RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Proximal humeral fractures (PHF) are the third most common fracture in geriatric traumatology. No standard evidence-based treatment has been established so far. The epidemiology and economic burden highlight the importance of a targeted treatment strategy. OBJECTIVE: Epidemiology of PHF and analysis of the influence of preoperative length of stay, comorbidities and quality of patient life. Additionally, a comparison to the more frequently studied proximal femoral fractures. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A routine data analysis of 17,322 cases admitted for inpatient treatment with an observational period of 1 year was performed following an established model. Descriptive statistics included comorbidities, treatment procedures and mortality. Analytical statistics using logistic regression with the primary endpoints of early revision, mortality and decubitus within 1 year. RESULTS: In the investigated PHFs there was a mortality of 13% within 1 year, which is increased three-fold in patients with comorbidities such as cancer. There was an increase of 57% in patients who first received a care level following PHF. A preoperative care level in general significantly decreased survival. The most frequently used surgical procedure was fixation via stable-angle plate (used in 43%). The preoperative length of stay did not impact survival. DISCUSSION: Intrinsic factors such as preoperative comorbidities are crucial for the mortality after PHF. The PHF affects patients' lives less than proximal femoral fractures. With comparable comorbidity profiles, possible reasons are the lower levels of immobilization and less dependency on care before the fracture in comparison to proximal femoral fractures.
Assuntos
Fraturas do Ombro , Humanos , Idoso , Fraturas do Ombro/epidemiologia , Fraturas do Ombro/cirurgia , Hospitalização , Análise de Regressão , Comorbidade , Placas ÓsseasAssuntos
Endocitose/efeitos dos fármacos , Hormônios Esteroides Gonadais/farmacologia , Animais , Proteínas de Transporte/fisiologia , Humanos , Proteína-2 Relacionada a Receptor de Lipoproteína de Baixa Densidade/metabolismo , Globulina de Ligação a Hormônio Sexual/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Transdução de Sinais/fisiologia , Vitamina D/metabolismoRESUMO
The function of the plasma membrane calmodulin-dependent calcium ATPase (PMCA) in myocardium is unknown. PMCA is localized in caveolae, 50- to 100-nm membrane invaginations, which also contain receptors for endothelin-1 (ET-1) and various other ligands. PMCA has been suggested to play a role in regulation of caveolar signal transduction. We studied the effects of the hypertrophic agonist ET-1 and increased coronary perfusion pressure on cardiac synthesis of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) in transgenic rats overexpressing the human PMCA 4CI in isolated perfused heart preparation. ET-1 infusion for 2 h increased BNP mRNA levels twofold in left ventricles (LV) of nontransgenic rats, whereas no increase was noted in PMCA rat hearts. Similar responses were seen in adrenomedullin and c-fos mRNA levels, and in immunoreactive BNP secretion. Increased mechanical load produced by elevated perfusion pressure induced similar 1.5- to 1.6-fold increases in LV BNP mRNA in both nontransgenic and PMCA rat hearts. These results show that cardiac overexpression of PMCA attenuates ET-1-stimulated early induction of cardiac gene expression, suggesting that PMCA may modulate myocardial growth responses.
Assuntos
ATPases Transportadoras de Cálcio/biossíntese , Endotelina-1/farmacologia , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Miocárdio/metabolismo , Sarcolema/metabolismo , Adrenomedulina , Animais , Animais Geneticamente Modificados , Fator Natriurético Atrial/genética , Fator Natriurético Atrial/metabolismo , ATPases Transportadoras de Cálcio/genética , Cavéolas/metabolismo , Membrana Celular/metabolismo , Ventrículos do Coração/efeitos dos fármacos , Ventrículos do Coração/metabolismo , Hemodinâmica/fisiologia , Humanos , Técnicas In Vitro , Contração Miocárdica/efeitos dos fármacos , Contração Miocárdica/fisiologia , Peptídeo Natriurético Encefálico , Peptídeos/genética , Peptídeos/metabolismo , Perfusão , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-fos/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-fos/metabolismo , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Ratos , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Transdução de Sinais/fisiologia , Estresse MecânicoRESUMO
Alternative splicing of Wt1 results in the insertion or omission of the three amino acids KTS between zinc fingers 3 and 4. In vitro experiments suggest distinct molecular functions for + and -KTS isoforms. We have generated mouse strains in which specific isoforms have been removed. Heterozygous mice with a reduction of +KTS levels develop glomerulosclerosis and represent a model for Frasier syndrome. Homozygous mutants of both strains die after birth due to kidney defects. Strikingly, mice lacking +KTS isoforms show a complete XY sex reversal due to a dramatic reduction of Sry expression levels. Our data demonstrate distinct functions for the two splice variants and place the +KTS variants as important regulators for Sry in the sex determination pathway.
Assuntos
Processamento Alternativo/genética , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/genética , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/metabolismo , Genes do Tumor de Wilms/genética , Néfrons/embriologia , Proteínas Nucleares , Proteínas Repressoras , Processos de Determinação Sexual , Fatores de Transcrição/genética , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo , Transporte Ativo do Núcleo Celular , Animais , Animais Recém-Nascidos , Apoptose , Sequência de Bases , Sobrevivência Celular , Receptor Nuclear Órfão DAX-1 , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/química , Transtornos do Desenvolvimento Sexual , Éxons/genética , Feminino , Glomerulosclerose Segmentar e Focal/genética , Glomerulosclerose Segmentar e Focal/metabolismo , Gônadas/anormalidades , Gônadas/embriologia , Gônadas/metabolismo , Gônadas/patologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Mutagênese/genética , Néfrons/anormalidades , Néfrons/metabolismo , Néfrons/ultraestrutura , Isoformas de Proteínas/química , Isoformas de Proteínas/genética , Isoformas de Proteínas/metabolismo , Sítios de Splice de RNA/genética , RNA Mensageiro/genética , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Receptores do Ácido Retinoico/genética , Proteína da Região Y Determinante do Sexo , Síndrome , Fatores de Transcrição/química , Proteínas WT1RESUMO
The plasma membrane calmodulin-dependent calcium ATPase (PMCA) is a calcium-extruding enzyme controlling Ca2+ homeostasis in nonexcitable cells. However, its function in the myocardium is unclear because of the presence of the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger. We approached the question of the physiological function of the calcium pump using a transgenic "gain of function" model. Transgenic rat lines carrying the human PMCA 4 cDNA under control of the ventricle-specific myosin light chain-2 promoter were established, and expression in the myocardium was ascertained at the mRNA, protein, and functional levels. In vivo hemodynamic measurements in adult homozygous animals showed no differences in baseline and increased cardiac performance recruited by volume overload compared with controls. No differences between transgenic and control cardiomyocytes were found in patch clamp voltage dependence, activation/inactivation behavior of the L-type Ca2+ current, or fast [Ca2+]i transients (assessed by the Fura-2 method). To test whether the PMCA might be involved in processes other than beat-to-beat regulation of contraction/relaxation, we compared growth processes of neonatal transgenic and control cardiomyocytes. A 1.6- and 2.3-fold higher synthesis rate of total protein was seen in cells from transgenic animals compared with controls on incubation with 2% FCS for 24 hours and 36 hours, respectively. An effect of similar magnitude was observed using 20 micromol/L phenylephrine. A 1.4-fold- and 2.0-fold-higher protein synthesis peak was seen in PMCA-overexpressing cardiomyocytes after stimulation with isoproterenol for 12 hours and 24 hours, respectively. Because pivotal parts of the alpha- and beta-adrenergic signal transduction pathways recently have been localized to caveolae, we tested the hypothesis that the PMCA might alter the amplitude of alpha- and beta-adrenergic growth signals by virtue of its localization in caveolae. Biochemical as well as immunocytochemical studies suggested that the PMCA in large part was colocalized with caveolin 3 in caveolae of cardiomyocytes. These results indicate that the sarcolemmal Ca2+-pump has little relevance for beat-to-beat regulation of contraction/relaxation in adult animals but likely plays a role in regulating myocardial growth, possibly through modulation of caveolar signal transduction.
Assuntos
ATPases Transportadoras de Cálcio/fisiologia , Coração/fisiologia , Sarcolema/enzimologia , Animais , Animais Geneticamente Modificados , Cálcio/metabolismo , ATPases Transportadoras de Cálcio/análise , ATPases Transportadoras de Cálcio/genética , Hemodinâmica , Humanos , Immunoblotting , Miocárdio/enzimologia , RatosRESUMO
To study the physiological function of the plasma membrane calmodulin-dependent calcium ATPase (PMCA) in intact cells, L6 myogenic cell lines stably overexpressing the human PMCA isoform 4CI (= human PMCA isoform 4b) were generated. Several independent L6 clones and controls stably transfected with the empty expression vector were analyzed in detail. The resting cytosolic calcium level in hPMCA4CI-overexpressing muscle cells (measured by the Fura-2 method) was significantly reduced by 20-30% compared with controls. This was shown in a cytosolic window of 1322 single cells (p < 0.01). Furthermore, the differentiation process of these cells was remarkably accelerated compared with control myoblasts and parental nontransfected L6 cells as assessed by multinucleated myotube formation and creatine phosphokinase activity elevation. After 4 and 6 days of differentiation, PMCA-overexpressing L6 cells from four independent clones displayed a 3- and 4-fold higher creatine phosphokinase activity compared with controls (n = 5, p < 0.02). These results may extend the concept of the function of the PMCA from simple prevention of calcium overload to an active involvement in intracellular calcium regulation with potentially important consequences for cellular functions.
Assuntos
ATPases Transportadoras de Cálcio/metabolismo , Músculos/enzimologia , Animais , Cálcio/metabolismo , Diferenciação Celular , Membrana Celular/enzimologia , Células Cultivadas , Creatina Quinase/metabolismo , Humanos , RNA Mensageiro/genética , Ratos , Proteínas RecombinantesRESUMO
The functional significance of the isoform diversity of the calmodulin-dependent plasma membrane Ca(2+)-ATPase (PMCA) is largely unknown. To determine whether the mRNA synthesis of different isoforms of the enzyme is regulated in a differentiation-specific manner, we investigated the expression of isoform-specific mRNAs in muscle and neuronal cells during differentiation by reverse transcription PCR. In the rat, the ubiquitous PMCA splicing variants 1b and 4b formed the typical PMCA isoform pattern of L6 myoblasts, the heart-derived cell line H9c2(2-1), two different fibroblast cell lines (FR and NRK-49F), smooth muscle, and endothelial cells. In addition to these two enzymes, novel expression of the splicing variants 1c, 1d, and 4a was induced during myogenic differentiation of L6 and H9c2(2-1) cells. A similar isoform subtype switch could be detected during differentiation of the neuronal PC-12 cells induced by nerve growth factor (NGF). The isoform-specific mRNAs 1c, 1d, and 4a were not expressed in cells other than myocytes and neurons, and therefore may be specific for excitable cells. The mRNA for isoform 1d was heart- and skeletal muscle-specific. To determine whether expression of a differentiation-specific PMCA mRNA pattern is under control of a myogenic determination factor, myogenin was constitutively expressed in rat fibroblasts. These cells converted to multinucleated myotubes, which displayed the PMCA isoform-specific mRNAs 1c, 1d, and 4a, typical of differentiated muscle cells. We conclude that: 1) the distribution of the various PMCA isoform-specific mRNAs and their splicing variants is cell type- and development-specific; 2) expression of the myogenic determination factor myogenin is sufficient to direct alternative splicing generating muscle-specific PMCA mRNA species; and 3) PMCA isoforms and/or splicing variants may play a role in determining functions of terminally differentiated muscle and neuronal cells and possibly during the differentiation process itself.