Fetal Hydrops Associated With 47,XXX: A Case Report and Literature Review.

This report aims to investigate the association between 47,XXX and fetal hydrops by examining a clinical case and performing a comprehensive review of the relevant literature. A 34-year-old Japanese woman, gravida 2, para 1, was diagnosed with fetal hydrops at 27 weeks' gestation. Prenatal testing revealed a 47,XXX karyotype. Interventions included thoracocentesis and a thoracoamniotic shunt. A cesarean delivery was performed at 34 weeks and the female neonate initially had respiratory challenges. After 69 days in the neonatal intensive care unit, the infant was discharged in stable condition, and the 47,XXX karyotype was confirmed. This case may add evidence suggesting an association between 47,XXX and fetal hydrops. Chromosomal abnormalities are causes of fetal hydrops, but its association with 47,XXX remains unclear. Providing comprehensive information on this condition to couples is crucial, and considering the inclusion of fetal hydrops in the list of associated conditions might be advisable.

Incidence of Recurrent Uterine Rupture: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to quantify the incidence of recurrent uterine rupture in pregnant women. DATA SOURCES: A literature search of PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Central, and ClinicalTrials.gov for observational studies was performed from 2000 to 2023. METHODS OF STUDY SELECTION: Of the 7,440 articles screened, 13 studies were included in the final review. We included studies of previous uterine ruptures that were complete uterine ruptures , defined as destruction of all uterine layers, including the serosa. The primary outcome was the pooled incidence of recurrent uterine rupture. Between-study heterogeneity was assessed with the I2 value. Subgroup analyses were conducted in terms of the country development status, year of publication, and study size (single center vs national study). The secondary outcomes comprised the following: 1) mean gestational age at which recurrent rupture occurred, 2) mean gestational age at which delivery occurred without recurrent rupture, and 3) perinatal complications (blood loss, transfusion, maternal mortality, and neonatal mortality). TABULATION, INTEGRATION, AND RESULTS: A random-effects model was used to pool the incidence or mean value and the corresponding 95% CI with R software. The pooled incidence of recurrent uterine rupture was 10% (95% CI 6-17%). Developed countries had a significantly lower uterine rupture recurrence rate than less developed countries (6% vs 15%, P =.04). Year of publication and study size were not significantly associated with recurrent uterine rupture. The mean number of gestational weeks at the time of recurrent uterine rupture was 32.49 (95% CI 29.90-35.08). The mean number of gestational weeks at the time of delivery without recurrent uterine rupture was 35.77 (95% CI 34.95-36.60). The maternal mortality rate was 5% (95% CI 2-11%), and the neonatal mortality rate was 5% (95% CI 3-10%). Morbidity from hemorrhage, such as bleeding and transfusion, was not reported in any study and could not be evaluated. CONCLUSION: This systematic review estimated a 10% incidence of recurrent uterine rupture. This finding will enable appropriate risk counseling in patients with prior uterine rupture. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: PROSPERO, CRD42023395010.

Comparison of maternal outcomes and clinical characteristics of prenatally vs nonprenatally diagnosed placenta accreta spectrum: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to compare maternal outcomes of prenatally and nonprenatally diagnosed placenta accreta spectrum. DATA SOURCES: A systematic literature search was performed in PubMed, the Cochrane database, and Web of Science until November 28, 2022. STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: Studies comparing the clinical presentation of prenatally and nonprenatally diagnosed placenta accreta spectrum were included. The primary outcomes were emergent cesarean delivery, hysterectomy, blood loss volume, number of transfused blood product units, urological injury, coagulopathy, reoperation, intensive care unit admission, and maternal death. In addition, the pooled mean values for blood loss volume and the number of transfused blood product units were calculated. The secondary outcomes included maternal age, gestational age at birth, nulliparity, previous cesarean delivery, previous uterine procedure, assisted reproductive technology, placenta increta and percreta, and placenta previa. METHODS: Study screening was performed after duplicates were identified and removed. The quality of each study and the publication bias were assessed. Forest plots and I2 statistics were calculated for each study outcome for each group. The main analysis was a random-effects analysis. RESULTS: Overall, 415 abstracts and 157 full-text studies were evaluated. Moreover, 31 studies were analyzed. Prenatally diagnosed placenta accreta spectrum was associated with a significantly lower rate of emergency cesarean delivery (odds ratio, 0.37; 95% confidence interval, 0.21-0.67), higher hysterectomy rate (odds ratio, 1.98; 95% confidence interval, 1.02-3.83), lower blood loss volume (mean difference, -0.65; 95% confidence interval, -1.17 to -0.13), and lower number of transfused red blood cell units (mean difference, -1.96; 95% confidence interval, -3.25 to -0.68) compared with nonprenatally diagnosed placenta accreta spectrum. The pooled mean values for blood loss volume and the number of transfused blood product units tended to be lower in the prenatally diagnosed placenta accreta spectrum groups than in the nonprenatally diagnosed placenta accreta spectrum groups. Nulliparity (odds ratio, 0.14; 95% confidence interval, 0.10-0.20), previous cesarean delivery (odds ratio, 6.81; 95% confidence interval, 4.12-11.25), assisted reproductive technology (odds ratio, 0.19; 95% confidence interval, 0.06-0.61), placenta increta and percreta (odds ratio, 3.97; 95% confidence interval, 2.24-7.03), and placenta previa (odds ratio, 6.81; 95% confidence interval, 4.12-11.25) showed statistical significance. No significant difference was found for the other outcomes. CONCLUSION: Despite its severity, the positive effect of prenatally diagnosed placenta accreta spectrum on outcomes underscores the necessity of a prenatal diagnosis. In addition, the pooled mean values provide a preoperative preparation guideline.

Pathologically diagnosed placenta accreta spectrum without placenta previa: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess clinical characteristics related to pathologically proven placenta accreta spectrum without placenta previa. DATA SOURCES: A literature search of PubMed, the Cochrane database, and Web of Science was performed from inception to September 7, 2022. STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: The primary outcomes were invasive placenta (including increta or percreta), blood loss, hysterectomy, and antenatal diagnosis. In addition, maternal age, assisted reproductive technology, previous cesarean delivery, and previous uterine procedures were investigated as potential risk factors. The inclusion criteria were studies evaluating the clinical presentation of pathologically diagnosed PAS without placenta previa. METHODS: Study screening was conducted after duplicates were identified and removed. The quality of each study and the publication bias were assessed. Forest plots and I2 statistics were calculated for each study outcome for each group. The main analysis was a random-effects analysis. RESULTS: Among 2598 studies that were initially retrieved, 5 were included in the review. With the exception of 1 study, 4 studies were included in the meta-analysis. This meta-analysis showed that placenta accreta spectrum without placenta previa was associated with less risk of invasive placenta (odds ratio, 0.24; 95% confidence interval, 0.16-0.37), blood loss (mean difference, -1.19; 95% confidence interval, -2.09 to -0.28) and hysterectomy (odds ratio, 0.11; 95% confidence interval, 0.02-0.53), and more difficult to diagnose prenatally (odds ratio, 0.13; 95% confidence interval, 0.04-0.45) than placenta accreta spectrum with placenta previa. In addition, assisted reproductive technology and a previous uterine procedure were strong risk factors for placenta accreta spectrum without placenta previa, whhereas previous cesarean delivery was a strong risk factor for placenta accreta spectrum with placenta previa. CONCLUSION: The differences in clinical aspects of placenta accreta spectrum with and without placenta previa need to be understood.

Obstetrical outcomes of pregnant women 50 years and older compared to those aged 45-49 years: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

AIM: In this review, We compared clinical characteristics of pregnant women aged 50 and older with those aged 45-49. Pregnant women ≥45 years are strongly associated with pregnancy-related complications, such as cesarean section rate, gestational hypertension, gestational diabetes mellitus, and preterm birth. Although pregnant women ≥50 years are considered more high-risk, differences in pregnancy outcomes between those over 45 and 50 years of age are unclear. METHODS: Our source strategy included using PubMed, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Web of Science databases to include studies published between January 1, 2010 and September 30, 2022. The study population was pregnant women 50 years and older; the control group was pregnant women aged 45-49 years. Primary outcomes were cesarean section, gestational hypertension, gestational diabetes mellitus, and preterm birth. The secondary outcomes were small-for-gestational age, 5-min Apgar score < 7, neonatal intensive care unit admission (as neonatal outcomes), nulliparity, assisted reproductive technology (ART), and multifetal pregnancy (as maternal backgrounds). RESULTS: The incidence of cesarean section, gestational hypertension, and preterm delivery was significantly higher in those 50 years and older; however, significant differences disappeared when pooled analyses were limited to singleton pregnancies. ART was significantly more likely to be used for conception of pregnant women ≥50 years. Infants of women ≥50 years were more likely to be admitted to NICUs. CONCLUSIONS: The differences in outcomes between the two groups are obviously influenced by multiple pregnancies, therefore, reproductive medicine specialists should aim for singleton pregnancies in ART.

Pregnancy outcomes at maternal age over 45 years: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to identify trends in pregnancy outcomes, especially delivery mode, among pregnant patients older than 45 years. DATA SOURCES: A literature search was performed using PubMed, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials for studies published between January 1, 2010, and June 30, 2022. STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: The primary outcomes were cesarean delivery and assisted delivery. The secondary outcomes were preeclampsia, gestational diabetes mellitus, placenta previa, placental abruption, postpartum hemorrhage, and preterm birth. The inclusion criteria were studies examining the relationship between older age pregnancy and pregnancy outcomes, studies that compared pregnancy outcomes at maternal age ≥45 years and <45 years, and at least one of the primary and secondary pregnancy outcomes were included. METHODS: Study screening was performed after duplicates were identified and removed. The quality of each study and publication bias were assessed. Forest plots and I2 statistics were calculated for each study outcome for each group. The main analysis was a random-effects analysis. The inverse variance method was used to integrate the results if studies had an adjusted analysis. RESULTS: Among 4209 studies initially retrieved, 24 were included in this review. All studies were retrospective, observational studies. Pregnant patients aged ≥45 years had a significantly higher cesarean delivery rate (odds ratio, 2.87; 95% confidence interval, 2.50-3.30; I2=97%) than those aged <45 years. However, the emergency cesarean delivery rate was lower in older pregnant patients (odds ratio, 0.61; 95% confidence interval, 0.47-0.79; I2=79%). Pregnancy in older individuals was associated with a lower assisted delivery rate than pregnancy in younger individuals (odds ratio, 0.85; 95% confidence interval, 0.75-0.97; I2=48%). Preeclampsia, gestational diabetes mellitus, placenta previa, placental abruption, postpartum hemorrhage, and preterm birth were more likely to occur in pregnant patients aged ≥45 years than in those aged <45 years. Adjusted pooled analyses showed trends similar to those in the unadjusted pooled analyses. CONCLUSION: Adverse pregnancy outcomes, typically cesarean delivery, were more likely to occur in older (≥45 years) pregnant patients than in younger pregnant patients. However, the assisted delivery rate was lower in older pregnant patients.

Unexpected uterine body placenta accreta spectrum with placenta previa in a subsequent pregnancy after uterine artery embolization: a case report.

BACKGROUND: A subsequent pregnancy after uterine artery embolization (UAE) raises several concerns, one of which is placenta accreta spectrum (PAS). Placenta previa is the strongest risk factor for PAS, which is most likely to occur in the lower uterine segment. PAS without placenta previa (i.e., uterine body PAS) is considered relatively rare. CASE PRESENTATION: A 35-year-old woman, gravida 2 para 1, had undergone UAE for postpartum hemorrhage due to uterine atony after vaginal delivery in her previous pregnancy. She developed placenta previa during her subsequent pregnancy and was therefore evaluated for PAS in the lower uterine segment. On the basis of examination findings, we considered PAS to be unlikely. During cesarean section, we found that the placenta was not detached from the uterine body, and the patient was determined to have uterine body PAS. Ultimately, a hysterectomy was performed. CONCLUSIONS: PAS can occur in a subsequent pregnancy after UAE. When a subsequent pregnancy after UAE is accompanied by placenta previa, it is important to maintain a high index of suspicion of uterine body PAS without being misled by the presence of placenta previa.

Fetal biometric and Doppler measurements following abdominal radical trachelectomy in the second trimester of the pregnancy.

BACKGROUND: Our previous study demonstrated the safety and effectiveness of abdominal radical trachelectomy during pregnancy but did not focus on the fetus. This study aimed to clarify the influence of abdominal radical trachelectomy performed during pregnancy on the fetus. METHODS: Eight cervical cancer patients who underwent abdominal radical trachelectomy at our hospital between February 2013 and August 2020 were enrolled in this study. To assess the peri- and postoperative influence on the fetus, we performed fetal heart monitoring at 30-min intervals during abdominal radical trachelectomy and calculated the estimated fetal body weight and resistance indexes of the middle cerebral artery and umbilical artery from postsurgery until delivery. RESULTS: Four out of eight patients had preterm birth due to chorioamnionitis in one case and consideration of the recurrent risk of cervical cancer in three cases. Fetal heart monitoring during abdominal radical trachelectomy revealed deceleration just once in one case but no abnormal findings in the other cases. In all cases, the fetal growth after abdominal radical trachelectomy was normal until delivery. No abnormal Doppler findings were detected in the middle cerebral artery or umbilical artery. CONCLUSION: Our findings clarified that abdominal radical trachelectomy performed for the treatment of early-stage cervical cancer during pregnancy has no obvious influence on fetal growth. Next, it is necessary to evaluate the growth and development of children delivered from mothers who have undergone abdominal radical trachelectomy during pregnancy.

Massive ascites due to lupus peritonitis in a patient with pre-eclampsia and systemic lupus erythematosus: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are associated with pre-eclampsia. Pre-eclampsia can have systemic manifestations, such as ascites. Lupus peritonitis, a rare condition in patients with SLE, can also cause ascites. CASE PRESENTATION: A 31-year-old woman, primigravida, with SLE had a blood pressure of 170/110 mmHg and proteinuria at 29 weeks of gestation. She was diagnosed with pre-eclampsia. Her blood pressure was stabilized by an antihypertensive drug. At 30 weeks of gestation, a cesarean section was performed for maternal safety because of decreased urine output and massive ascites. Postoperatively, re-accumulation of ascites was observed. On the fourth postoperative day, ascites (approximately 3 L) was discharged from the cesarean section wound. A decrease in serum complement concentrations was observed, and she was diagnosed as having lupus peritonitis. The steroid dose was increased and she recovered well thereafter. CONCLUSIONS: Ascites occurs in pre-eclampsia and SLE, but determining which of these conditions causes ascites can be difficult. However, careful observation is necessary because of the differences in treatment of these two conditions.

Clinical results of image-guided interstitial brachytherapy with or without external beam radiotherapy for postsurgical vaginal recurrence of cervical and endometrial cancers.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to evaluate the clinical outcome and efficacy of image-guided interstitial brachytherapy (ISBT) for postsurgical vaginal recurrence of cervical and endometrial cancers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 11 patients who received CT-based image-guided high-dose-rate ISBT with or without external beam radiotherapy (EBRT). Local control, progression-free survival, and treatment-related toxicities were evaluated retrospectively. RESULTS: Of the 11 patients, 4 underwent ISBT with EBRT and the other 7 ISBT alone; two of the latter patients received previous pelvic radiotherapy. After a median follow-up of 43.9 months (range 3.9-92.7 months), the 2-year local control rate was 100%. The median equivalent doses in 2 Gy fractions received by at least 90% of the clinical target volume for ISBT with versus without EBRT were 82.2 Gy (range 60.4-84.2 Gy) versus 69.0 Gy (range 50.8-98.2 Gy). The 2-year progression-free survival rates after ISBT with versus without EBRT were 75% versus 80%, and the difference was not significant (p = 0.74). Grade 3 late toxicities occurred in two patients. CONCLUSION: Our radiotherapy strategy using image-guided ISBT, either with or without EBRT, for postsurgical vaginal recurrence showed effective treatment outcomes.

Vulvar Extramammary Paget Disease Detected by Cytology for Cervical Cancer Screening: A Case Report and Literature Review.

BACKGROUND Vulvar extramammary Paget disease (EMPD) with abnormal cervical cytology is extremely rare. We encountered a case of secondary EMPD derived from urothelial carcinoma diagnosed after cytological examination for cervical cancer screening. We diagnosed the case promptly owing to suspicion based on the patient's medical history and vulvar appearance. We report the case and present a review of published cases of EMPD with abnormal cervical cytology. CASE REPORT A 77-year-old Japanese woman visited a hospital because cervical cancer screening raised the suspicion of adenocarcinoma. Findings of the cytological examinations of the cervix, endometrium, and urethral meatus corresponded to those of other malignant neoplasms of the Bethesda system. The patient had undergone total urethral cystectomy for urothelial carcinoma 5 years earlier. In our hospital, we found erythema extending from the urethral meatus to the vulva and performed a vulvar biopsy based on the suspicion of recurrence of the urothelial carcinoma. We diagnosed secondary EMPD derived from the urothelial carcinoma based on the findings of Paget cells in the epithelium and immunohistochemistry. CONCLUSIONS A review of all the reported cases of EMPD with abnormal cervical cytology shows that the frequency of primary lesions is high in primary EMPD and secondary EMPD derived from urothelial carcinoma. These cases demonstrated the difficulty of suspecting EMPD based on cervical cytology alone. It should be considered that the cells derived from vulvar EMPD can be observed in cervical cytology, particularly in patients with a history of primary EMPD or urothelial carcinoma and with vulvar symptoms.

Successful repeated uterine artery embolization in postpartum hemorrhage with disseminated intravascular coagulation: a case report and literature review.

BACKGROUND: Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is a potentially fatal condition requiring urgent and appropriate intervention. Uterine artery embolization (UAE) has a high hemostatic capacity for PPH, but it may fail. Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) has been reported as a risk factor associated with the failure of UAE. CASE PRESENTATION: A 37-year-old primigravida with dichorionic diamniotic twins and placenta previa underwent cesarean section. The blood loss during surgery was 4950 mL. Hemostasis was achieved using an intrauterine balloon tamponade device. However, she lost a further 2400 mL of blood 5 h after surgery. We embolized both uterine arteries using gelatin sponges and confirmed hemostasis. She was suffering from DIC and received ample blood transfusions. However, a further 1300 mL of blood was lost 18 h after surgery and we performed repeated UAE, with complete recanalization of the uterine arteries on both sides and re-embolization with gelatin sponges. Her DIC was treated successfully by blood transfusions at this time, and she showed no further bleeding after the repeated UAE. CONCLUSIONS: DIC is a risk factor for the failure of UAE. Repeated UAE may be effective after sufficient improvement of the hematological status in patients with PPH and DIC.

PET/MR imaging for the evaluation of cervical cancer during pregnancy.

BACKGROUND: Malignancy during pregnancy is increasing, and the most common type of malignancy is uterine cervical cancer. When planning the treatment of cervical cancer, it is important to look for signs of metastasis before surgery, especially metastasis to the lymph nodes. In this report, we assessed the diagnostic value of positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance imaging (PET/MRI) for evaluating cervical cancer propagation before surgery, with a focus on pregnant women. CASE PRESENTATION: 18F Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-PET/MRI was performed in seven pregnant cervical cancer patients (28-34 years old) at 9-18 gestational weeks. In case #5, a second PET/MRI was performed at 24 gestational weeks. Of seven FDG-PET/MRI examination series in six cases (cases #1-6), FDG-PET/MR imaging could detect cervical tumors with abnormal FDG accumulation; these tumors were confirmed with a standardized uptake value max (SUV max) titer of 4.5-16. A second PET/MRI examination in case #5 revealed the same SUV max titer as the first examination. In these six imaging series (cases #1-5), there were no signs of cancer metastasis to the parametrium and lymph nodes. However, in case #6, abnormal FDG accumulation in the left parametrial lymph nodes was also detectable. Pathological examination showed lymph node metastasis in case #6. In case #7, PET/MRI could not detect any abnormal FDG accumulation in the cervix and other sites. Cone biopsy demonstrated only micro-invasive squamous cell carcinoma. After treatment for cervical cancer, all seven patients have had no recurrence of disease within the follow-up period (2.8-5.6 years), and their children have developed appropriately. CONCLUSION: PET/MRI is an effective imaging tool to evaluate cervical cancer progression in pregnancy.

Factor Structure and Measurement Invariance of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale Across the Peripartum Period Among Pregnant Japanese Women.

PURPOSE: The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) is a self-report questionnaire widely used to assess anxiety and depression. To the best of our knowledge, only four studies have examined the factor structure of the HADS for assessing pregnant women, with conflicting results. This study aimed to assess the factor structure and measurement invariance of the HADS for use with pregnant Japanese women. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS: A total of 936 pregnant Japanese women completed the HADS questionnaire at three time points: the first and third trimester of pregnancy, and postpartum. We examined the factor structure of the HADS in Group 1 (n = 466) using exploratory factor analysis (EFA). We then compared the models identified in Group 1 with those from previous studies using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) in Group 2 (n = 470). We performed multiple-group CFA for Group 2 to test the measurement invariance of the best-fit model across the three time points. RESULTS: The EFA for the Group 1 data at the three time points revealed a two-factor model. In the CFA, the two-factor model from Group 1 showed the best fit with the data at the three time points. In the multiple-group CFA for Group 2, we confirmed the configural and metric invariance of the two-factor model across the three time points. CONCLUSION: Our findings provide evidence for a two-factor structure and weak measurement invariance of the HADS in pregnant Japanese women during the peripartum period.

Depression, Anxiety and Primiparity are Negatively Associated with Mother-Infant Bonding in Japanese Mothers.

PURPOSE: Postpartum depression is a well-known risk factor, and postpartum anxiety and parity are potential risk factors, for mother-infant bonding disorder. However, few studies have focused on the relationships among these factors and mother-infant bonding. This cross-sectional study explored the associations between depression, anxiety and parity, and mother-infant bonding. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Japanese mothers, both primiparas and multiparas, completed the Mother-to-Infant Bonding Scale (MIBS) and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) one month after childbirth. We performed a stepwise multiple regression analysis with the forward selection method to assess the effects of HADS anxiety and depression scores and parity as independent variables on mother-infant bonding as the dependent variable. RESULTS: A total of 2379 Japanese mothers (1116 primiparas and 1263 multiparas) took part in the study. MIBS score (2.89 ± 2.68 vs 1.60 ± 2.11; p < 0.0001) was significantly higher in primiparas than in multiparas. HADS anxiety (6.55 ± 4.06 vs 4.63 ± 3.41; p < 0.0001) and depression (6.56 ± 3.43 vs 5.98 ± 3.20; p < 0.0001) scores were also significantly higher in primiparas than in multiparas. A stepwise multiple regression analysis with the forward selection method revealed that HADS depression and anxiety scores and parity were significantly associated with MIBS score (p = 0.003, 0.015 and 0.023). CONCLUSION: Depression, anxiety and primiparity were negatively associated with mother-infant bonding one month after childbirth.

Classification of factors involved in nonreportable results of noninvasive prenatal testing (NIPT) and prediction of success rate of second NIPT.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the reasons for nonreportable cell-free DNA (cfDNA) results in noninvasive prenatal testing (NIPT), we retrospectively studied maternal characteristics and other details associated with the results. METHODS: A multicenter retrospective cohort study in pregnant women undergoing NIPT by massively parallel sequencing (MPS) with failed cfDNA tests was performed between April 2013 and March 2017. The women's data and MPS results were analyzed in terms of maternal characteristics, test performance, fetal fraction (FF), z scores, anticoagulation therapy, and other details of the nonreportable cases. RESULTS: Overall, 110 (0.32%) of 34 626 pregnant women had nonreportable cfDNA test results after an initial blood sampling; 22 (20.0%) cases had a low FF (<4%), and 18 (16.4%) cases including those with a maternal malignancy, were found to have altered genomic profile. Approximately half of the cases with nonreportable results had borderline z score. Among the women with nonreportable results because of altered genomic profile, the success rate of retesting using a second blood sampling was relatively low (25.0%-33.3%). Thirteen (11.8%) of the women with nonreportable results had required hypodermic heparin injection. CONCLUSIONS: The classification of nonreportable results using cfDNA analysis is important to provide women with precise information and to reduce anxiety during pregnancy.

Treatment for patients with recurrent fetal losses positive for anti-cardiolipin beta2 glycoprotein I antibody using Sairei-to (Chai-ling-tang) and low-dose aspirin.

AIM: Recently, it is widely recognized that positivity for anti-phospholipid antibodies is a causative factor for a range of reproductive failures. Anti-cardiolipin beta2 glycoprotein I antibody (anti-CL-beta2-GPI) is a representative anti-phospholipid antibody, which strongly correlates with the development of thrombotic events and diversity of adverse pregnancies. In this series, we aimed to elucidate effective treatment for patients with recurrent fetal losses positive for anti-CL-beta2-GPI using Japanese-modified Chinese herbal medicine. METHODS: Twenty-one patients with recurrent fetal losses who were positive for anti-CL-beta2-GPI were treated with the Japanese-modified Chinese herbal medicine, Sairei-to (Chai-ling-tang), and low-dose aspirin with or without adrenal corticosteroid hormone. Of the 21 patients, the value of anti-CL-beta2-GPI ranged from 1.9 to 3.4 in 10 patients, and it was over 3.5 in 11 patients. RESULTS: Of the 21 patients treated with the current protocol, the pregnancy successfully continued in 17 patients (success rate: 81.0%). Of the four patients who showed repeated abortion, chromosome abnormality of chorionic villi was observed in two; thus, the success rate would be 89.5% (17 of 19 cases) on excluding these cases from the evaluation. CONCLUSION: The efficacy of the current treatment adopting the modified Japanese version of the Chinese herbal medicine Sairei-to for patients with recurrent fetal losses positive for anti-CL-beta2-GPI was indicated.