[Circumference of the abdomen and gluteal region (waist and hip) in the adult Czech and Slovak population]. / Obvod bricha a gluteu (pasu a boku) u ceské a slovenské populace v dospelosti.

Abdominal and gluteal (waist and hip) circumferences are accepted as indicators of central fat distribution and abdominal (waist) circumference is generally regarded as a simple anthropometric measure of visceral fat distribution. In the years 1987-88 there was carried out an anthropometric survey on the whole region of former Czechoslovakia, which was done in 16,400 of adult men and women, aged 20 to more than 70 years on the basis of the three grade statistical choice. Except for many other anthropometric measures, abdominal and gluteal (waist and hip) circumferences were estimated according to Martin and Saller [1957] (M62/1; M64/1). The results show that gluteal (hip) circumference is longer than abdominal (waist) circumference in adulthood similarly as in childhood. Abdominal circumference is longer in men than in women in agreement with sexual dimorphism. Abdominal circumference is not significantly different in Czech and Slovak men and Czech and Slovak women. Nevertheless, in Slovak women increases their abdominal circumference to maximum at the beginning their fifth decade and then decreases concurrently with lowering of BMI while in Czech women increase in abdominal circumference lasts till seventh decade. Maximal intersexual difference is found in the third decade (21-25 years) and at the end of follow-up in both populations. Gluteal (hip) circumference is not significantly different in men and women to the half of the forth decade in both Czech and Slovak populations. Afterwards it is markedly longer in women probably due to the higher accumulation of subcutaneous fat. In the second part of seventh decade in Czech population and about five years earlier in the Slovak group the circumference is getting shorter on the average value in men. This change can be caused by the age involution of adipose tissue. The examined data were constructed into percentile nets of the abdominal and gluteal circumferences for both men and women and Czech and Slovak populations.

[Development of abdominal and gluteal circumference (waist and hips) in adults]. / Vývoj obvodu bricha a gluteu (pasu a boku) v dospelosti.

BACKGROUND: Abdominal and gluteal (waist and hip) circumferences are accepted as indicators of central fat distribution and abdominal (waist) circumference is generally regarded as a simple anthropometric measure of visceral fat distribution. METHODS AND RESULTS: In the years 1987-1988 there was carried out an anthropometric survey on the region of former Czechoslovakia. Crossover study was performed in 16,400 of adult men and women aged from 20 to more than 70 years on the basis of the three level random sample. Except for many other anthropometric measures, abdominal and gluteal (waist and hip) circumferences were assessed according to Martin (M62/1; M64/1). The results show that gluteal (hip) circumference is longer than a abdominal (waist) circumference in adulthood similarly as in childhood. Abdominal circumference is larger in men than in women in agreement with sexual dimorphism. Abdominal circumference is not significantly different in Czech and Slovak men and Czech and Slovak women. Nevertheless, abdominal circumference in Slovak women increases to maximum at the beginning of their fifth decade and then decreases concurrently with lowering of BMI. In Czech women increase in abdominal circumference lasts till seventh decade. This difference can result from the earlier involution in Slovak women. Maximal intersexual difference is found at the beginning of the third decade (21-25 years) and at the end of follow-up in both populations. CONCLUSIONS: Gluteal (hip) circumference is not significantly different in men and women to the half of the forth decade in both Czech and Slovak populations. In following decades it is markedly longer in women probably due to the higher accumulation of subcutaneous fat. In the second part of seventh decade in Czech population and about five years earlier in the Slovak group the average circumference in men decreases. This change can be caused by the age involution of adipose tissue. The examined data were constructed into percentile nets of the abdominal and gluteal circumferences for both men and women and Czech and Slovak populations.

[Abdominal and gluteal circumference as diagnostic criteria for the distribution of fat in childhood, adolescence and early adulthood]. / Obvod bricha a gluteu jako diagnostické kritérium distribuce tuku v detském, adolescentním a raném dospelém veku.

Two essential nutritional and anthropological parameters--abdominal (waist) and gluteal (hip) circumferences were measured during the period of growth by the method according to Martin [Martin & Saller, 1957] and Knussmann [1988]/M 62(1); M 64(1)/. 33,562 Czech probands of both sexes age 1.5 to 20 years were examined. Percentile networks of both circumferences were constructed for males and females.

[Cranial and thoracic circumference as criteria of body development]. / Kopf- und Brustumfang als Kriterium der körperlichen Entwicklung.

The growth of thoracic and neurocranial circumference was studied in 47,099 Czech and Slovak children and adolescents of both sexes, ranging in age from 1 1/2 to 18 years. The data were obtained during our nation-wide studies on the territory of the CSFR in 1987-1988. At the end of the second year of life the values of thoracic circumference were already markedly higher than the values of neurocranial circumference. The characteristics studied show different growth dynamics: The neurocranial circumference increased markedly up to the age of four years, while thoracic circumference showed an onset on intense growth dynamics only at the beginning of the prepubertal period. Throughout the investigated period girls had lower values of neurocranial circumference than boys, yet during the period of puberty their values of thoracic circumference temporarily exceeded the values recorded in boys. After the age of 14 years boys generally had permanently a larger thoracic circumference. Similar to body height and weight both investigated circumferences show an increase in connection with the secular trend. The values of both circumferences are very similar in Czech and Slovak children of the same sex.

[The new growth norm of Czech and Slovakian children and adolescents]. / Die neue Wachstumsnorm der tschechischen und slowakischen Kinder und Jugendlichen.

This paper introduces the new growth values of body height and body weight of the Czech and Slovak children and youths aging 1 1/2 to 18 years. This investigation was carried out during 1987-1988 on the whole territory of the Czech and Slovak Federative Republic and includes 47,099 probands. Comparing the older and recent Czech and Slovak body height and body weight data the effects of long-termed and short-termed secular trends are seen. The present-day Slovak children are equal or somewhat taller than the Czech ones. During the period of adolescence they differ, however, from the Czech children. Similar observations are seen in the boys concerning the body weight. The Slovak girls are on the average somewhat lighter than the Czech girls already from the age of nine years onward. The counte poise between Czech and Slovak children and youths are most likely due to the improvement of the nutritional conditions in the Slovak population since the end of World War II. The mean intersexual differences at the end of the adolescent period in Czechs as well as in Slovaks come to 11-12 cm in body height and 12-13 kg in body weight.

Anthropometric and anthroposcopic findings of the nasal and facial region in cleft patients before and after primary lip and palate repair.

Two populations were studied and compared to determine the effects of cleft lip and palate surgery on the nose and face. In the first, three anthropometric measurements, two nasal and one facial, were taken before primary lip repair from infants with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) and with bilateral cleft lip and palate (BCLP). In the second, ten measurements were taken from the nose and face of patients surgically treated for UCLP and BCLP. The high frequency of noses disproportionately wide in relation to their height in both cleft types before primary lip repair greatly decreased after surgery. Among the residual deformities after surgery for UCLP, nostril floor width asymmetry was the most frequent, followed by columella length asymmetry, flat nasal bridge, wide soft nose, flat nasal tip, and small nasal tip protrusion. In the BCLP patients, nostril floor width asymmetry was also the most common stigma, followed by flat nasal tip, wide soft nose, columella length asymmetry, flat nasal bridge and bilaterally angled alae, and small nasal tip protrusion. A subnormally flat upper face inclination was observed in UCLP and BCLP patients. Quantitative determination of these nasal stigmata in cleft lip and palate patients who have undergone primary lip repair provides valuable information for surgical correction of the cleft soft-tissue deformities.

[Somatic development of Czech and Slovak children and adolescents in the 80s]. / Somatický vývoj ceských a slovenských detí a mládeze v osmdesátých letech.

The paper introduces the new growth values of body height and body weight of the Czech and Slovak children and youth aging 1 1/2 to 18 years. The research was carry out during the 1987-1988 years on the whole territory of Czech and Slovak Federative Republic. It embraceds 47,099 probands. In comparison with the oldest and more new czech and slovak values the both characteristics in interpretation of long-termed and short-termed action of secular trend is percetible the further enlargement of the body height and body weight. In contrast to ancient is perceptible that the Slovak children in the present time are equal or higher from the Czech children. During the period of adolescence they are however exceed from the Czech probands. The like relation exists by the boys in the body weight. However, the Slovak girls are in mean lighter than the Czech girls already from 9 years of age. The counterpoise of body weight and eventual exceeding of Czech children theirs Slovak contemporaries can be possible originates with improve nutritional conditions of the Slovak populations in the antecendent periods after the Second World War. The mean intersexual differences on the end of adolescent period by both of our nationalities are 11-12 cm of body height and 12-13 kg of body weight.

[Distribution of transverse dimensions of the patella in the adult population. Relation to the development of the patellar component in knee joint prosthesis]. / Rozptyl transverzálního rozmeru pately v dospelé populaci. Vztah k vývoji patelární komponenty náhrad kolenního kloubu.

The development and manufacture of the patellar component was associated with a more detailed osteometric investigation of the patella and evaluation of its range of sizes in our population. Evaluation of data 1042 probands (477 women, 565 men) proved: a) there are no significant lateral differences of transversal dimensions of the patella and femoral condyles; b) The mutual relationship of the above mentioned dimensions does not correlate, and thus no conclusions can be drawn from the transversal breadth of the condyles on the dimensions of the patella; c) The range of patellar diameters in the population is very wide, and to meet demands, it will be necessary to manufacture patellar components in cca five sizes.

[Physical dimensions and skinfold thickness in childhood]. / Körperumfänge und Unterhautfettdicke im Kindesalter.

Five measurements of body circumferences were related to the results of determinations of the subcutaneous fat thickness using caliper measurements. The analysis of data obtained from 10,661 infants and children aged between 1.5 to 15 years do not show constant correlations of the parameters measured during the periods of childhood.

[The capacity of the sphenoid sinus]. / Die Kapazität der Keilbeinhöhlen.

The self-solidifying resin Dentacryl was used for the casts of the sphenoidal sinus. The casts were removed from the bone and their volume was measured according to the degree of rising of water in a glass cylinder.

Ontogenetic development of skinfold thickness of the trunk in childhood and its relation to Rohrer's index.

The study was aimed at the investigation of the ontogenetic development of thickness of five skinfolds on the trunk in children ranging in age from 1 1/2 to 15 years in relation to Rohrer's index of body fullness. The studies which yielded the basic data were carried out in 1976-1978 on 10,661 children of both sexes (5,322 girls; 5,339 boys) from the whole territory of Czechoslovak Socialistic Republic. The studies yielded the following results: In the course of the early postnatal ontogenesis all five investigated skinfolds of the trunk showed on the average a slight decrease up to the age of three to five years. However, subsequently the thickness of all skinfolds increased, more markedly in girls than in boys. Throughout the investigated period the thickness of all investigated skinfolds remained larger in girls as compared to boys. This difference increased with increasing age. A more marked increase of mean skinfold thickness with increasing age due to the larger amount of subcutaneous fat was present in both sexes in abdominal regions and in in distal parts of the thorax as compared to its upper part, where the increase was more marked than in the subscapular region. The calculated mean values of Rohrer's index of body fullness were systematically decreasing in both sexes throughout the investigated period of life regardless of the development of the measured skinfold thickness. An exception formed the last two age groups of girls (13-14, 14-15 years of age), where, obviously with the onset of increasing total body weight, the calculated mean values showed again only a very slight increase. The actual differences of skinfold thickness and thus possibly also of the amount of subcutaneous fat between individual populations probably were due rather to social and economic factors. However, satisfactory nutrition was observed not only in highly developed, but also in some underdeveloped communities. However, it was not possible to exclude the influence of ethnical factors. This was confirmed by the comparison of our results with the data obtained in primitive rural populations as well as with those ascertained in highly developed countries in industrial populations.