear that affects the meniscus morphology, the ultrasound also identified echogenicityand echotexture changes in the medial (5/28) and lateral (8/28) menisci. Other changes observed in all joints evaluated byultrasound were the presence of effusion and synovial membrane thickening...

The correlation between score-based protocol for equine joint assessment and subsequent arthroscopic intervention outcomes / Protocolo de avaliação baseado em escore das afecções articulares em equinos e correlação com o resultado do tratamento por artroscopia

This study aimed to grade joint abnormalities in horses submitted to therapeutic arthroscopy using score-based protocols for equine joint assessment, correlated with arthroscopic treatment outcomes and owner satisfaction. In this prospective study, we evaluated 126 joints of athletic horses referred for arthroscopy. The joints were scored according to findings of medical history and physical, radiographic, ultrasonographic and arthroscopic examination. Lameness, positive response to flexion test and decreased maximum joint flexion angle were detected in more than 50% of joints. Soft tissue swelling, sclerosis, subchondral bone osteolysis and single osteochondral fragments were the most common radiographic findings. Ultrasonographic examination revealed changes in synovial fluid volume and appearance, and subchondral bone irregularities. Increased vascularity of the synovial villi, chondral fibrillation, chondral fissures and superficial cartilage erosions were the most significant arthroscopic findings. The approaches that demonstrated greater sensitivity and correlation with treatment outcome and owner satisfaction were medical history, ultrasonographic and arthroscopic examination. The scoring protocol employed to grade joint abnormalities enabled the creation of a joint score system for the objective assessment, thus determining the most frequent findings and establishing an

O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar as anormalidades articulares observadas em equinos submetidos à artroscopia terapêutica, utilizando protocolos baseados em pontuações e correlacionando os resultados do tratamento cirúrgico com a satisfação do proprietário. Neste estudo prospectivo, foram avaliadas 126 articulações de cavalos atletas, encaminhados para artroscopia. As articulações foram pontuadas de acordo com os achados da anamnese e exame físico, exame radiográfico, exame ultrassonográfico e avaliação artroscópica. A claudicação, resposta positiva ao teste de flexão e diminuição do ângulo máximo de flexão articular foram detectados em mais de 50% das articulações. Aumento de volume dos tecidos moles, esclerose subcondral, osteólise subcondral e fragmentos osteocondrais únicos foram os achados radiográficos mais comuns. O exame ultrassonográfico revelou, com frequência, as alterações no volume e na aparência do líquido sinovial, além de irregularidades osteocondrais. O aumento da vascularização das vilosidades sinoviais, fibrilação condral, fissuras condrais e erosões superficiais da cartilagem foram os achados artroscópicos mais significativos. As abordagens diagnósticas que demonstraram maior sensibilidade e melhor correlação entre o resultado do tratamento e satisfação do proprietário foram história médica, exame ultrassonográfico e artroscópico. O protocolo de avaliação

Histological and Radiographic Evaluation of Equine Bone Structure after Implantation of Castor Oil Polymer.

OBJECTIVE: The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of a vegetal polymeric biomaterial intended for bone substitution in horses and to investigate the responses of the equine third metacarpal bone to biomaterial implantation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Six horses were submitted to osteotomy on the dorsal aspect of the left and right third metacarpal bones; one bone defect was randomly selected for treatment with biopolymer, while the other was left untreated and served as a control. Bone density was monitored radiographically after surgery and bone biopsy fragments were collected at the end of the 120-day follow-up period. Biopsy fragments were analysed using light and scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS: Mean bone density values (mmAL) were greater in control defects (16.33 ± 1.6) than in polymer-treated defects (14.17 ± 1.7) at 120 days (p = 0.027). Light microscopy revealed greater percentages of new bone formation in control defects (50.15 ± 14.8) than in polymer treated defects (26.94 ± 12.1) at 120 days (p < 0.0001). Scanning electron microscopy analysis suggested a similar quality of pre-existing bone and new bone formed in the presence of biomaterial. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The absence of adverse reactions supports biomaterial biocompatibility and osteoconducting capacity and suggests the castor oil polymer is a suitable bone substitute for the treatment of bone defects in horses.

Índices e dimensões ecocardiográficas de equinos da raça Mangalarga Marchador / Echocardiographic indexes and dimension in horses of the Mangalarga Marchador breed

Com o objetivo de determinar os valores de referência ecocardiográficos de equinos da raça Mangalarga Marchador, foram avaliados 80 equinos desta raça, machos e fêmeas, com 1,6 a 16 anos de idade, pesando entre 320 a 500 kg, divididos igualmente em 4 grupos: fêmeas de 1,6 a 4 anos de idade (G1), fêmeas com mais de 4 anos de idade (G2), machos de 1,6 a 4 anos de idade (G3), machos com mais de 4 anos de idade (G4). A avaliação constou de exame ecocardiográfico mono e bidimensional, tendo sido realizados através da janela cardíaca direita, nos modos B e M: DIVDs, DIVDd, SIVs, SIVd, DIVEs, DIVEd, PLVEs, PLVEd, Aod, FS%, EF%, AEs, Aod, Aes/ Aod, ponto E-S. Através da janela cardíaca esquerda nos modos B e M: DIVEs, DIVEd, FS%, EF%, AEs. Foram observadas diferenças estatísticas entre as médias dos quatro grupos dos seguintes parâmetros: Aod, AEs, DIVDs, DIVDd, SIVs, SIVd, DIVEs, DIVEd, PLVEs, PLVEd, Vs, Vd e correlações estatísticas positivas entre Aod, AEs, SIVs, SIVd, PLVEs, PLVEd, Vd e a idade, entreAod, AEs, SIVs, SIVd, DIVEd, PLVEs, AEs/Aod e o peso e o perímetro torácico e entre Aod, AEs, SIVs, SIVd, DIVEs, PLVEs, Vd e a altura da cernelha. Houve influência tanto do sexo como da faixa etária sobre os valores de referência para equinos da raça Mangalarga Marchador, tendo os machos acima de 4 anos apresentados valores de medidas ventriculares maiores. O peso, altura e idade dos animais influenciaram da mesma forma os resultados, estando todos relacionados positivamente ao tamanho da estrutura cardíaca.(AU)

Aiming to establish the echocardiographic reference values of cardiac dimensions and indexes in horses of the Mangalarga Marchador breed, 80 horses, weighing 320 to 500 kg, that were divided in four group by gender and age, as follows: 1.6 to 4-year-old females (G1), more than 4-year-old females (G2), 1.6 to 4-year-old males (G3) and above 4-year-old males (G4), were evaluated by standardized technique. The evaluation consisted of B-mode and guided M-mode echocardiography, by which the following measurements were made: from the right cardiac window, by B- and M-mode: systolic and diastolic RVID, IVS, LVID, LVFW, Aod, FS% and EF%, by B-mode: Las, Aod, and Las/Aod, by M-mode: S-E point, from left cardiac window, by B- and M-mode: LVIDs, LVIDd, FS% and EF% and by B-mode: Las. There were statistic differences between means of the four groups for the following parameters: Aod, Las, RVIDs, RVIDd, IVSs, IVSd, LVIDs, LVIDd, LVFWs, LVFWd, Vs, Vd. There were statistic correlations between Aod, Las, IVSs, IVSd, LVFWs, LVFWd, Vd and age; Aod, Las, IVs, IVSd, LVIDd, LVFWs, Las/Aod and bodyweight and thoracic perimeter; and Aod, LAs, IVSs, IVSd, LVIDs, LVFWs, Vd and height. Sex and age group influenced the reference values for the Mangalarga Marchador horses; males above 4 years presented higher ventricular measurement values. Height, weight and age of the horses influenced in the same way the results, all being positively related to the size of the cardiac structure.(AU)

Índices e dimensões ecocardiográficas de equinos da raça Mangalarga Marchador / Echocardiographic indexes and dimension in horses of the Mangalarga Marchador breed

Com o objetivo de determinar os valores de referência ecocardiográficos de equinos da raça Mangalarga Marchador, foram avaliados 80 equinos desta raça, machos e fêmeas, com 1,6 a 16 anos de idade, pesando entre 320 a 500 kg, divididos igualmente em 4 grupos: fêmeas de 1,6 a 4 anos de idade (G1), fêmeas com mais de 4 anos de idade (G2), machos de 1,6 a 4 anos de idade (G3), machos com mais de 4 anos de idade (G4). A avaliação constou de exame ecocardiográfico mono e bidimensional, tendo sido realizados através da janela cardíaca direita, nos modos B e M: DIVDs, DIVDd, SIVs, SIVd, DIVEs, DIVEd, PLVEs, PLVEd, Aod, FS%, EF%, AEs, Aod, Aes/ Aod, ponto E-S. Através da janela cardíaca esquerda nos modos B e M: DIVEs, DIVEd, FS%, EF%, AEs. Foram observadas diferenças estatísticas entre as médias dos quatro grupos dos seguintes parâmetros: Aod, AEs, DIVDs, DIVDd, SIVs, SIVd, DIVEs, DIVEd, PLVEs, PLVEd, Vs, Vd e correlações estatísticas positivas entre Aod, AEs, SIVs, SIVd, PLVEs, PLVEd, Vd e a idade, entreAod, AEs, SIVs, SIVd, DIVEd, PLVEs, AEs/Aod e o peso e o perímetro torácico e entre Aod, AEs, SIVs, SIVd, DIVEs, PLVEs, Vd e a altura da cernelha. Houve influência tanto do sexo como da faixa etária sobre os valores de referência para equinos da raça Mangalarga Marchador, tendo os machos acima de 4 anos apresentados valores de medidas ventriculares maiores. O peso, altura e idade dos animais influenciaram da mesma forma os resultados, estando todos relacionados positivamente ao tamanho da estrutura cardíaca.(AU)

Aiming to establish the echocardiographic reference values of cardiac dimensions and indexes in horses of the Mangalarga Marchador breed, 80 horses, weighing 320 to 500 kg, that were divided in four group by gender and age, as follows: 1.6 to 4-year-old females (G1), more than 4-year-old females (G2), 1.6 to 4-year-old males (G3) and above 4-year-old males (G4), were evaluated by standardized technique. The evaluation consisted of B-mode and guided M-mode echocardiography, by which the following measurements were made: from the right cardiac window, by B- and M-mode: systolic and diastolic RVID, IVS, LVID, LVFW, Aod, FS% and EF%, by B-mode: Las, Aod, and Las/Aod, by M-mode: S-E point, from left cardiac window, by B- and M-mode: LVIDs, LVIDd, FS% and EF% and by B-mode: Las. There were statistic differences between means of the four groups for the following parameters: Aod, Las, RVIDs, RVIDd, IVSs, IVSd, LVIDs, LVIDd, LVFWs, LVFWd, Vs, Vd. There were statistic correlations between Aod, Las, IVSs, IVSd, LVFWs, LVFWd, Vd and age; Aod, Las, IVs, IVSd, LVIDd, LVFWs, Las/Aod and bodyweight and thoracic perimeter; and Aod, LAs, IVSs, IVSd, LVIDs, LVFWs, Vd and height. Sex and age group influenced the reference values for the Mangalarga Marchador horses; males above 4 years presented higher ventricular measurement values. Height, weight and age of the horses influenced in the same way the results, all being positively related to the size of the cardiac structure.(AU)

Noninvasive evaluation of respiratory muscles in pre-clinical model of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy / Avaliação não invasiva dos músculos respiratórios no modelo pré-clinico da Distrofia Muscular de Duchenne

Since respiratory insufficiency is the main cause of death in patients affected by Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD), the present study aims at establishing a new non-invasive method to evaluate the clinical parameters of respiratory conditions of experimental models affected by DMD. With this purpose in mind, we evaluated the cardiorespiratory clinical conditions, the changes in the intercostal muscles, the diaphragmatic mobility, and the respiratory cycles in Golden Retriever Muscular Dystrophy (GRMD) employing ultrasonography (US). A control group consisting of dogs of the same race, but not affected by muscular dystrophy, were used in this study. The results showed that inspiration, expiration and plateau movements (diaphragm mobility) were lower in the affected group. Plateau phase in the affected group was practically non-existent and showed that the diaphragm remained in constant motion. Respiratory rate reached 15.5 per minute for affected group and 26.93 per minute for the control group. Expiration and inspiration movements of intercostal muscles reached 8.99mm and 8.79mm, respectively, for control group and 7.42mm and 7.40mm, respectively, for affected group. Methodology used in the present analysis proved to be viable for the follow-up and evaluation of the respiratory model in GRMD and may be adapted to other muscular dystrophy experimental models.

Uma vez que, a insuficiência respiratória é a principal causa de morte em pacientes afetados pela Distrofia Muscular de Duchenne (DMD), o presente estudo avaliou as condições clínicas cardiorrespiratórias, o movimento dos músculos intercostais, a mobilidade diafragmática, os ciclos respiratórios e a expansão da cavidade torácica em cães Golden Retriever com Distrofia Muscular (GRMD) por ultrassonografia (US) a fim de estabelecer um novo método não invasivo para avaliar os parâmetros de avaliação clínica de doenças respiratórias de modelos experimentais afetados por DMD. Um grupo controle constituído por cães da mesma raça e espécie, mas não afetados pela distrofia muscular também foram utilizados neste estudo. Os resultados mostraram que os movimentos de inspiração, expiração e platô (mobilidade do diafragma) foram menores no grupo afetado. A fase de platô no grupo afetado foi praticamente inexistente e mostrou que o diafragma destes animais permaneceu em constante movimento. A frequência respiratória atingiu 15,5 por minuto para o grupo afetado e 26,93 para o controle. Movimento de expiração e inspiração dos músculos intercostais atingiu 8,99 milímetros e 8,79 milímetros, respectivamente para o grupo controle e 7,42 milímetros e 7,40 milímetros, respectivamente para o grupo afetado. A metodologia utilizada nesta análise foi viável para o acompanhamento e avaliação do modelo respiratória em modelo GRMD e pode ser adaptado para outros modelos experimentais de distrofia muscular.

Noninvasive evaluation of respiratory muscles in pre-clinical model of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy / Avaliação não invasiva dos músculos respiratórios no modelo pré-clinico da Distrofia Muscular de Duchenne

Since respiratory insufficiency is the main cause of death in patients affected by Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD), the present study aims at establishing a new non-invasive method to evaluate the clinical parameters of respiratory conditions of experimental models affected by DMD. With this purpose in mind, we evaluated the cardiorespiratory clinical conditions, the changes in the intercostal muscles, the diaphragmatic mobility, and the respiratory cycles in Golden Retriever Muscular Dystrophy (GRMD) employing ultrasonography (US). A control group consisting of dogs of the same race, but not affected by muscular dystrophy, were used in this study. The results showed that inspiration, expiration and plateau movements (diaphragm mobility) were lower in the affected group. Plateau phase in the affected group was practically non-existent and showed that the diaphragm remained in constant motion. Respiratory rate reached 15.5 per minute for affected group and 26.93 per minute for the control group. Expiration and inspiration movements of intercostal muscles reached 8.99mm and 8.79mm, respectively, for control group and 7.42mm and 7.40mm, respectively, for affected group. Methodology used in the present analysis proved to be viable for the follow-up and evaluation of the respiratory model in GRMD and may be adapted to other muscular dystrophy experimental models.(AU)

Uma vez que, a insuficiência respiratória é a principal causa de morte em pacientes afetados pela Distrofia Muscular de Duchenne (DMD), o presente estudo avaliou as condições clínicas cardiorrespiratórias, o movimento dos músculos intercostais, a mobilidade diafragmática, os ciclos respiratórios e a expansão da cavidade torácica em cães Golden Retriever com Distrofia Muscular (GRMD) por ultrassonografia (US) a fim de estabelecer um novo método não invasivo para avaliar os parâmetros de avaliação clínica de doenças respiratórias de modelos experimentais afetados por DMD. Um grupo controle constituído por cães da mesma raça e espécie, mas não afetados pela distrofia muscular também foram utilizados neste estudo. Os resultados mostraram que os movimentos de inspiração, expiração e platô (mobilidade do diafragma) foram menores no grupo afetado. A fase de platô no grupo afetado foi praticamente inexistente e mostrou que o diafragma destes animais permaneceu em constante movimento. A frequência respiratória atingiu 15,5 por minuto para o grupo afetado e 26,93 para o controle. Movimento de expiração e inspiração dos músculos intercostais atingiu 8,99 milímetros e 8,79 milímetros, respectivamente para o grupo controle e 7,42 milímetros e 7,40 milímetros, respectivamente para o grupo afetado. A metodologia utilizada nesta análise foi viável para o acompanhamento e avaliação do modelo respiratória em modelo GRMD e pode ser adaptado para outros modelos experimentais de distrofia muscular.(AU)

Comparative study between radiology and ultrasound in the evaluation of extracardiac thoracic diseases in dogs and cats / Estudo comparativo entre radiologia e ultrassonografia na avaliação de doenças torácicas extracardíacas em cães e gatos

ABSTRACT:This study compared radiographic and B-mode and Doppler ultrasound exams of the thoracic cavity, excluding the heart, in canine and feline species, in which the radiographs revealed the formation of a potential acoustic window. The objectives were to demonstrate the advantages and limitations of each technique and to determine whether the additional information influenced the differential diagnosis as well as the outcome of each case. The advantages of B-mode ultrasonography included: better qualitative and quantitative evaluation of pleural effusions, an improved ability to determine whether a nodule was solid or cystic and easier determination of the location in the pulmonary parenchyma. The Power Doppler ultrasound evaluated the blood supply pattern of the nodules and masses and differentiated between vessels and fluid bronchogram. A limitation of the ultrasound examination was the need to be guided by the previous radiography. The advantages of the radiographic examination included the possibility of localizing pulmonary lesions at any depth in the absence of a pleural effusion and providing a panoramic view of the extent of the thoracic disease. The ultrasound examination influenced the differential diagnosis in 18 (62.06%) cases and influenced the outcome of 8 (27.58%) cases.

RESUMO:Este estudo comparou os exames radiográficos e ultrassonográficos modo-B e Doppler da cavidade torácica, excluindo o coração, em animais da espécie canina e felina, nos casos em que as radiografias torácicas revelaram formação de janela acústica em potencial. O objetivo foi demonstrar as vantagens e limitações de cada técnica e determinar se as informações adicionais influenciaram o diagnóstico diferencial, bem como no desfecho de cada caso. As vantagens do modo B incluíram: melhor avaliação qualitativa e quantitativa de efusão pleural; determinação da natureza sólida ou cística de nódulos, bem como a definição de sua localização no parênquima pulmonar. O ultrassom Doppler de Amplitude permitiu a avaliação do padrão de irrigação sanguínea de nódulos e massas e a diferenciação entre vasos e broncogramas fluidos. Uma limitação do exame de ultrassom foi a necessidade de se guiar pela radiografia prévia. As vantagens do exame radiográfico foram: possibilidade de localização de lesões pulmonares em qualquer profundidade na ausência de efusão pleural e proporcionar uma visão panorâmica do acometimento da cavidade torácica. O exame ultrassonográfico proporcionou impacto no diagnóstico diferencial de 18 (62,06%) dos casos e influiu no desfecho de 8 (27,58%).

Comparative study between radiology and ultrasound in the evaluation of extracardiac thoracic diseases in dogs and cats / Estudo comparativo entre radiologia e ultrassonografia na avaliação de doenças torácicas extracardíacas em cães e gatos

This study compared radiographic and B-mode and Doppler ultrasound exams of the thoracic cavity, excluding the heart, in canine and feline species, in which the radiographs revealed the formation of a potential acoustic window. The objectives were to demonstrate the advantages and limitations of each technique and to determine whether the additional information influenced the differential diagnosis as well as the outcome of each case. The advantages of B-mode ultrasonography included: better qualitative and quantitative evaluation of pleural effusions, an improved ability to determine whether a nodule was solid or cystic and easier determination of the location in the pulmonary parenchyma. The Power Doppler ultrasound evaluated the blood supply pattern of the nodules and masses and differentiated between vessels and fluid bronchogram. A limitation of the ultrasound examination was the need to be guided by the previous radiography. The advantages of the radiographic examination included the possibility of localizing pulmonary lesions at any depth in the absence of a pleural effusion and providing a panoramic view of the extent of the thoracic disease. The ultrasound examination influenced the differential diagnosis in 18 (62.06%) cases and influenced the outcome of 8 (27.58%) cases.(AU)

Este estudo comparou os exames radiográficos e ultrassonográficos modo-B e Doppler da cavidade torácica, excluindo o coração, em animais da espécie canina e felina, nos casos em que as radiografias torácicas revelaram formação de janela acústica em potencial. O objetivo foi demonstrar as vantagens e limitações de cada técnica e determinar se as informações adicionais influenciaram o diagnóstico diferencial, bem como no desfecho de cada caso. As vantagens do modo B incluíram: melhor avaliação qualitativa e quantitativa de efusão pleural; determinação da natureza sólida ou cística de nódulos, bem como a definição de sua localização no parênquima pulmonar. O ultrassom Doppler de Amplitude permitiu a avaliação do padrão de irrigação sanguínea de nódulos e massas e a diferenciação entre vasos e broncogramas fluidos. Uma limitação do exame de ultrassom foi a necessidade de se guiar pela radiografia prévia. As vantagens do exame radiográfico foram: possibilidade de localização de lesões pulmonares em qualquer profundidade na ausência de efusão pleural e proporcionar uma visão panorâmica do acometimento da cavidade torácica. O exame ultrassonográfico proporcionou impacto no diagnóstico diferencial de 18 (62,06%) dos casos e influiu no desfecho de 8 (27,58%).(AU)