Humic Substances: Determining Potential Molecular Regulatory Processes in Plants.

Humic substances (HSs) have considerable effects on soil fertility and crop productivity owing to their unique physiochemical and biochemical properties, and play a vital role in establishing biotic and abiotic interactions within the plant rhizosphere. A comprehensive understanding of the mode of action and tissue distribution of HS is, however, required, as this knowledge could be useful for devising advanced rhizospheric management practices. These substances trigger various molecular processes in plant cells, and can strengthen the plant's tolerance to various kinds of abiotic stresses. HS manifest their effects in cells through genetic, post-transcriptional, and post-translational modifications of signaling entities that trigger different molecular, biochemical, and physiological processes. Understanding of such fundamental mechanisms will provide a better perspective for defining the cues and signaling crosstalk of HS that mediate various metabolic and hormonal networks operating in plant systems. Various regulatory activities and distribution strategies of HS have been discussed in this review.

Transcriptomics and Biochemical Profiling: Current Dynamics in Elucidating the Potential Attributes of Olive.

Various transcriptome studies have remained useful in unraveling the complexity of molecular pathways regulating the oil biochemical contents and fruit characteristics of agronomic value in olive. Genes networks associated with plant architect and abiotic stress tolerance have been constructed due to robust genomic data generated by the tools of genomics. This, familiarity will accelerate the breeding programmes in making the selection of high yielding olive genotypes promptly and efficiently. Moreover, comparative transcriptome studies for endogeneous enzymes at different expression sites explicate the contribution of various pathways in phenol and lipid oxidation in olive. Recently, non-targeted metabolomics and metabolic profiling techniques have not only made the understanding of metabolic changes easy but also elucidate biomarkers in fruits related to agronomic parameters and abiotic stresses. However, the alteration in the architectural build up of phenotypes auth-enticates the conservation of their potential genetic links that will invoke interest for future olive breeding.