The Association Between Coping Strategies and Psychological and Emotional Distress Among Health Care Providers Caring for Autistic Children in Jordan.

BACKGROUND: Health care providers (HCPs) caring for autistic children report more perceived psychological and emotional distress related to their job. However, not much is known about what can be done to mitigate such distress, especially in countries with limited mental health resources, such as Jordan. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to examine the association between coping strategies (problem-focused, emotion-focused, and avoidant) and perceived emotional and psychological distress among HCPs of autistic children in Jordan. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, a convenience sample of 180 HCPs working with autistic children in Jordan were recruited through autism centers and social media using an online self-administered questionnaire. RESULTS: The multiple linear regression analysis revealed that 31% of the variability in perceived emotional distress was explained by its significant association with problem-focused coping, emotion-focused coping, and avoidant coping. Likewise, 39% of the variability in perceived psychological distress was explained by its significant association with gender, having an immediate family, area of specialty, problem-focused coping, emotion-focused coping, and avoidant coping. CONCLUSIONS: The study shows that problem-focused coping significantly decreases perceived emotional distress, whereas emotion-focused and avoidant coping significantly increase perceived emotional distress. Avoidant coping significantly increases perceived psychological distress. Understanding the association between coping strategies and perceived emotional and psychological distress among HCPs can assist mental health nurses in identifying at-risk providers and providing timely emotional and psychological support.

Academic procrastination, loneliness, and academic anxiety as predictors of suicidality among university students.

Suicide is a major public health concern, and university students are at higher risk of suicide than any other age group. The purpose of this study was to examine the prediction power of loneliness, academic anxiety, and academic procrastination on suicidality among university students. A cross-sectional, correlational design was used to recruit 403 university students using the electronic survey format in Jordan. Data were collected regarding loneliness, academic anxiety, academic procrastination, and suicidality. A two-step multiple hierarchical regression analysis was performed. Only 17.1% (n = 69) of students were at risk of suicide, low to moderate level of loneliness, moderate level and moderate to high level of academic procrastination of academic anxiety. The model that included the sociodemographic and the psychological factors was significant (F18,390 = 12.3, p < 0.001) where the total variance in suicidality was 37.3% (R2 = 0.373). Being a working student, being on psychotropic medication, romantic and family relationships domains of loneliness, and academic anxiety were found to be predictors of suicidality (p < 0.05). Suicide is a significant problem among university students. Mental health professionals and policymakers need to enhance the use and access to mental health services and seek psychological counselling to combat the increasingly observed phenomenon of suicide among young people.

Professional Quality of Life, Job Satisfaction, and Intention to Leave among Psychiatric Nurses: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Psychiatric nurses are challenged with high levels of stress, which, in turn, lower their professional quality of life (ProQoL) and job satisfaction and increase their intention to leave jobs in psychiatric settings. An adequate level of ProQoL improves patient care provision. The purpose of this study is to assess the levels, relationships, and predictors of the professional quality of life of Jordanian psychiatric nurses and their job satisfaction and intention to leave their job. A descriptive cross-sectional design was used to collect data using the Professional Quality of Life Scale-5 from a convenience sample. Data were collected from 144 psychiatric nurses working in the largest psychiatric hospitals run by Ministry of Health, military, and university-affiliated hospitals. The results showed that the mean scores for compassion satisfaction (CS), burnout (BO), and secondary traumatic stress (STS) were 35.21, 27.0, and 26.36, respectively. The mean scores for intention to leave and job satisfaction were 2.33 and 3.7, respectively. The income level, educational level, intention to leave, and job satisfaction significantly differed in the CS dimension. Nurses' age, intention to leave, and job satisfaction significantly differed in BO. Nurses' age, years of experience, frequent C-shifts worked, and work affiliation were different in STS. Burnout, STS, and educational level predicted CS. CS, STS, job satisfaction, and level of education predicted BO. BO, CS, and frequently working night C-shifts predicted STS. Due to the presence of nurses reporting low levels of ProQoL, job satisfaction, and intension to leave, more studies are needed to assess the factors that affect ProQoL among psychiatric nurses and to evaluate interventional programs that improve the quality of life of psychiatric nurses. This is important in retaining nurses and increasing their job satisfaction. There is a need for interventions that enhance ProQoL. Also, longitudinal studies that measure ProQoL overtime are recommended. This study was not registered.

Levels and predictors of empathy, self-awareness, and perceived stress among nursing students: a cross sectional study.

BACKGROUND: High levels of empathy and self-awareness and low level of stress among nursing students are the core elements of improving patients' care and outcomes. The purpose of this study is to assess the levels, relationships, and predictors of empathy, self-awareness, and perceived stress in a sample of undergraduate Jordanian nursing students. METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional design was employed to collect data from 330 students using a web-based survey. RESULTS: The total mean scores of empathy, self-awareness, and perceived stress were 75.75, 40.17, and 55.65, respectively. Students who are studying in public universities, with higher GPA, who have no intention to leave nursing, and who are satisfied with nursing; reported higher level of empathy. Students with lower income level, who have no intention to leave nursing, and who are satisfied with nursing; reported higher level of self-awareness. Female students, those who sleeping 6 h and less, did not get a balanced diet or perform exercise, studying in public universities, lower GPA, have intention to leave nursing, and did not satisfy with nursing; reported higher level of perceived stress. CONCLUSIONS: Nursing students reported adequate empathy level, low self-awareness level, and moderate perceived stress level. Students who are satisfied and have no intention to leave nursing reported higher level of empathy, self-awareness, and perceived stress. It is necessary to conduct interventional programs that enhance students' well-being especially empathy and self-awareness, and reduce the level of their stress.

Status and predictors of medical students' knowledge and attitude towards palliative care in Jordan: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Palliative care focuses on the ability of medical students to use their expanded experiences and knowledge; however, basic medical education does not provide adequate knowledge and skills regarding palliative and end-of-life care. This study designed to examine knowledge related to palliative care and attitudes toward dying people among medical students in Jordan. METHODS: Cross-sectional, descriptive design was used in this study. A total of 404 medical students were recruited using convenience sampling techniques from six medical programs. Data was collected using a self-administered questionnaire in relation to knowledge and attitudes regarding palliative care and dying persons using Palliative Care Assessment Knowledge (PCAK) and Frommelt Attitudes toward Care of the Dying Scale Form B (FATCOD-B). RESULTS: Medical students have a moderate level of knowledge related to palliative care in (PCAK) part1 subscale about; pain managing (n = 156, 38.6 %), managing other palliative care symptoms (n = 164, 40.6 %), and in witnesses' family counseling and breaking bad news discussion (n = 178, 44.1 %). However, medical students have inadequate knowledge concerning the palliative care in part-2of the scale. Furthermore, students have positive attitudes towards caring for dying patients with mean score of 108.76 (SD = 8.05). The highest ranked attitude subscales were; Fairs/Malaise (M = 29.03, SD = 4.28), Communication (M = 21.39, SD = 2.51) and Relationship (M = 18.31, SD = 1.55). There was a significant difference in attitudes in relation to gender (t = -5.14, p < 0.001) with higher female mean score (M = 109.97) than males (M = 105.47). Also significant difference found among those who are exposed to Palliative Care and those who are not (t = -6.33, p < 0.001) with higher mean score of those exposed to palliative acre courses (M=298) than those who did not (M=106). CONCLUSION: Improving knowledge and attitudes of medical students regarding palliative and end of life care should be highlighted to medical educators and medical schools need to incorporate palliative and end-of-life care into medical curricula across all levels.

Mental illness stigma as a moderator in the relationship between religiosity and help-seeking attitudes among Muslims from 16 Arab countries.

BACKGROUND: Determining the potential barriers responsible for delaying access to care, and elucidating pathways to early intervention should be a priority, especially in Arab countries where mental health resources are limited. To the best of our knowledge, no previous studies have examined the relationship between religiosity, stigma and help-seeking in an Arab Muslim cultural background. Hence, we propose in the present study to test the moderating role of stigma toward mental illness in the relationship between religiosity and help-seeking attitudes among Muslim community people living in different Arab countries. METHOD: The current survey is part of a large-scale multinational collaborative project (StIgma of Mental Problems in Arab CounTries [The IMPACT Project]). We carried-out a web-based cross-sectional, and multi-country study between June and November 2021. The final sample comprised 9782 Arab Muslim participants (mean age 29.67 ± 10.80 years, 77.1% females). RESULTS: Bivariate analyses showed that less stigmatizing attitudes toward mental illness and higher religiosity levels were significantly associated with more favorable help-seeking attitudes. Moderation analyses revealed that the interaction religiosity by mental illness stigma was significantly associated with help-seeking attitudes (Beta = .005; p < .001); at low and moderate levels of stigma, higher religiosity was significantly associated with more favorable help-seeking attitudes. CONCLUSION: Our findings preliminarily suggest that mental illness stigma is a modifiable individual factor that seems to strengthen the direct positive effect of religiosity on help-seeking attitudes. This provides potential insights on possible anti-stigma interventions that might help overcome reluctance to counseling in highly religious Arab Muslim communities.

Social cognitive elements of mental illness stigma among healthcare professionals currently working in general hospitals: A cross-sectional study from Jordan.

AIM: To assess the social cognitive elements of the stigma of mental illness (knowledge, attitudes and behaviours) among healthcare professionals (HCPs) in Jordan. DESIGN: A cross-sectional descriptive design. METHODS: A total of 206 HCPs were conveniently recruited from general hospitals in Jordan. The mental attitude, knowledge and intended behaviours scales were used to measure stigma elements. RESULTS: Participants reported a moderate level of knowledge, a moderate negative attitude and a moderate or not greater interest to deal with people with mental health illnesses. The bivariate correlation revealed a negative significant correlation between HCPs' knowledge and attitude, indicating that HCPs with more knowledge significantly have more positive attitude (lower average score) towards those suffering from the illness. A more significant correlation was found between HCPs' knowledge and behaviour. The HCPs who had more knowledge were holding more interest and willingness towards dealing with persons with mental illness. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: Negative attitudes among HCPs demand awareness programmes pertaining to the stigma of mental illness to afford higher standards of practice for patients with mental problems.

The efficacy of using psychotherapy treatments for obsessive-compulsive disorder on minimizing suicidal thoughts and behaviours: A scoping review.

BACKGROUND: Suicidal thoughts and behaviours (STBs) are significant public health challenges that affect a variety of individuals and communities. Despite numerous efforts to discover and refine psychotherapy treatments to minimize STBs, the efficacy of STB treatments remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: Conduct a scoping review to assess the efficacy of using psychotherapy treatments to minimize STBs among individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). METHOD: A scoping review was conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews guidelines (PRISMA-ScR) to screen 163 studies published between 2010 and 2021. RESULTS: A total of seven articles that fulfil the eligibility criteria reported that psychotherapy treatments for obsessive-compulsive disorder were found to be effective and applicable approaches to minimize the severity of the OCD symptoms and STBs, despite variance in studies' target samples, types of interventions, periods and indicators. CONCLUSION: The current review has provided evidence showing the significant effects of psychotherapy treatments on various health-related aspects of life for individuals diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder, and it is recommended to use them for enhancing treatment outcomes and minimizing STBs. IMPLICATION FOR PRACTICE: This scoping review verifies the formalization and incorporation of psychotherapy treatments for OCD to minimize STBs into standard practice and highlights the importance of mental health professionals being part of the implementation of these treatments.

Exploring Mental Health and Psychosocial Well-Being in Recovered Jordanian Individuals With COVID-19: A Phenomenological Study.

BACKGROUND: COVID-19-related healthcare services focus primarily on medical and physical treatments. Related treatments for psychosocial and mental health needs have not been a priority for healthcare professionals. Understanding the process by which individuals who have recovered from COVID-19 adapt psychologically will allow better planning for mental healthcare and healthcare outcomes. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to explore how recovered individuals with COVID-19 adapted to related psychological and social stressors during the infection period. METHODS: A descriptive phenomenological approach was used to investigate a purposive sample of 13 individuals in Jordan who had recovered from COVID-19. Data were collected using semistructured interviews. RESULTS: Perceptions related to being diagnosed with COVID-19 were distinguished into four major themes: conscious awareness (acceptance, victimization, and normalizing), uncertainty (apprehension and poor communication), sources of psychosocial support (caring family, healthcare professionals' support, and self-grieving), and resilience (optimism, positive thinking, and spirituality). CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study indicate the need to integrate psychosocial and mental healthcare services into healthcare plans provided to individuals with COVID-19 and similar pandemic infections.

Gender as a Moderator of Spirituality and Spiritual Care in ICU Nurses During COVID-19 Pandemic.

Background: Earlier research has found that female healthcare providers often report greater spirituality and spiritual care than males. This would evoke attention toward factors contributing to such differences, particularly gender. Aim: To examine the moderating effects of gender on the relationships between demographic characteristics of ICU nurses and their perceived spirituality and spiritual care. Methods: A cross-sectional correlational design was used to recruit a national sample of 865 nurses working in ICUs in Jordan and providing care to patients diagnosed with COVID-19. Data were collected using a self-report bilingual version of Spirituality and Spiritual Care Rating Scale (SSC) and analysed using the SPSS software package. Results: Social status, monthly income, and receiving previous courses or lecture training on spirituality and spiritual care were predictors of higher SSCRS scores. Working with COVID-19 patients was a positive predictor (B = 0.074, p = 0.023), suggesting that working with COVID-19 patients is more likely to have a higher level of SSC. Gender was a negative predictor (B = -0.066, p = 0.046), suggesting that female participants are likelier to have a lower SSC score. Conclusion: Working with patients during the COVID-19 pandemic positively impacted nurses' perception of SCC, but female nurses had lower score than male nurses indicating the need for more emphasis on training female nurses and exploring further the areas in which they need more training and to be able to provide an effective SSC. A sustainable up-to-date training and in-service education programs responding to nurses' needs and emerged emergencies crisis need to be integrated into nursing quality of care policy development.

Suicide literacy mediates the path from religiosity to suicide stigma among Muslim community adults: Cross-sectional data from four Arab countries.

BACKGROUND: The majority of research attention has been devoted to the link between religiosity and suicide risk, and a considerable amount of studies has been carried out on how stigma impacts individuals with mental health problems of different kinds. However, the interplay between religiosity, suicide literacy and suicide stigma has seldom been empirically researched, especially quantitatively. We sought through this study to redress the imbalance of research attention by examining the relationship between religiosity and suicide stigma; and the indirect and moderating effects of suicide literacy on this relationship. METHOD: A cross-sectional web-based survey was conducted among Arab-Muslim adults originating from four Arab countries (Egypt: N = 1029, Kuwait: N = 2182, Lebanon N = 781, Tunisia N = 2343; Total sample: N = 6335). The outcome measures included the Arabic Religiosity Scale which taps into variation in the degree of religiosity, the Stigma of Suicide Scale-short form to the solicit degree of stigma related to suicide, and the Literacy of Suicide Scale explores knowledge and understanding of suicide. RESULTS: Our Mediation analyses findings showed that literacy of suicide partially mediated the association between religiosity and stigmatizing attitude toward suicide. Higher religiosity was significantly associated with less literacy of suicide; higher literacy of suicide was significantly associated with less stigma of suicide. Finally, higher religiosity was directly and significantly associated with more stigmatization attitude toward suicide. CONCLUSION: We contribute the literature by showing, for the first time, that suicide literacy plays a mediating role in the association between religiosity and suicide stigma in a sample of Arab-Muslim community adults. This preliminarily suggests that the effects of religiosity on suicide stigma can be modifiable through improving suicide literacy. This implies that interventions targeting highly religious individuals should pay dual attention to increasing suicide literacy and lowering suicide stigma.

The effect of adherence therapy on medication adherence, health beliefs, self-efficacy, and depressive symptoms among patients diagnosed with major depressive disorder.

Medication adherence is a crucial health issue in major depressive disorder (MDD) that requires regular monitoring and attention. Hence, there are multiple reasons for medication non-adherence among them. This study aimed to examine the effect of adherence therapy (AT) on medication adherence, health beliefs, self-efficacy, and depressive symptoms among patients diagnosed with MDD. One group pretest-posttest, repeated measures time-series design was conducted. A sample of 32 patients was recruited conveniently; they received eight weekly sessions of AT. A self-reported questionnaire was used to measure variables. The analysis showed that the mean scores of the baseline indicated non-adherence, moderate general benefits beliefs about the medication, high beliefs that medication is harmful, high beliefs that doctors overuse medication, high beliefs about potential adverse effects from medication, low perception of MDD severity, and high threatening perception regarding MDD, a moderate degree of confidence in the ability to taking medications, and patients had moderately severe depressive symptoms (M = 16, 3.2, 3.1, 4.1, 3.8, 50, 3, 16 respectively). Over four measurement points, adherence therapy enhanced positive beliefs towards taking medication and illness, increased medication adherence self-efficacy, improved medication adherence, and decreased depressive symptoms (F = 68.57-379.2, P < 0.001). These improvements were clinically significant in all variables immediately post-AT but declined minimally over time. The study indicated that integrating AT as part of the pre-discharge protocol is one core component to sustaining positive healthcare outcomes. Continuous efforts should be paid in terms of the long-term sustainability of an intervention to enhance adherence and clinical outcomes.

Cross-cultural comparison of mental illness stigma and help-seeking attitudes: a multinational population-based study from 16 Arab countries and 10,036 individuals.

BACKGROUND: There is evidence that culture deeply affects beliefs about mental illnesses' causes, treatment, and help-seeking. We aimed to explore and compare knowledge, attitudes toward mental illness and help-seeking, causal attributions, and help-seeking recommendations for mental illnesses across various Arab countries and investigate factors related to attitudes toward help-seeking. METHODS: We carried out a multinational cross-sectional study using online self-administered surveys in the Arabic language from June to November 2021 across 16 Arab countries among participants from the general public. RESULTS: More than one in four individuals exhibited stigmatizing attitudes towards mental illness (26.5%), had poor knowledge (31.7%), and hold negative attitudes toward help-seeking (28.0%). ANOVA tests revealed a significant difference between countries regarding attitudes (F = 194.8, p < .001), knowledge (F = 88.7, p < .001), and help-seeking attitudes (F = 32.4, p < .001). Three multivariate regression analysis models were performed for overall sample, as well as Palestinian and Sudanese samples that displayed the lowest and highest ATSPPH-SF scores, respectively. In the overall sample, being female, older, having higher knowledge and more positive attitudes toward mental illness, and endorsing biomedical and psychosocial causations were associated with more favorable help-seeking attitudes; whereas having a family psychiatric history and endorsing religious/supernatural causations were associated with more negative help-seeking attitudes. The same results have been found in the Palestinian sample, while only stigma dimensions helped predict help-seeking attitudes in Sudanese participants. CONCLUSION: Interventions aiming at improving help-seeking attitudes and behaviors and promoting early access to care need to be culturally tailored, and congruent with public beliefs about mental illnesses and their causations.

The effect of a contact-based intervention on attitudes and intended behaviors of nursing students toward people with mental illness: A quasi-experimental study.

Background and Aim: Although nursing students are professionally and ethically trained and educated to respect patients with a variety of medical and mental problems, they continue to exhibit negative attitudes and behaviors toward mental disease and patients with mental illness. The accumulated evidence indicates that contact-based intervention (CBI) is helpful in enhancing nursing students' attitudes and behaviors toward patients with mental illness. Although evidence found to support the CBI, culture and settings might play a significant role to decide its effectiveness. This would call for testing further the effectiveness of CBI across cultures and healthcare settings. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of a CBI on the attitudes and intended behaviors of nursing students in Jordan toward people with mental illness. Methods: A quasi-experimental, pre-post, design was used. Data were collected from 81 nursing students from two nursing schools implementing the CBI using self-reported questionnaires to measure students' attitudes and intended behaviors toward people with mental illness. Data were collected during the first semester of the academic year 2019/2020. The paired-samples and independent-samples t tests were used to test the study's hypotheses. Results: At baseline, the results indicated that there were no statistically significant differences between the experimental and control groups in terms of their attitudes and intended behaviors toward people with mental illness. At posttest, statistically significant improvements in the attitudes and intended behaviors of nursing students found in the experimental group and between control and experimental groups toward people with mental illness compared with baseline pretest measures (p < 0.001). Conclusion: The CBI did improve the attitudes and intended behaviors of Jordanian nursing students toward people with mental illness. Significant implications for nurses were discussed.

Healthcare providers' intention to leave their jobs during COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study.

Background and Aims: During the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19), healthcare providers confronted risks of disease transmission to themselves and their family members, resulting in physical and psychological burdens. This might affect their decisions to leave their jobs temporarily or permanently, fearing infection and protecting their families. This study examined the factors related to the intention to leave a job among healthcare providers during the COVID-19 pandemic in Jordan. Methods: A cross-sectional correlational design was used to collect data using a convenience sample of 557 healthcare providers working in different sectors across Jordan. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire about the intention to leave jobs during the pandemic. Results: The sample included 368 females (63.8%) and 209 males (36.6%) participants. The mean age of participants was 30.8 years (SD = 6.65). Differences found in intention to leave job during COVID-19 in relation to age (t = 2.60, p < 0.05), gender (X 2 = 4.25, p < 0.001), and marital status (X 2 = 18.2, p < 0.001). Participants with a high risk of exposure to COVID-19 and who experienced higher workloads had higher scores of intention to leave their job during COVID-19, while being married had lower scores. Conclusions: Policy-makers need to pay attention to young and single healthcare providers during the COVID-19 pandemic to prevent them leave their job. Crucial guidelines for managing workload during the COVID-19 pandemic are needed. Policy-makers during pandemics have to protect healthcare providers who feel they are at high risk of infection.

Psychological Predictors of Fibromyalgia Among High School Students.

The purpose of the current study was to examine prediction power of psychological factors (i.e., alexithymia and psychological distress) on fibromyalgia among high school students. A cross-sectional, correlational design was used. Data related to alexithymia, psychological distress, and fibromyalgia were collected from 483 high school students from the northern part of Jordan using stratified cluster random sampling. Results showed that psychological distress is a significant predictor of fibromyalgia (odds ratio = 1.1, p < 0.001). Significant differences were found between males and females in relation to alexithymia (t = -4.87, p < 0.001), psychological distress (t = -6.0, p < 0.001), and fibromyalgia (χ2 = 4.14, p = 0.04, phi = 0.07). Age was only significantly correlated with alexithymia (r = 0.06, p < 0.05). Given the relationship among psychological distress, alexithymia, and fibromyalgia, mental health professionals should carefully observe psychological disturbances among high school students. [Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 60(8), 19-25.].

The Association of Persistent Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety with Recurrent Acute Coronary Syndrome Events: A Prospective Observational Study.

The purpose of this study was to examine the role of persistent symptoms of depression and anxiety in a second acute coronary syndrome (ACS) event. Data presented in this study were from an RCT study. A follow-up for 24 months after baseline to detect a second ACS event among 1162 patients from five hospitals. Hierarchal Cox regression analyses were used. The results showed that persistent depression only (HR 2.27; 95% CI: 1.35-3.81; p = 0.002), and comorbid persistent depression and anxiety (HR 2.03; 95% CI: 1.03-3.98; p = 0.040) were the significant predictors of a second ACS event. Secondary education level compared to primary educational level (HR 0.63; 95% CI: 0.43-0.93; p = 0.020) and college or more education level compared to primary educational level (HR 0.47; 95% CI: 0.27-0.84; p = 0.011) were the only demographic variables that were significant predictors of a second event. The study reveals that attention must be paid by healthcare providers to assess and manage persistent depression; particularly when it is co-morbid with anxiety.

Testing Efficacy of Relapse Prevention Intervention among Patients Diagnosed with Schizophrenia in Jordan.

Relapse prevention is an essential component in sustaining positive treatment outcomes.The purpose of this study was to test the efficacy of a relapse prevention intervention on the ability of patients and their primary caregivers to self-detect and manage early warning signs of relapse, and its impact on relapse rate among patients diagnosed with schizophrenia.Quasi-experimental design; one group posttest only, repeated measure time-series design was employed. A total of 40 patients and their primary caregivers represented the sample in this study.The statistical analysis revealed that the effect of relapse prevention intervention on patients and their primary caregivers' ability to self-detect severity and manage early warning signs of relapse has sustainable and positive effect on patients and their primary caregivers from T1 to T3 (patients, M = 9.0-9.3; caregivers, M = 9.7-9.9). Also, positive effect of intervention detected on abilities of patients and primary caregivers to manage EWS from T1 to T3 (patients, M = 35-36.0; caregivers, M = 39.7-38.1). The analysis also showed a low relapse rate (14.9%).The study showed that relapse prevention interventions is effective and applicable approach that psychiatric nurses can use to ensure sustainable positive outcomes of psychiatric healthcare among patients with schizophrenia.

Using Relapse Prevention Interventions to Maintain Remission and Minimize Relapse Rates for Individuals With Schizophrenia: A Scoping Review.

Maintaining remission and improving quality of life for individuals with schizophrenia can encourage them to return to work, participate in volunteer opportunities, and establish healthy intimate relationships. The purpose of the current review was to explore the impacts of using relapse prevention interventions on maintaining remission and minimizing relapse rate for individuals with schizophrenia. A scoping review was performed using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews guidelines to screen 134 studies published between 2010 and 2020. A total of 14 articles met eligibility criteria. Included studies showed that intervention strategies tailored to meet the needs of individuals with schizophrenia must be developed and applied in different psychiatric settings to maintain remission and minimize relapse rate. [Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 60(7), 47-54.].

Predictors of social response to COVID-19 among health care workers caring for individuals with confirmed COVID-19 in Jordan.

Background: The outbreak of COVID-19 forced public health authorities around the world to call for national emergency plans. Public responses, in the form of social discrimination and stigmatizing behaviors, are increasingly being observed against individuals with confirmed COVID-19 and healthcare workers (HCWs) caring for those individuals. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the perception of social discrimination and coping strategies, and explore predictors of social discrimination and coping with COVID-19 among HCWs and individuals with confirmed COVID-19. Methods: This study used a cross-sectional descriptive-comparative design to collect data, using a convenience sample of 105 individuals with confirmed COVID-19 and 109 HCWs using a web-based survey format. Results: In this study, individuals confirmed with COVID-19 reported a high level of social discrimination compared with HCWs (t = 2.62, p < 0.01), while HCWs reported a high level of coping with COVID-19 compared to individuals with COVID-19 (t = -3.91, p < 0.001). Educational level, age, monthly income, and taking over-the-counter medication were predictors of social discrimination and coping with COVID-19 among HCWs and individuals with confirmed COVID-19. Conclusions: The findings showed that individuals with confirmed COVID-19 were more likely to face social discrimination, and HCWs cope with COVID-19 better than ordinary individuals with confirmed COVID-19.