RESUMO
The complementarity of historical and contemporary processes contributes to understanding the genetic structure of continuously distributed marine species with high dispersal capabilities. Cephalorhynchus eutropia, has a continuous coastal distribution with strong genetic differentiation identified by nuclear DNA markers. We explored the historical dimension of this genetic differentiation between northern and southern populations to evaluate phylogeographic structure. Additionally, we conducted mtDNA and microsatellite analyses to detect past and recent demographic changes. The southern population was characterized by lower genetic diversity with a signal of population expansion, likely associated with ice retreat and habitat extension after the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). In contrast, structure within the northern population was more consistent with stable historical population size. Approximate Bayesian Computation analyses suggested that during the LGM, C. eutropia persisted in the northern area; while the south was colonized by dispersal ~11,000 years ago followed by population expansion. This study shows that Chilean dolphin population structure is consistent with predictions from the Expansion-Contraction biogeographic model, with a poleward post-glacial shift revealed in current genetic structure. The results also confirm the validity of the population units previously identified, demonstrating their historical origin and highlighting the utility of integrating genetic markers with different temporal scale resolutions.
Assuntos
DNA Mitocondrial/genética , Golfinhos/genética , Ecossistema , Repetições de Microssatélites/genética , Modelos Biológicos , Animais , Chile , Evolução Molecular , Especiação Genética , Variação Genética , Genética Populacional , Periodicidade , Filogenia , FilogeografiaRESUMO
Boron is quantitatively separated from silicon-bearing and other inorganic materials by pyrohydrolysis. Microgram amounts of boron are separated by passing oxygen-saturated steam over a sample mixed with vanadium oxide and copper oxide. The distillate is collected in dilute potassium hydroxide solution and determined by inductively-coupled argon-plasma spectroscopy.
