RESUMO
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of substitution of 50% of soybean meal protein with 310-350 g/kg diet of raw chickpea seed protein on the chemical composition, fatty acid profile, dietary value, and antioxidant status of breast and thigh muscles, as well as the antioxidant status of blood serum, in Ross 308 male broilers. In the 42-day experiment, one-day-old male broiler chicks were assigned to two nutritional groups (n = 100 in each, 20 birds in each group, and 5 replications). In the control group, 100% of protein in the feed was derived from soybean meal. In the experimental group, 310-350 g/kg protein from raw chickpea seeds was introduced. Data with a normal distribution were analyzed using the Student t-test, and the relationships between the traits were assessed with the use of Pearson's correlation coefficients. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The replacement with chickpea protein did not exert an impact on the final body weight, feed consumption, and feed conversion ratio compared to the control group. However, it induced changes in the color of the breast muscles (increased L* and b* values), and reduced the cholesterol content. The addition of chickpea seeds improved the fatty acid profile, mainly in the breast muscle. A decrease in the total SFA content and a higher level of unsaturated fatty acids (UFA), UFAs/saturated fatty acids (SFAs), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), omega-3, and omega-6 were observed in the experimental group. Additionally, the chickpea-supplemented group exhibited better values of meat quality indicators (atherogenic index-AI; thrombogenic index-TI, ratio of saturated fatty acids to unsaturated fatty acids-S/P, n-6/n-3, hypocholesterolemic/Hypercholesterolemic ratio-h/H). It can be concluded that raw chickpea seeds are a good source of protein in broiler chicken nutrition, and can replace the traditionally used protein source (soybean meal), simultaneously exerting a positive effect on the dietary value of poultry meat and an expected enhancing impact on consumer health.
RESUMO
Anagallis foemina L. [syn. Lysimachia foemina (Mill.) U. Manns & Anderb.] is an annual, segetal weed from the family Primulaceae, recognized as a very rare and endangered species in many European countries. The rare occurrence of this species is associated with the specificity of the habitats in which it occurs. Knowledge of genetic diversity within and between rare species populations is a crucial step for investigating the causes of extinction as well as developing effective conservation strategies. The current study undertakes the assessment of the genetic variation and population structure of Anagallis foemina L. specimens collected in south-eastern Poland, Volhynian Polesie and West Volhynian Upland based on inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR) polymorphism. Twenty ISSR primers amplified 374 DNA fragments, of which 79% were polymorphic. The polymorphic information content values ranged from 0.230 to 0.430 with an average of 0.344. An average genetic similarity calculated based on Dice algorithm between all analysed samples was 0.635 (0.28-1.00). The AMOVA study found a significant difference (Φpt = 0.88, P = 0.001) between Anagallis L. genotypes gathered in Volhynian Polesie (VP) and West Volhynian Upland (VU). Analysis indicated, that 89% of the variation existed among groups and 11% within groups. UPGMA analyses grouped A. foemina samples into 2 clearly separated clusters. The plants of the same geographic origin were grouped together. Principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) as well as STRUCTURE also grouped samples in consistence with the collection site, indicating close genetic affinity of plants from the same location. The observed results are typical for fragmented and isolated populations of rare species. Isolation of a small population leads to a decrease in internal genetic variation and to an increase of variation among them. In that case, the conservation of populations from each regional cluster is important to preserve biodiversity.
