RESUMO
The aim of this study was to find out the neuropsychological measures correlating with overlong glances at secondary in-car tasks while driving. Fifteen. patients with brain damage (without clear neurological or neuropsychological restriction on driving a car) and 11 healthy participants drove a route of 126 km and performed a series of secondary tasks while driving on a highway in an instrumented compact car. Four videocameras allowed detailed analysis of glances during in-car tasks. Neuropsychological measures focused on executive functions, memory, visuospatial skills, and fine motor skills. Moreover, patients' emotional self-evaluation and relatives' evaluation of patients' competencies were included. The proportion of overlong glances away from the road during in-car tasks was greater among the patients than. the healthy drivers. The long glances of the patients correlated strongly with motor and visuospatial deficits, cognitive inflexibility, emotional symptoms, and relatives' evaluations of patients' impaired sensomotor abilities. The results suggest that the frequency of overlong glances was increased by 2 factors: (a) impaired motor and visuospatial skills that evidently caused difficulties in the manipulation of the equipment of the secondary tasks, and (b) impairments of executive functions that were likely to decrease the ability to control the risks related to long glances at the in-car tasks. The slowing of speed during secondary tasks was on the average rather slight and not significantly more pronounced among patients than control drivers, indicating that patients failed to reduce their speed and thus the risk related to prolonged glances at in-car tasks.
RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To study over a period of one and a half years the effect of spiritual healing on patients with idiopathic pain syndrome using several psychological and medical parameters. DESIGN: Randomized clinical trial. SETTING: Outpatient pain clinic. PATIENTS: Twenty-four patients with idiopathic chronic pain who had passed a pretreatment psychological interview were allocated randomly to receive spiritual healing or no active treatment. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Medical interview (Visual Analog Scale and Pain Clinic Investigation Formula); International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) Data Base Outline; psychological interview (Hopkin's Symptom Checklist, Middlesex Hospital Questionnaire, Beck's Depression Inventory, Coping Strategy Questionnaire, Health Locus of Control scale). Patients were evaluated at baseline and at 2 weeks posttreatment. Final assessment at 1 year posttreatment was done with a modified form of IASP Data Base Outline. RESULTS: There was a minor decrease in analgesic drug intake and an improvement in sleep patterns in patients treated by the healer. Generally, clinical variables remained unchanged. Attitudes toward spiritual healing improved. There was a decrease in the feeling of hopelessness (p < 0.05) and an increased acceptance of psychological factors as reasons for pain (p < 0.05). Other scores of the psychological tests were unaffected by the healing. However, half (n = 6) of the treated patients felt that spiritual healing gave them some relief. CONCLUSION: Spiritual healing appears harmless and was subjectively helpful to some patients suffering from idiopathic chronic pain syndrome.
