Multicomponent and mat Pilates training increased gait speed in individuals with Parkinson's disease when walking and carrying a load: A single-blinded randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Gait disorders in individuals with Parkinson's disease (IwPD) are among the most disabling symptoms. Physical exercise has been proposed for the treatment of IwPD because it shows positive effects on gait variables. Given the importance of physical activity in the rehabilitation process of IwPD, the assessment of interventions to identify those most promising for improving or maintaining gait performance is of great relevance. Therefore, this study evaluated the effects of Mat Pilates Training (MPT) and Multicomponent Training (MCT) on the spatiotemporal variables of gait in situations of daily dual-task performance in IwPD. Gait analysis in a daily dual-task context allows the simulation of real-life conditions where individuals have a higher risk of falling than in single-task walking. METHODS: We conducted a single-blinded randomized controlled trial with 34 mild-to-moderate IwPD (Hoehn-Yahr stage 1-2). They were randomized to one of two interventions: MPT or MCT. All participants performed the training for 60 min, three times per week, for 20 weeks. Spatiotemporal gait variables were evaluated in a daily life situation to increase the ecological validity of the measurements, which included gait speed, stride time, double support time, swing time, and cadence. The individuals walked on a platform holding two bags with a load corresponding to 10% of their body mass. RESULTS: After the intervention, there was a significant improvement in gait speed in both groups: MPT (p = 0.047) and MCT (p = 0.015). The MPT group reduced the cadence (p = 0.005) and the MCT group increased the stride length (p = 0.026) after the intervention. DISCUSSION: Both groups had positive effects on gait speed with load transport resulting from the two proposed interventions. However, the MPT group showed a spatiotemporal adjustment of speed and cadence that can increase gait stability, which was not found in the MCT group.

O tempo de balanço como variável preditiva da doença de Parkinson / El tiempo de equilibrio como variable predictora de la enfermedad de Parkinson / Swing time as a predictive variable for Parkinson's disease

RESUMO Atualmente, a doença de Parkinson (DP) tem seu diagnóstico baseado apenas na observação clínica de uma combinação de sintomas, o que pode levar ao diagnóstico tardio. Alguns indivíduos podem, em decorrência disso, ter a doença por 5 a 10 anos antes de serem diagnosticados. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar as variáveis cinemáticas temporais da marcha, pois estas são capazes de discriminar idosos com e sem DP. Como método, 40 indivíduos foram divididos em dois grupos: grupo de idosos sem DP (n=21) e com DP (n=19). Foram obtidos dez ciclos de marcha consecutivos durante a marcha em velocidade de preferência, sendo utilizados para a análise dos dados. Realizou-se uma análise discriminativa para determinar um modelo preditor de alterações na marcha característico da DP. O modelo foi calculado com base na especificidade e sensibilidade de cada variável analisada, utilizando-se variáveis cinemáticas temporais. A variável com valor discriminativo de sensibilidade e especificidade foi o tempo de balanço, o que pode classificá-lo como a variável que possui grande potencial preditivo da presença ou não da DP, e o ponto de corte encontrado para essa variável foi de 0,48 segundos. A pesquisa concluiu que a análise cinemática da marcha permite discriminar um grupo de indivíduos com a doença de Parkinson de um grupo de indivíduos saudáveis, com alta sensibilidade e especificidade, por meio do tempo de balanço, visto que ele é menor no grupo acometido pela doença.

RESUMEN Actualmente, el diagnóstico de la enfermedad de Parkinson (EP) se obtiene desde la observación clínica de una combinación de síntomas, lo que puede llevar a un diagnóstico tardío. Como resultado, algunas personas pueden haber adquirido la enfermedad entre 5 y 10 años antes de que fuesen diagnosticadas. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar las variables cinemáticas temporales de la marcha, ya que son capaces de diferenciar a los ancianos con EP y a los ancianos sin EP. Se dividieron los 40 participantes en dos grupos: ancianos sin EP (n=21) y ancianos con EP (n=19). Se obtuvieron diez ciclos de marcha consecutivos durante la marcha a la velocidad preferida para el análisis de datos. Se realizó un análisis discriminante para determinar un modelo predictivo de cambios en la marcha característicos de la EP. El modelo se calculó con base en la especificidad y sensibilidad de cada variable analizada, utilizando variables cinemáticas temporales. La variable con valor discriminante de sensibilidad y especificidad fue el tiempo de equilibrio, que puede clasificarse como la variable con mayor potencial para predecir la presencia o no de EP; y el punto de cohorte encontrado para esta variable fue de 0,48 segundos. Se concluye que el análisis cinemático de la marcha puede discriminar a un grupo de individuos con enfermedad de Parkinson de un grupo de individuos sanos, con alta sensibilidad y especificidad, por medio del tiempo de equilibrio, que fue menor en el grupo afectado por la enfermedad.

ABSTRACT Currently, Parkinson's Disease (PD) is diagnosed based only on the clinical observation of a combination of symptoms, which can lead to late diagnosis, since some individuals may have the disease for 5 to 10 years before being diagnosed. The aim was to identify temporal kinematic variables of walking, capable of discriminating elderly people with and without PD. 40 individuals were divided into two groups: elderly group without PD (n=21) and with PD (n=19). Ten consecutive gait cycles were obtained during walking at a preferred speed and used for data analysis. A discriminative analysis was performed to determine a predictor model of gait changes, characteristic of PD and calculated based on the specificity and sensitivity of each variable analyzed, using temporal kinematic variables. The variable with discriminative value of sensitivity and specificity was the time of balance, which can be classified as the variable with most predictive potential of the presence or not of PD, and the cut of found for this variable was 0,48 seconds. The kinematic gait analysis allows to discriminate a group of individuals with PD from a group of healthy individuals with high sensitivity and specificity, through the time of balance that is lower in the group affected by the disease (cut of 0,48 seconds).

O tempo de balanço como variável preditiva da doença de Parkinson / Tiempo de equilibrio como variable predictora de la enfermedad de Parkinson / Swing time as a predictive variable for Parkinson's disease

RESUMO Atualmente, a doença de Parkinson (DP) tem seu diagnóstico baseado apenas na observação clínica de uma combinação de sintomas, o que pode levar ao diagnóstico tardio, uma vez que alguns indivíduos podem ter a doença por 5 a 10 anos antes de serem diagnosticados. O objetivo do estudo foi identificar variáveis cinemáticas temporais da marcha capazes de discriminar idosos com e sem DP. 40 indivíduos foram divididos em dois grupos: grupo de idosos sem DP (n=21) e com DP (n=19). Dez ciclos de marcha consecutivos foram obtidos durante a marcha em velocidade de preferência, e utilizados para a análise dos dados. Realizou-se uma análise discriminativa para determinar um modelo preditor de alterações na marcha característico da DP e calculado com base na especificidade e sensibilidade de cada variável analisada, utilizando-se variáveis cinemáticas temporais. A variável com valor discriminativo de sensibilidade e especificidade foi o tempo de balanço, o que pode classificá-la como a variável com grande potencial preditivo da presença ou não da DP; o ponto de corte encontrado para essa variável foi de 0,48segundos. A análise cinemática da marcha permite discriminar um grupo de indivíduos com DP de um grupo de indivíduos saudáveis com alta sensibilidade e especificidade, por meio do tempo de balanço, menor no grupo acometido pela doença (corte de 0,48 segundos).

RESUMEN Actualmente, el diagnóstico de la enfermedad de Parkinson (EP) se obtiene desde la observación clínica de una combinación de síntomas, lo que puede llevar a un diagnóstico tardío, ya que algunas personas pueden haber adquirido la enfermedad entre 5 y 10 años antes de la realización del diagnóstico. El objetivo del estudio fue identificar variables cinemáticas temporales de la marcha capaces de diferenciar a ancianos con EP y ancianos sin EP. Se dividieron los 40 participantes en dos grupos: ancianos sin EP (n=21) y ancianos con EP (n=19). Para el análisis de datos, se obtuvieron diez ciclos de marcha consecutivos durante la marcha a la velocidad preferida. Se realizó un análisis discriminante para determinar un modelo predictivo de cambios en la marcha característicos de EP que se calcula en base a la especificidad y sensibilidad de cada variable analizada utilizando variables cinemáticas temporales. La variable con valor discriminante de sensibilidad y especificidad fue el tiempo de equilibrio, que se puede clasificar como la variable con mayor potencial para predecir la presencia o no de EP; el punto de cohorte encontrado para esta variable fue de 0,48 segundos. El análisis cinemático de la marcha tiene una alta sensibilidad y especificidad en la identificación de individuos con EP comparados a individuos sanos por medio del tiempo de equilibrio, que es menor en el grupo afectado por la enfermedad (cohorte de 0,48 segundos).

ABSTRACT Currently, Parkinson's Disease (PD) is diagnosed based only on the clinical observation of a symptom combination, which can lead to late diagnosis, since some individuals have the disease for 5 to 10 years before diagnosis. The aim of this study was to identify temporal kinematic variables of gait, capable of discriminating older adults with or without PD. Forty individuals were divided into two groups: older adults without PD (n=21) and with PD (n=19). Ten consecutive gait cycles were obtained during gait at a preferred speed and then used in data analysis. Discriminative analysis was performed to determine a predictor model of gait changes, characteristic of PD, estimated based on the specificity and sensitivity of each analyzed variable, with temporal kinematic variables. The variable with discriminative value of sensitivity and specificity was swing time, which can be classified as the variable with most predictive potential of PD, and the cut-off point found for this variable was 0.48 seconds. Kinematic gait analysis allows discriminating a group of individuals with PD from a group of healthy individuals, with high sensitivity and specificity, through the swing time, which is lower in the group affected by the disease (cut-off=0.48 seconds).

Discriminatory Ability of Lower-Extremity Peak Torque and Rate of Torque Development in the Identification of Older Women With Slow Gait Speed.

The aim was to compare torque and rate of torque development of lower limb muscles between older women with functional and slow gait speeds to determine which muscle group is the best predictor of functional gait speed, and to establish strength thresholds needed for functional walking speed. Torque and rate of torque development of hip, knee, and ankle muscles were measured in older women who were divided in 2 groups according to gait speed: slow gait speed (<1.22 m·s-1) and functional gait speed (≥1.22 m·s-1). For each muscle group, 3 maximal isometric contractions were performed, and peak torque and rate of torque development were recorded. Older women with slow gait speed had lower peak torque than older women with functional gait speed for hip extension (28%), knee flexion (15%), knee extension (14%), and plantar flexion (16%) (all Ps < .05). Older women with slow gait speed had lower peak rate of torque development for hip flexion (29%), hip extension (37%), knee flexion (34%), knee extension (33%), and plantar flexion (19%) (all Ps < .05). Knee extension peak rate of torque development and hip extension peak torque were the better predictors of functional gait speed with thresholds of 2.96 N·m·s-1·kg-1 and 1.26 N·m·kg-1, respectively.

Game terapia na Doença de Parkinson: influência da adição de carga e diferentes níveis de dificuldade sobre a amplitude de movimento de abdução de ombro / Video games in Parkinson's Disease: influence of load addition and different difficulty levels on the range of motion in shoulder abduction

A Doença de Parkinson (DP) manifesta sinais e sintomas que interferem na coordenação motora global e fina, força muscular, propriocepção, amplitude e velocidade do movimento, o que pode interferir nas atividades funcionais e, consequentemente, na qualidade de vida. Diante destas alterações funcionais, os jogos virtuais podem contribuir na recuperação das habilidades motoras. Sendo assim, o estudo teve como objetivo identificar a influência da adição de carga em diferentes níveis de dificuldades de jogos virtuais sobre a amplitude de movimento de abdução de ombro de indivíduos com DP. Participaram do estudo 10 indivíduos, de ambos os sexos, faixa etária de 55 a 80 anos, com diagnóstico de doença de Parkinson idiopática, classificados nos estágios de I a III da escala de Hoehn Yahr. Os voluntários jogaram no Console X-Box com Kinect em diferentes níveis de jogo, com ou sem adição de carga em punho. Para análise dos dados, foram selecionados os momentos de maior amplitude de movimento de abdução de ombro em cada uma das condições de jogos propostas aos voluntários. Não houve diferença significativa na amplitude de abdução de ombro em relação ao uso de carga durante os jogos, aos níveis de jogo, bem como entre os membros superiores direito e esquerdo. A adição de carga e os diferentes níveis de dificuldade dos jogos virtuais não promovem mudanças significativas na amplitude de movimento de abdução de ombro de indivíduos com DP. Sugerimos que novos estudos sejam realizados, envolvendo a análise de um maior número de ferramentas biomecânicas, bem como outras articulações e movimentos de grande impacto sobre a funcionalidade de membros superiores...(AU)

Parkinson's Disease (PD) has signs and symptoms involving the global and fine motor coordination, muscular strength, proprioception, range of motion and speed of movement, which may interfere with functional activities and hence quality of life. In view of these functional changes, virtual games can contribute to the recovery of motor skills. Therefore, the study aimed to identify the influence of load addition on different levels of virtual game difficulties on the shoulder abduction range of motion of patients with PD. The study included 10 individuals of both sexes, aged 55-80 years with a diagnosis of idiopathic Parkinson's disease, classified in stages I to III of the Hoehn Yahr scale. Volunteers played the X-Box Kinect Console with different levels of play, with or without added charge at the wrist. For data analysis, the moments of greater range of shoulder abduction movement in each of the conditions of games offered to volunteers were selected. There was no difference in range of shoulder abduction in relation to load use during games, the game levels, and between the right and left upper extremities. The addition of load and the different difficulty levels of the virtual games do not promote significant changes in the abduction range of motion of shoulder in PD patients. We suggest that further studies are carried out, involving the analysis of a larger number of biomechanical tools as well as other joints and movements of great impact on the functionality of upper extremities....(AU)

Do cognitive tasks during gait increase the risk of accidents with pedestrians? A study based on electromyographic parameters / Tarefas cognitivas durante a marcha aumentam o risco de acidentes com pedestres? Um estudo baseado em parâmetros eletromiográficos

Abstract Introduction Accidents involving pedestrians are responsible for many cases of serious injuries and deaths. Crossing streets safely requires complex planning and cognitive demand because it is necessary to perform more than one task at a time. Objective The aim of this study was to identify electromyographic changes during gait in young subjects who performed the cognitive tasks concurrently. Methods The study included 17 younger women aged between 18 and 25 years. Data collection was performed on a treadmill. The volunteers were instructed to walk in four different conditions: normal gait (NG), gait with dual easy task (DET), gait with dual hard task (DHT) and gait with dual mixed task (DMT). Results Significant differences were found between the MN condition to the other conditions for all muscles and, during the NG, smaller values of muscle activation were found. Muscle co-contraction between muscles VM / BF showed a significant difference between the conditions of NG and DMT (p = 0.04) and, during the NG, smaller values of co-contraction were observed. Conclusion The data of this study permits to conclude that the competition between motor and cognitive resources significantly affects the levels of muscle activation and co-contraction during gait in young adult women. Thus, we conclude that the performance of dual cognitive tasks while driving can be considered a risk factor for safe driving.

Resumo Introdução Os acidentes de trânsito envolvendo pedestres são responsáveis por muitos casos de lesões graves e óbitos. Atravessar a rua com segurança requer complexo planejamento e demanda cognitiva, pois é necessário realizar mais de uma tarefa ao mesmo tempo. Objetivo O objetivo do presente estudo foi identificar alterações eletromiográficas durante a marcha de indivíduos jovens realizada concomitantemente com tarefas cognitivas. Métodos Participaram do estudo 17 jovens do sexo feminino com idade entre 18 e 25 anos. A coleta de dados foi realizada em esteira ergométrica onde os voluntários realizaram o teste de marcha compostos por quatro condições distintas: marcha normal (MN), marcha com dupla tarefa fácil (DTF), marcha com dupla tarefa difícil (DTD) e marcha com dupla tarefa mista (DTM). Resultados Foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre a condição de MN para as demais condições para todos os músculos, sendo que durante a MN foram encontrados menores valores de ativação muscular. A co-contração muscular entre os músculos VM/BF mostrou diferença significativa entre as condições de MN e DTM (p = 0,04), sendo que durante a MN foram observados menores valores de co-contração. Conclusão Os dados do presente estudo, nos permitem concluir que a competição entre recursos motores e cognitivos afeta, significantemente, os níveis de ativação muscular e co-contração durante a marcha de mulheres adultas jovens. Assim, concluímos que a realização de duplas tarefas cognitivas durante a marcha pode ser considerada um fator de risco para o desempenho seguro da mesma, podendo ocasionar maior risco de acidentes aos pedestres.

Applying different mathematical variability methods to identify older fallers and non-fallers using gait variability data.

BACKGROUND: The clinical assessment of gait variability may be a particularly powerful tool in the screening of older adults at risk of falling. Measurement of gait variability is important in the assessment of fall risk, but the variability metrics used to evaluate gait timing have not yet been adequately studied. OBJECTIVES: The aims of this study were (1) to identify the best mathematical method of gait variability analysis to discriminate older fallers and non-fallers and (2) to identify the best temporal, kinematic parameter of gait to discriminate between older fallers and non-fallers. METHODS: Thirty-five physically active volunteers participated in this study including 16 older women fallers (69.6 ± 8.1 years) and 19 older women non-fallers (66.1 ± 6.2 years). Volunteers were instructed to walk for 3 min on the treadmill to record the temporal kinematic gait parameters including stance time, swing time and stride time by four footswitches sensors placed under the volunteers' feet. Data analysis used 40 consecutive gait cycles. Six statistical methods were used to determine the variability of the stance time, swing time and stride time. These included: (1) standard deviation of all the time intervals; (2) standard deviation of the means of these intervals taken every five strides; (3) mean of the standard deviations of the intervals determined every five strides; (4) root-mean-square of the differences between intervals; (5) coefficient of variation calculated as the standard deviation of the intervals divided by the mean of the intervals; and (6) a geometric method calculated based on the construction of a histogram of the intervals. RESULTS: The standard deviation of 40 consecutive gait cycles was the most sensitive (100 %) and specificity (100 %) parameter to discriminate older fallers and non-fallers. CONCLUSION: The standard deviation of stance time is the kinematic gait variability parameter that demonstrated the best ability to discriminate older fallers from non-fallers. PROTOCOL NUMBER OF BRAZILIAN REGISTRY OF CLINICAL TRIALS: RBR-6rytw2.

Peak torque, reaction time, and rate of torque development of hip abductors and adductors of older women.

Impaired muscle function at the hip has been implicated to be a major factor related to falls in older adults. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze the rate of torque development (RTD), reaction time (RT), and peak torque (PT) of hip abductors and hip adductors in young women (YW), older women nonfallers (ONF), and older women fallers (OF). Eighteen YW and 44 older women divided among OF (n = 20) and ONF (n = 24) performed maximum isometric hip abductor and adduction contractions on a dynamometer. YW had 40% greater PT and 61.5% greater RTD for hip abductors than the ONF. Compared with OF, YW had 47.5% greater PT and 68% greater RTD. OF showed less RTD at 150 ms (31%) and 200 ms (34.5%) than ONF for hip abductors. PT of hip adductors was 52% greater in YW than in the two older groups, whereas RTD was 71% greater. OF showed less RTD than ONF for hip abductors according to standardized effect sizes. No RT differences were observed between the three groups. We conclude that older women (OF and ONF) have less strength and ability to develop force rapidly than YW for hip abductors and adductors. Low hip strength and slowed force development in ONF during hip abduction may increase fall risk in older women.

Age-related alterations in the activation of trunk and lower limb muscles during walking.

BACKGROUND: Walking is a complex motor task that requires an integrated coordination of the trunk, lower limb, and upper limb movements. Previously, few studies have investigated the activation pattern of trunk muscles during walking. However, the mechanisms by how aging affects the recruitment of trunk muscles during walking remain unclear. OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to compare the activation of trunk and lower limb muscles during walking in younger and older women. METHODS: Fifteen younger women between 18 and 30 yr and 19 older women between 60-82 yr walked on the treadmill at a self-selected speed, while 1-min surface electromyography (EMG) signals were recorded from the multifidus, internal oblique, gluteus maximus, rectus femoris, biceps femoris, tibialis anterior, and gastrocnemius lateralis. EMG signals were processed and a linear envelope was calculated at an initial stance (50 ms after heel contact) and final stance (50 ms before toe-off). RESULTS: Compared with younger women, older women had 52.32% lower activation of the internal oblique (p = 0.027) and 39.95% lower activation of the rectus femoris (p = 0.003) at initial stance. CONCLUSION: Results of this study demonstrated that older women had lower activation of trunk and knee muscles during the initial stance, which may have resulted from weakness and balance impairments caused by aging.

Neuromuscular performance in the hip joint of elderly fallers and non-fallers.

BACKGROUNDS: Low strength and neuromuscular activation of the lower limbs have been associated with falls making it an important predictor of functional status in the elderly. AIM: To compare the rate of neuromuscular activation, rate of torque development, peak torque and reaction time between young and elderly fallers and non-fallers for hip flexion and extension. METHODS: We evaluated 44 elderly people who were divided into two groups: elderly fallers (n = 20) and elderly non-fallers (n = 24); and 18 young people. The subjects performed three isometric hip flexion and extension contractions. Electromyography data were collected for the rectus femoris, gluteus maximus and biceps femoris muscles. RESULTS: The elderly had 49 % lower peak torque and 68 % lower rate of torque development for hip extension, 28 % lower rate of neuromuscular activation for gluteus maximus and 38 % lower rate of neuromuscular activation for biceps femoris than the young (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the elderly had 42 % lower peak torque and 62 % lower rate of torque development for hip flexion and 48 % lower rate of neuromuscular for rectus femoris than the young (p < 0.05). The elderly fallers showed consistent trend toward a lower rate of torque development than elderly non-fallers for hip extension at 50 ms (29 %, p = 0.298, d = 0.76) and 100 ms (26 %, p = 0.452, d = 0.68).The motor time was 30 % slower for gluteus maximus, 42 % slower for rectus femoris and 50 % slower for biceps femoris in the elderly than in the young. DISCUSSION: Impaired capacity of the elderly, especially fallers, may be explained by neural and morphological aspects of the muscles. CONCLUSION: The process of senescence affects the muscle function of the hip flexion and extension, and falls may be related to lower rate of torque development and slower motor time of biceps femoris.

Identification of changes in kinematics and electromyographic parameters during dual-task gait: a comparative study between young and elderly female subjects / Identificação de alterações nos parâmetros cinemáticos e eletromiográficos durante marcha com dupla-tarefa: um estudo comparativo entre jovens e idosas

Abstract Introduction : Falls during gait are one of the leading causes of death and injuries in elderly adults. Objective : This study aimed to compare the performance of young (YG) and elderly (EG) adults during dual-task gait (using a traffic light simulator) according to kinematics and electromyographic parameters. Materials and methods : 17 young and 18 elderly physically fit female subjects participated in this study. The volunteers walked on a treadmill under two different conditions: normal gait (M1) and dual-task gait (M2). We recorded EMG signals from the rectus femoris (RF), vastus medialis (VM), vastus lateralis (VL), biceps femoris (BF), tibialis anterior (TA), gastrocnemius lateralis (GL) and soleus (SO). The following kinematic data were obtained: step length, step time and self-selected velocity. Data analysis was performed using Wilcoxon's, Mann-Whitney, T-student tests and T-student for independent samples. The level of significance was set at p < 0.05. Results : For both groups, there was greater muscle activation of the RF, VM, VL, BF and SO during M2 than during M1. The YG showed lower muscle activation of the RF, VM, BF and SO during M2 when compared to EG. The EG had smaller step length than the YG. The step length values detected during M1 were higher than the ones collected during M2. During M2, the YG showed higher step time compared to the EG. Elderly subjects walked at a lower self-selected velocity than young subjects. Conclusions : Our findings suggest that dual-task gait modify the neuromuscular behavior in elderly subjects, increasing the risk of falls.

Resumo Introdução : Quedas são eventos frequentes durante a marcha e são consideradas as principais causas de morte e lesões em idosos. Objetivos : O presente estudo teve por objetivo comparar o desempenho de jovens (GJ) e idosas (GI) durante a marcha com dupla tarefa cotidiana (simulador de semáforos) por meio de parâmetros cinemáticos e eletromiográficos. Materiais e métodos : Participaram do estudo 17 jovens e 18 idosas ativas. As voluntárias andaram sobre esteira em 2 condições distintas: marcha normal (M1) e marcha dupla tarefa (M2). Os sinais eletromiográficos foram coletados dos músculos reto femoral (RF), vasto medial (VM), vasto lateral (VL), bíceps femoral (BF), tibial anterior (TA), gastrocnêmio lateral (GL) e sóleo (SO). Os dados cinemáticos analisados foram comprimento de passada, tempo de passada e velocidade de preferência. Para a análise dos dados foram usados os testes de Wilcoxon, Mann-Whitney, o teste T-student e o T-student para amostras independentes. Foi adotado nível de significância de p < 0,05. Resultados : Os músculos RF, VM, VL, BF e SO apresentaram ativação muscular maior na condição M2 em relação à condição M1 no GI e GJ. O GJ apresentou ativação muscular menor do RF, VM, BF e SO na condição M2 que GI. Na condição M1 os valores de comprimento de passada encontrados foram maiores que na condição M2. O tempo de passada para o GJ na condição M2 foi maior do que para o GI. Conclusões : Os idosos apresentaram velocidade de preferência menor que jovens. Nossos resultados sugerem que a marcha associada à dupla tarefa cotidiana, altera o comportamento neuromuscular do idoso, aumentando assim o risco de quedas.

Efeito do treinamento com haste vibratória na biomecânica da marcha com dupla-tarefa em idosas / Effect of the vibratory pole training on biomechanics of dual-task gait in older female adults / Efecto del entrenamiento con vara vibratoria en la biomecánica de la marcha con doble tarea en mujeres mayores

Introdução: As quedas em idosos são responsáveis por muitos casos de lesões e morte. As alterações de equilíbrio e força muscular decorrentes do envelhecimento, que contribuem para a ocorrência de quedas, podem ser parcialmente revertidas com o exercício físico. Objetivo: Verificar os efeitos de 8 semanas de treinamento de equilíbrio com haste vibratória, sobre o comprimento de passo e a ativação muscular do membro inferior de idosas durante marcha com duplas tarefas. Métodos: Participaram do estudo 16 idosas divididas aleatoriamente em dois grupos: grupo treinamento de equilíbrio (GTE) e grupo de treinamento de equilíbrio com haste vibratória (GTEHV). A avaliação da marcha foi composta por três condições distintas que incluiram marcha em velocidade de preferencia e duplas tarefas. Foram coletados os dados eletromiográficos dos músculos reto femoral, vasto lateral, bíceps femoral, tibial anterior e gastrocnêmio lateral, e dados cinemáticos de comprimento de passo. Resultados: O GTEHV apresentou maiores valores de comprimento de passo após o treinamento. Ambos os grupos (GTE e GTEHV) mostraram menores valores de ativação muscular após o treinamento. Conclusão: Os resultados sugerem que o treinamento de equilíbrio com haste vibratória pode ser eficaz para melhora do desempenho durante diferentes condições de marcha em idosos, contribuindo para a prevenção de quedas nesta população. .

Introduction: Falls in elderly are responsible for many cases of injury and death. Changes in balance and muscle strength associated with aging that contribute to the occurrence of falls, can be partially reverted with exercise. Objective: Investigate the effect of eight weeks of oscillatory pole training on the step length and lower limb muscle activation during dual-task gait in elderly. Methods: The study included 16 female elderly randomly divided into two groups: balance training (GTE) and oscillatory pole training (GTEHV). The gait evaluation was composed of three conditions that included gait speed preference and dual-tasksgait. Electromyography findings of the rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, biceps femoris, and tibialis anterior, lateral head of gastrocnemius as well as kinematic data of step length were collected. Results: The GTEHV group showed higher values of step length after training. Both groups (GTE and GTEHV) showed lower muscle activation after training. Conclusion: The results suggest that balance training with oscillatory pole may be effective for improve performance during different gait conditions in elderly contributing to the prevention of falls in this population. .

Introducción: Las caídas en personas mayores son responsables por muchos casos de lesiones y muerte. Las alteraciones de equilibrio y fuerza muscular provenientes del envejecimiento, que contribuyen para la ocurrencia de caídas, pueden ser parcialmente revertidas con el ejercicio físico. Objetivo: Verificar los efectos de ocho semanas de entrenamiento de equilibrio con vara vibratoria, sobre la longitud de paso y la activación muscular del miembro inferior de mujeres mayores durante marcha con dobles tareas. Métodos: Participaron en el estudio 16 mujeres mayores divididas aleatoriamente en dos grupos: grupo entrenamiento de equilibrio (GTE) y grupo de entrenamiento de equilibrio con vara vibratoria (GTEHV). La evaluación de la marcha fue compuesta por tres condiciones distintas que incluyeron marcha en velocidad de preferencia y dobles tareas. Fueron colectados los datos electromiográficos de los músculos recto femoral, vasto lateral, bíceps femoral, tibial anterior y gastrocnemio lateral, y datos cinemáticos de longitud de paso. Resultados: El GTEHV presentó mayores valores de longitud de paso después del entrenamiento. Ambos grupos (GTE y GTEHV) mostraron menores valores de activación muscular después del entrenamiento. Conclusión: Los resultados sugieren que el entrenamiento de equilibrio con vara vibratoria puede ser eficaz para mejoría del desempeño durante diferentes condiciones de marcha en personas mayores, contribuyendo para la prevención de caídas en esta población. .

Electromyographic reaction time in older female fallers and non-fallers after postural perturbation / Tempo de reação eletromiográfica em idosas caidoras e não-caidoras após desequilíbrio postural

The electromyographic reaction time (ERT) reflects the magnitude and speed with which muscles are activated to perform movements, to prevent injuries, or to position a joint. This parameter can be used to analyze postural control performance after an external perturbation and can be correlated with the possibility of falls in older adults. The objective of this study was to determine the ERT of the internal oblique, rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, tibialis anterior, multifidus, gluteus maximus, biceps femoris, and lateral gastrocnemius muscles to balance threats in older adults with and without a history of falls. Twenty-nine physically active and noninstitutionalized women aged 60 years or older were divided into two groups: fallers (n=13; 72.4 ± 8.0 years) and non-fallers (n=16; 67.8 ± 6.8 years). The ERT of the muscles tested did not differ significantly between groups following forward or backward perturbations. The results suggest that the activation of the muscles tested in response to forward or backward perturbations is not a determinant factor of falls.

O tempo de reação eletromiográfica (TRE) reflete a magnitude e a velocidade com que os músculos são ativados para realizar movimentos, evitar lesões ou posicionar uma articulação e pode ser avaliado após uma perturbação externa para análise do desempenho do controle postural e relacioná-lo com a possibilidade de quedas em idosos. O objetivo do estudo foi verificar o TRE dos músculos oblíquo interno (OI), reto femoral (RF), vasto lateral (VL), tibial anterior (TA), multífido (MU), glúteo máximo (GM), bíceps femoral (BF) e gastrocnêmio lateral (GL) em situações de perturbação do equilíbrio em idosos com e sem histórico de quedas. Para isso, foram avaliadas vinte e nove mulheres com 60 anos ou mais, fisicamente ativas e não-institucionalizadas e separadas em dois grupos de acordo com o relato de quedas nos 12 meses pregressos ao estudo: Grupo de Idosas Caidoras (GIC) (n=13; 72,4 ± 8,0 anos) e Grupo de Idosas Não-Caidoras (GINC) (n=16; 67,8 ± 6,8 anos). O TRE dos músculos avaliados durante o teste de desequilíbrio postural anterior e posterior não foram significativamente diferentes entre os grupos. Os resultados sugerem que a ativação muscular dos músculos avaliados, tanto durante o desequilíbrio anterior quanto no desequilíbrio posterior, não podem ser considerados um fator determinante para quedas.

Antagonist coactivation of trunk stabilizer muscles during Pilates exercises.

The purpose of this study was to compare the antagonist coactivation of the local and global trunk muscles during mat-based exercises of Skilled Modern Pilates. Twelve women performed five exercises and concurrently, surface EMG from internal oblique (OI), multifidus (MU), rectus abdominis (RA) and iliocostalis lumborum (IL) muscles was recorded bilaterally. The percentage of antagonist coactivation between local (OI/MU) and global muscles (RA/IL) was calculated. Individuals new to the practice of these exercises showed differences in coactivation of the trunk muscles between the exercises and these results were not similar bilaterally. Thus, in clinical practice, the therapist should be aware of factors such as compensation and undesirable rotation movements of the trunk. Moreover, the coactivation of global muscles was higher bilaterally in all exercises analyzed. This suggests that the exercises of Skilled Modern Pilates only should be performed after appropriate learning and correct execution of all principles, mainly the Centering Principle.

Coactivación muscular del miembro inferior de jóvenes y ancianos saludables durante la marcha con doble tarea funcional / Coativação muscular dos membros inferiores de jovens e idosas saudáveis durante marcha com dupla tarefa funcional / Lower limb muscle coactivation levels in healthy younger and older adults during functional dual-task gait

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of daily cognitive task on stiffness of old and young female adults during the gait. The study included 17 physically active younger and 18 older women, with low risk of falls. The volunteers were asked to walk on the treadmill at two different gait conditions: normal gait and functional dual-task gait. The electromyographic signals were collected of the lower limb muscles. The percentage of coactivation for the tibialis anterior/gastrocnemius lateralis and tibialis anterior/soleus were significantly higher in elderly than in younger in the normal gait and dual-task gait. Our results suggest that the elderly have a greater stiffness in the ankle joint during gait normal and daily dual task gait. Thus, we conclude that challenging cognitively situations during the gait may increase the risk of falls in this population.

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a influência de uma tarefa cognitiva cotidiana sobre a coativação muscular de mulheres idosas e jovens durante a marcha. Participaram do estudo 17 mulheres jovens fisicamente ativas e 18 mulheres idosas com baixo risco de quedas. Os voluntários foram orientados a caminhar sobre uma esteira em duas diferentes condições de marcha: marcha normal e marcha com dupla-tarefa cotidiana. Os sinais eletromiográficos foram coletados dos músculos dos membros inferiores. A porcentagem de coativação para tibial anterior/gastrocnêmio lateral e tibial anterior/sóleo foram significativamente maiores em idosos do que em jovens na marcha normal e marcha com dupla-tarefa. Nossos resultados sugerem que os idosos tem maior coativação muscular no tornozelo durante a marcha normal e marcha com dupla tarefa cotidiana. Assim, nós concluimos que situações cognitivamente desafiadoras durante a marcha podem aumentar o risco de quedas em idosos.

El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar la influencia de una tarea cognitiva diaria en la co-activación muscular en ancianos y jóvenes durante la marcha. Los participantes del estudio fueron 17 ancianos y 18 jóvenes físicamente activos con bajo riesgo de caídas. Los voluntarios caminaron sobre una cinta de correr en dos condiciones diferentes: la marcha normal y la marcha con doble tarea cotidiana. Las electromiografía se obtuvo de los músculos de las extremidades inferiores. El porcentaje de co-activación de los tibialis anterior/gastrocnemius lateralis and tibialis anterior /soleus fueron significativamente mayores en los ancianos que en los sujetos jóvenes durante la marcha normal y marcha con doble tarea. Nuestros resultados sugieren que los ancianos tienen un mayor coactivación muscular en el tobillo durante la marcha normal y marcha con doble tarea cotidiana. Por lo tanto, se concluye que las situaciones cognitivamente desafiantes durante la marcha puede aumentar el riesgo de caídas en los ancianos.

Electromyographic patterns of lower limb muscles during apprehensive gait in younger and older female adults.

OBJECTIVE: Investigate the influence of apprehensive gait on activation and cocontraction of lower limb muscles of younger and older female adults. METHODS: Data of 17 younger (21.47±2.06yr) and 18 older women (65.33±3.14yr) were considered for this study. Participants walked on the treadmill at two different conditions: normal gait and apprehensive gait. The surface electromyographic signals (EMG) were recorded during both conditions on: rectus femoris (RF), vastus lateralis (VL), vastus medialis (VM), biceps femoris (BF), tibialis anterior (TA), gastrocnemius lateralis (GL), and soleus (SO). RESULTS: Apprehensive gait promoted greater activation of thigh muscles than normal gait (F=5.34 and p=0.007, for significant main effect of condition; RF, p=0.002; VM, p<0.001; VL, p=0.003; and BF, p=0.001). Older adults had greater cocontraction of knee and ankle stabilizer muscles than younger women (F=4.05 and p=0.019, for significant main effect of groups; VM/BF, p=0.010; TA/GL, p=0.007; and TA/SO, p=0.002). CONCLUSION: Apprehensive gait promoted greater activation of thigh muscles and older adults had greater cocontraction of knee and ankle stabilizer muscles. Thus, apprehensive gait may leads to increased percentage of neuromuscular capacity, which is associated with greater cocontraction and contribute to the onset of fatigue and increased risk of falling in older people.

Motor readiness and joint torque production in lower limbs of older women fallers and non-fallers.

This study aimed to evaluate the motor response time and ability to develop joint torque at the knee and ankle in older women with and without a history of falls, in addition to investigating the effect of aging on these capacities. We assessed 18 young females, 21 older female fallers and 22 older female non-fallers. The peak torque, rate of torque development, rate of electromyography (EMG) rise, reaction time, premotor time and motor time were obtained through a dynamometric assessment and simultaneous electromyography. Surface EMGs of the rectus femoris (RF), vastus lateralis (VL), biceps femoris (BF), gastrocnemius lateralis (GL) and tibialis anterior (TA) muscles were recorded. Knee extension and flexion peak torques were lower in older fallers than in non-fallers. Knee extension and flexion and ankle plantarflexion and dorsiflexion peak torques were lower in both older groups than in the younger group. The rate of EMG rise of the BF and the motor time of the TA were lower and higher, respectively, in older fallers than in the younger adults. The time to reach peak torque in knee extension/flexion and ankle plantarflexion/dorsiflexion and the motor times of the RF, VL, BF and GL were higher in both older groups than in the younger groups. The motor time of the TA during ankle dorsiflexion and the knee extension peak torque were the major predictors of falls in older women, accounting for approximately 28% of the number of falls. Thus, these results further reveal the biomechanical parameters that affect the risk of falls and provide initial findings to support the prescription of exercises in fall prevention programs.

EMG activity of trunk stabilizer muscles during Centering Principle of Pilates Method.

This study aimed to analyze the electromyographic (EMG) activity of iliocostalis lumborum (IL), internal oblique (IO) and multifidus (MU) and the antagonist cocontraction (IO/MU and IO/IL) during the performance of Centering Principle of Pilates Method. Participating in this study were eighteen young and physically fit volunteers, without experience in Pilates Method, divided in two groups: low back pain group (LBPG, n = 8) and control group (CG, n = 10). Two isometric contractions of IO muscles (Centering Principle) were performed in upright sitting posture. EMG signal amplitude was calculated by Root Mean Square (RMS), which was normalized by RMS maximum value. The common area method to calculate the antagonist cocontraction index was used. MU and IO activation and IO/MU cocontraction (p < 0.05) were higher in CG. The CG therefore showed a higher stabilizer muscles recruitment than LBPG during the performance of Centering Principle of Pilates Method.

Variabilidade de parâmetros eletromiográficos e cinemáticos em diferentes condições de marcha em idosos / Electromyographic and kinematic parameters variability in different conditions of motion in the elderly

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a influência do medo de cair e da dupla tarefa sobre a variabilidade de parâmetros eletromiográficos e cinemáticos da marcha de idosas. Dezessete universitárias (21,47 ± 2,06 anos) e dezoito idosas (65,33 ± 3,14 anos), fisicamente ativas, realizaram teste de marcha em três condições: velocidade de preferência; medo de cair; e dupla tarefa. A atividade eletromiográfica dos músculos do membro inferior dominante e o comprimento e tempo de passada foram registrados. Utilizou-se o teste ANOVA Two-Way (p<0,05). A variabilidade eletromiográfica e cinemática foram maior para o grupo de idosas na comparação entre grupos. Para a comparação entre as condições de marcha analisadas, houve diferença significativa apenas para variabilidade eletromiográfica. Assim, o aumento da variabilidade dos parâmetros EMG e cinemáticos do grupo de idosos em relação ao grupo de jovens sugere que o fator envelhecimento contribui para uma maior dificuldade no controle da marcha, o que possivelmente predispõe estes indivíduos à ocorrência de quedas.

The main goal of this study was to investigate the influence of fear of fall and dual task on electromyographic and kinematic variability parameters on the gait of older females. Seventeen college students (21,47 ± 2,06 years old) and eighteen older female adults, both groups were physically fit and performed the gait test on three different conditions: walking at self-select speed, fear of fall and dual task. Electromyographic activity was measured on muscles of dominant leg and stride time was recorded. ANOVA two-way (p<0.05) was used. Electromyographic and kinematic gait variability were higher in older adult groups. However, for the comparison between gait conditions was only found significant difference for electromyographic variability. In line with this, the higher EMG and kinematic variability in older adults suggest that aging contributes for a higher motor challenge while walking, which may be predispose these individuals a higher risk of fall.