Zinc and cadmium contamination in an Avicennia schaueriana mangrove environment: Mass balance and tissue distribution.

The leachate pond of a Zn processing plant in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, released Zn and Cd into a mangrove during three decades. Soil, root, stems, leaves and phloem bark samples of Avicenna schaueriana from the mangrove were collected and analyzed. Zn and Cd levels were measured by atomic absorption and were much more concentrated in soil at 76 kg/ha and 424 kg/ha respectively than in the trees (272.3 kg/ha Zn and 0.046 kg/ha Cd). This species shows a protective mechanism against uptake. The high content of Cd in the bark phloem was due to exposure to tidal flooding with high concentrations of Cd, not translocation from the roots. Allometry, and the biomass of roots, stems, leaves and bark showed that only a small percentage was phytoextracted by A. schaueriana, so this species under the described concentrations cannot phytoaccumulate and should not be used in phytoextraction.

Tremella saccharicola f.a., sp. nov., a novel tremellaceous yeast species isolated from tropical regions.

Ten strains representing a single anamorphic novel yeast species were isolated from the external surface (DMKU-SP23 and DMKU-SP40) and tissue (DMKU-SE89, DMKU-SE99, DMKU-SE100 and DMKU-SE147) of sugarcane leaves in Thailand, and phylloplane (IMUFRJR 52034) and rhizoplane (IMUFRJ 52036 and 52037) of sugarcane and associated soil (IMUFRJ 52035) in Brazil. These strains showed zero to two nucleotide substitutions in the sequences of the D1/D2 region of the LSU rRNA gene and zero to three nucleotide substitutions in the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. Tremella globispora was the most closely related species, but with 1.7-2.1 % nucleotide substitutions in the D1/D2 region of the LSU rRNA gene, and 5.3-6.0 % nucleotide substitutions in the ITS region. Phylogenetic analysis based on the concatenated sequences of the ITS and the D1/D2 regions showed that these 10 strains represented a single species belonging to the genus Tremella (class Tremellomycetes, subphylum Agaricomycotina) that was distinct from related species. They therefore represented a novel species of the genus Tremella although the formation of basidia and basidiocarp were not observed. The name Tremella saccharicola f.a., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is DMKU-SP23T (=NBRC 109698T=BCC 61186T).

Occultifur plantarum f.a., sp. nov., a novel cystobasidiomycetous yeast species.

Nine strains representing a single anamorphic novel yeast species in dispersed tropical and subtropical habitats were isolated from sugarcane leaf tissue (DMKU-SE24, DMKU-SE45T, DMKU-SE129 and DMKU-SE134) and corn leaf tissue (DMKU-CE36) in Thailand, phylloplane and rhizoplane of sugarcane in Brazil (IMUFRJ 52018 and IMUFRJ 52019), bromeliad leaf tissue in Brazil (IMUFRJ 51954) and plant leaf in Japan (IPM31-24). These strains showed identical or only 1 nt substitution in the sequences of the D1/D2 region of the LSU rRNA gene and 0-5 nt substitutions in the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. Phylogenetic analysis based on the combined sequences of the ITS and the D1/D2 regions showed that the eight of these strains represented a single species in the genus Occultifur that was distinct from related species. Occultifur kilbournensis was the most closely related species, but with 0.9-1.2 % nucleotide substitutions in the D1/D2 region of the LSU rRNA gene, and 2.4-2.6 % nucleotide substitutions in the ITS region. They are therefore considered to represent a novel species of the genus Occultifur although the formation of basidia was not observed. The name Occultifur plantarum f.a., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is DMKU-SE45T (=CBS 14554T=TBRC 6561T).

Occultifur tropicalis f.a., sp. nov., a novel cystobasidiomycetous yeast species isolated from tropical regions.

Five strains representing a single novel anamorphic yeast species were isolated from sugar cane. Two strains were from tissue (DMKU-SE38, DMKU-SE59(T)) and two from the external surface (DMKU-SP385, DMKU-SP403) of leaves collected in Thailand and the fifth (IMUFRJ 52020) from the rhizoplane of sugar cane in an organically cultivated field in Brazil. On the basis of sequence analysis of the D1/D2 region of the large subunit (LSU) rRNA gene and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, they were classified as representing a single species of the genus Occultifur. The sequences of the D1/D2 region of the LSU rRNA genes and the ITS regions of the five strains were either identical or differed from each other by only one nucleotide substitution. The novel species was related most closely to Occultifur brasiliensis f.a. CBS 12687(T) but with 0.7-1.0% nucleotide substitutions (4-6 nt) in the D1/D2 region of the LSU rRNA gene and 2.5-2.7% nucleotide substitutions (14-15 nt) in the ITS region. The name Occultifur tropicalis f.a., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is DMKU-SE59(T) ( =BCC 61184(T) =NBRC 109696(T) =CBS 13389 (T)).

Wickerhamiella slavikovae sp. nov. and Wickerhamiella goesii sp. nov., two yeast species isolated from natural substrates.

Two novel yeast species were isolated during three independent studies of yeasts associated with natural substrates in Brazil and Taiwan. Analysis of the sequences of the D1/D2 domains of the large subunit rRNA gene showed that these novel species belong to the Wickerhamiella clade. The first was isolated from freshwater and a leaf of sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum) in Brazil and from leaves of Wedelia biflora in Taiwan. Described here as Wickerhamiella slavikovae sp. nov., it differs by 56 nucleotide substitutions and 19 gaps in the D1/D2 region of the large subunit rRNA gene from Candida sorbophila, the least divergent species. The second species, named Wickerhamiella goesii sp. nov., was isolated from leaves and the rhizosphere of sugar cane collected in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The species differs by 54 nucleotide substitutions and nine gaps in the D1/D2 domains from Candida drosophilae, its least divergent relative. The type strains are Wickerhamiella slavikovae sp. nov. IMUFRJ 52096(T) (= CBS 12417(T) = DBVPG 8032(T)) and Wickerhamiella goesii sp. nov. IMUFRJ 52102(T) (= CBS 12419(T) = DBVPG 8034(T)).

Kazachstania bromeliacearum sp. nov., a yeast species from water tanks of bromeliads.

Cultures of a novel nutritionally specialized, fermentative yeast species were isolated from 34 water tanks of five bromeliad species, two mangrove sediment samples and one swamp water sample in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Sequence analysis of the D1/D2 domains of the large subunit of the rRNA gene showed that the novel species belongs to the genus Kazachstania. The novel species differs from Kazachstania martiniae by 11 substitutions and 2 gaps in the sequence of the domains D1/D2 of the LSU rRNA gene. The name Kazachstania bromeliacearum sp. nov. is proposed for the novel species. The type strain is IMUFRJ 51496T (=CBS 7996T=DBVPG 6864T=UFMG BR-174T).

Candida middelhoveniana sp. nov., a new yeast species found on the rhizoplane of organically cultivated sugarcane.

A novel yeast species within the Metschnikowiaceae is described based on a strain from the sugarcane (Saccharum sp.) rhizoplane of an organically managed farm in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The D1/D2 domain of the large subunit ribosomal RNA gene sequence analysis showed that the closest related species were Candida tsuchiyae with 86.2% and Candida thailandica with 86.7% of sequence identity. All three are anamorphs in the Clavispora opuntiae clade. The name Candida middelhoveniana sp. nov. is proposed to accommodate this highly divergent organism with the type strain Instituto de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (IMUFRJ) 51965(T) (=Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (CBS) 12306(T), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG)-70(T), DBVPG 8031(T)) and the GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ accession number for the D1/D2 domain LSU rDNA sequence is FN428871. The Mycobank deposit number is MB 519801.

Killer yeasts inhibit the growth of the phytopathogen Moniliophthora perniciosa, the causal agent of Witches' Broom disease / Leveduras micocinogênicas inibem o crescimento do fitopatógeno Moniliophthora perniciosa, o agente causador da doença Vassoura-de-bruxa

Fruit and soil yeasts isolated from the Amazon, Atlantic Rainforests and an organic farm were screened for killer activity against yeasts. Killer yeasts were then tested against the phytopathogen Moniliophthora perniciosa (syn. Crinipellis perniciosa) and a Dipodascus capitatus strain and a Candida sp strain inhibited its growth.

Leveduras de frutas e de solo isoladas da Floresta Amazônica, Mata Atlântica e de uma fazenda orgânica foram selecionadas em uma triagem para atividade micocinogênica. As estirpes micocinogênicas foram posteriormente testadas frente a Moniliophthora perniciosa (syn. Crinipellis perniciosa). Uma estirpe de Dipodascus capitatus e outra de Candida sp.inibiram o crescimento deste fitopatógeno.

Killer yeasts inhibit the growth of the phytopathogen Moniliophthora perniciosa, the causal agent of Witches' Broom disease.

Fruit and soil yeasts isolated from the Amazon, Atlantic Rainforests and an organic farm were screened for killer activity against yeasts. Killer yeasts were then tested against the phytopathogen Moniliophthora perniciosa (syn. Crinipellis perniciosa) and a Dipodascus capitatus strain and a Candida sp strain inhibited its growth.

Killer yeasts inhibit the growth of the phytopathogen Moniliophthora perniciosa, the causal agent of Witches' Broom disease

Fruit and soil yeasts isolated from the Amazon, Atlantic Rainforests and an organic farm were screened for killer activity against yeasts. Killer yeasts were then tested against the phytopathogen Moniliophthora perniciosa (syn. Crinipellis perniciosa) and a Dipodascus capitatus strain and a Candida sp strain inhibited its growth.

Leveduras de frutas e de solo isoladas da Floresta Amazônica, Mata Atlântica e de uma fazenda orgânica foram selecionadas em uma triagem para atividade micocinogênica. As estirpes micocinogênicas foram posteriormente testadas frente a Moniliophthora perniciosa (syn. Crinipellis perniciosa). Uma estirpe de Dipodascus capitatus e outra de Candida sp.inibiram o crescimento deste fitopatógeno.

Media components and amino acid supplements influencing the production of fruity aroma by Geotrichum candidum

The ability of Geotrichum candidum to produce fruity aroma in food grade sucrose, molasses, corn steep liquor and peptone based culture media was tested by sensory evaluation and analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. A strong and sweet fruity aroma was produced from molasses, with peptone or corn steep liquor stimulating aroma production. Molasses with peptone supplemented with leucine, valine, or alanine yielded better fruity aroma production and the presence of many esters was consistent with the fruity aroma production.

Geotrichum candidum foi cultivado em diversos meios de cultura contendo sacarose ou melaço e milhocina ou peptona e a produção de aroma frutal foi verificada através de avaliação sensorial e cromatografia gasosa acoplada a espectrometria de massas. Os meios contendo melaço, peptona e leucina, valina ou alanina apresentaram os melhores resultados e a presença de diversos ésteres foi consistente com a formação de aroma frutal.

Leveduras, incluindo patógenos oportunistas, associadas ao mexilhão Mytella guyanensis, no manguezal de Coroa Grande, Baía de Sepetiba, RJ / Yeasts, including opportunistic pathogenic, associates of the Mytella guyanensis, in manguezal Coroa Grande, Baía de Sepetiba, RJ

O número de infecções causadas por leveduras patógenos oportunistas vem aumentando consideravelmente nos últimos anos. Uma vez que os mexilhões, por serem filtradores, podem servir como veículo para transmissão destes microrganismos, o presente trabalho buscou detectar no mexilhão Mytella guyanensis, localizado no sedimento do manguezal de Coroa Grande, Baía de Sepetiba, RJ, a presença destas leveduras. Vinte e seis organismos foram amostrados, todos apresentando contagens acima de 10.000 UFC/100g. Das 76 cepas isoladas, 22 (aproximadamente 30 por cento), pertencem a quatro diferentes espécies de patógenos oportunistas (Candida guilliermondii, Candida krusei, Candida parapsilosis, Candida tropicalis) e podem representar um risco significante à saúde de indivíduos imunodeprimidos.

Leveduras, incluindo patógenos oportunistas, associadas ao mexilhão Mytella guyanensis, no manguezal de Coroa Grande, Baía de Sepetiba, RJ / Yeasts, including opportunistic pathogenic, associates of the Mytella guyanensis, in manguezal Coroa Grande, Baía de Sepetiba, RJ

O número de infecções causadas por leveduras patógenos oportunistas vem aumentando consideravelmente nos últimos anos. Uma vez que os mexilhões, por serem filtradores, podem servir como veículo para transmissão destes microrganismos, o presente trabalho buscou detectar no mexilhão Mytella guyanensis, localizado no sedimento do manguezal de Coroa Grande, Baía de Sepetiba, RJ, a presença destas leveduras. Vinte e seis organismos foram amostrados, todos apresentando contagens acima de 10.000 UFC/100g. Das 76 cepas isoladas, 22 (aproximadamente 30 por cento), pertencem a quatro diferentes espécies de patógenos oportunistas (Candida guilliermondii, Candida krusei, Candida parapsilosis, Candida tropicalis) e podem representar um risco significante à saúde de indivíduos imunodeprimidos.(AU)

The number of infections caused by opportunistic pathogenic yeasts has increased considerably in recent years. Since they are filter feeders mussels and can serve as vehicles for transmission of these microbes, we worked to detect their presence in moderately polluted marine intertidal sediment of the of the Coroa Grande mangrove on Sepitiba Bay in the Brazilian State of Rio de Janeiro. All of the 26 individual mussel samples had total yeast counts on Y-M Agar spread plates of above 10,000 CFU per 100mL. Of the 76 yeast cultures isolated, 22 ar about 30% were identified as the opportunistic pathogens Candida guilliermandii (1), Candida krusei (16), Candida parapilosis (2), and Candida tropicalís (3) and could represent a significant health risk to imonuocompromised people. (AU)

Pseudomonas fluorescens dynamics in the soil surface to subsurface transect.

Microbial displacement in the soil is an important process for bioremediation and dispersal of wastewater pathogens. We evaluated cell movement in surface and subsurface red-yellow podzolic soil driven by advection and microbial motility and also survival of a microbial population at high pressure as is prevalent in deep soil layers. Pseudomonas fluorescens Br 12, resistant to rifampycin and kanamycin, was used as a model organism traceable in non-sterile soil. Our results showed that more than 40% of the P. fluorescens population survived under high pressure, and that microbial motility was not a major factor for its displacement in the soil. Cells were adsorbed in similar amounts to surface and subsurface soils, but more viable cells were present in the leachate of surface than in subsurface soils. The nature of this unexpected cell binding to the subsurface soil was studied by EPR, Mossbauer, NMR, and infrared techniques, suggesting iron had a weak interaction with microbes in soil. P. fluorescens movement in soil resulted mainly from convection forces rather than microbial motility. The transport of this bacterium along the transept toward groundwater encountered restricted viability, although it survived under high pressure conditions simulating those in deep soil layers.

Media components and amino acid supplements influencing the production of fruity aroma by Geotrichum candidum

The ability of Geotrichum candidum to produce fruity aroma in food grade sucrose, molasses, corn steep liquor and peptone based culture media was tested by sensory evaluation and analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. A strong and sweet fruity aroma was produced from molasses, with peptone or corn steep liquor stimulating aroma production. Molasses with peptone supplemented with leucine, valine, or alanine yielded better fruity aroma production and the presence of many esters was consistent with the fruity aroma production.

Geotrichum candidum foi cultivado em diversos meios de cultura contendo sacarose ou melaço e milhocina ou peptona e a produção de aroma frutal foi verificada através de avaliação sensorial e cromatografia gasosa acoplada a espectrometria de massas. Os meios contendo melaço, peptona e leucina, valina ou alanina apresentaram os melhores resultados e a presença de diversos ésteres foi consistente com a formação de aroma frutal.

Heterogeneity of metallo and serine extracellular proteinases in oral clinical isolates of Candida albicans in HIV-positive and healthy children from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Candida yeasts frequently cause life-threatening systemic infections in immunocompromised hosts. In the present study, gelatin-SDS-PAGE analysis was used to characterize extracellular proteinases in 44 oral clinical isolates of Candida albicans from HIV-positive (29/50) and healthy children (15/50). Our survey indicates that these oral clinical isolates of C. albicans have complex extracellular proteolytic activity profiles, which illustrates the heterogeneity of this species. We showed four distinct proteolytic patterns composed of distinct serine (30-58 kDa) and metalloproteinase (64-95 kDa) activities, based on the inhibition profile with phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride and 1,10-phenanthroline, respectively. This is the first report on secreted serine and metalloproteinases present in the culture supernatant fluids of C. albicans; however, we did not observe a significant correlation between proteolytic profile expressed by the C. albicans isolates from HIV-positive children and CD4(+) T cell count and plasma viral load.

Mycocinogenic yeasts isolated from Amazon soils of the Maracá Ecological Station, Roraima-Brazil

The 240 yeasts isolated from soils of the Maracá Ecological Station in the Brazilian Amazon were identified and screened for mycocin production. These strains included 82 percent of ascomycetous and 18 percent basidiomicetous affinities and the prevalent species were Candida etchellsii, Candida famata, Candida robusta, Candida rugosa, Candida valida, Debaryomyces hansenii, Cryptococcus albidus, Cryptococcus laurentii, Rhodotorula glutinis, Rhodotorula minuta and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa. Mycocins able to kill some yeasts were produced by 6 strains identified as Issatchenkia sp., Saccharomyces exiguus?, Williopsis saturnus, var. subsufficiens, and 3 W. saturnus according to 26S rDNA D1/D2 region sequence and phenotypic data

Mycocinogenic yeasts isolated from Amazon soils of the Maracá Ecological Station, Roraima-Brazil

The 240 yeasts isolated from soils of the Maracá Ecological Station in the Brazilian Amazon were identified and screened for mycocin production. These strains included 82% of ascomycetous and 18% basidiomicetous affinities and the prevalent species were Candida etchellsii, Candida famata, Candida robusta, Candida rugosa, Candida valida, Debaryomyces hansenii, Cryptococcus albidus, Cryptococcus laurentii, Rhodotorula glutinis, Rhodotorula minuta and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa. Mycocins able to kill some yeasts were produced by 6 strains identified as Issatchenkia sp., Saccharomyces exiguus?, Williopsis saturnus, var. subsufficiens, and 3 W. saturnus according to 26S rDNA D1/D2 region sequence and phenotypic data.

Duzentos e quarenta linhagens de leveduras foram isoladas de amostras de solos da Estação Ecológica de Maracá, na Amazônia Brasileira, as quais representam 82% de leveduras de afinidade ascomicética e 18% basidiomicética. As especies dominantes foram Candida etchellsii, Candida famata, Candida robusta, Candida rugosa, Candida valida, Debaryomyces hansenii, Cryptococcus albidus, Cryptococcus laurentii, Rhodotorula glutinis, Rhodotorula minuta and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa. A capacidade das leveduras produzirem e excretarem toxinas letais a cepas sensíveis de leveduras, atividade micocinogênica, foi investigada. Seis linhagens foram capazes de produzir micocinas: Issatchenkia sp., Saccharomyces exiguus?, Williopsis saturnus var. subsufficiens, e 3 W. saturnus identificadas conforme os dados de taxonomia molecular baseados nas seqüências da região D1/D2 do 26S rDNA.

Prevalência de Staphylococcus aureus resistentes à meticilina (MRSA) produtores de leite humano ordenhado e seu crescimento em colostro humano / Prevalence of enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus resistant to meticilin (MRSA) in milked samples of human milk and their growth in human colostrum

Foram coletados e analisadas 500 amostras de leite humano ordenhado, oriundas de cinco cidades brasileiras (100 de cada), visando detectar cepas de staphylococcus aureus resistentes à meticilina (MRSA) produtoras de enterotoxinas. Nestas amostras foram encontradas 57 cepas de mMRSA, sendo confirmada a presença do gene mecA, responsável pela resitência, por meio de sonda molecular específica. Posteriormente, 40 das 57 cepas isoladas, foram selecionadas de modo a conter todas as cepas representantes de cada regiäo, com exceçäo da que apresentava a maioria, da qual foram selecionadas aleatoriamente 10 cepas para completar as 40 a serem analisadas. As cepas foram submetidas a pesquisa de quatro enterotoxinas por meio do Kit SET-RPLA (oxoid). Dentre estas, foram encontradas duas produtoras de enteroxina B, com as quais foram feitas curvas de crescimento em colostro humano e em " Trypticase Soy Broth", Tendo por fim avaliar o impacto dos fatores de defesa do colostro sobre o desenvolvimento e produçäo de toxinas pelos microorganismos em questäo. Para tal, foram inoculadas 5,0 x 10 elevado ao quadrado UFC/ml, que representava aproximadamente a média das contagens das cepas S. aureus nas amostras que continham as cepas resitentes à meticilina. Após cinco horas de incubaçäo a 37 graus celcius as populaçöes eram superiores a 4,9 x 10 elevado a quatro UFC/ml e apresentavam liberaçäo de enterotoxinas no meio de cultura e no colostro. Nossos resultados ressaltam a importância dos cuidados higiênicos-sanitários e das técnicas apropriadas de preservaçäo do leite humano ordenhado, para evitar a proliferaçäo do S. aureus e a conseqüente produçäo de enterotoxinas no produto, que por näo poderem ser removidas nem destruídas pelos procedimentos normais, levariam risco de vida a seus receptores

A preliminary note on yeasts associated with fecal pellets of rodents and marsupials of atlantic forest fragments in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Yeasts had men counts of above 10 (6) CFU/gin the fecal pellets of small mammals from tropical forest fragments. Most of the 55 species isolated werefermentative ascomycetes, with the most frequent being Debaryomyces hansenii, Pichia membranifaciens and Issatchenkia orientalis, whereas Rhodotorula mucilaginosa was the most frequent yeast of basidiomycetous affinity