Synthesis and biological effects of new hybrid compounds composed of benzylguanidines and the alkylating group of busulfan on neuroblastoma cells.

(131)Iodine-labelled (meta-iodobenzyl)guanidine ([(131)I]-mIBG) and busulfan [butane-1,4-diylbis(methanesulfonate)] are well-established pharmaceuticals in neuroblastoma therapy. We report the design, synthesis, and testing of hybrid molecules-mBBG and pBBG-which combine key structural features of (meta-iodobenzyl)guanidine and busulfan: they contain a benzylguanidine moiety for accumulating in neuroblastoma cells via the noradrenaline transporter and, in the meta- or para-position, respectively, one of the two identical alkylating motives of busulfan for killing cells. Uptake and toxicity of hybrids mBBG and pBBG in human neuroblastoma cells compared favorably to their ancestors [(131)I]-mIBG and busulfan.

Stereoselective preparation of (E)-configured 1,2-disubstituted propenes from two aldehydes by a two-carbon stitching strategy: convergent synthesis of 18,21-diisopropyl-geldanamycin hydroquinone and its C7 epimer.

The title compounds were synthesized in a longest sequence of 27 linear steps and with an overall yield of 2.9 and 3.9%. In the course of the synthesis, two aldehydes representing carbon fragments C1-C7 (Eastern fragment) and C9-C21 (Western fragment) were prepared from D-mannitol, each of which incorporated a key stereogenic center at the respective secondary methyl ether group (C6, C12) from the chiral pool material. The assembly of the two aldehydes was achieved employing α-chloroethyl magnesium chloride as a two-carbon building block. The carbenoid reagent was generated from α-chloroethyl para-tolylsulfoxide by sulfoxide-magnesium exchange and it added smoothly to the highly sensitive aldehyde of the Eastern fragment (C1-C7). Upon oxidation, an α-chloroethyl ketone was generated, which underwent a clean and high-yielding reductive SmI(2) -promoted addition to the other aldehyde fragment. Dehydration delivered the key double bond between C8 and C9 in an overall yield of 72% over four steps. The method was shown to be generally applicable to the racemization-free conversion of several aldehydes into the respective α-chloroethyl ketone (11 examples, 64-95%) and to the coupling protocol (5 examples, 66-90%). The further course of the geldanamycin hydroquinone synthesis included a diastereoselective reduction at C7 and the implementation of the amino group at C20. Since deprotection of the two isopropyl protecting groups could not be achieved in significant yields, the structure of 18,21-diisopropyl-geldanamycin hydroquinone was proven by its independent synthesis from the natural product.

A novel cis-selective cyclohexanone annulation as the key step of a total synthesis of the sesquiterpene isoacanthodoral.

Isoacanthodoral (1) is a structurally unique sesquiterpene in that it is a bicyclo[4.4.0]dec-1-ene with a cis- rather than the common trans-junction between the constituting rings. An efficient construction of this motif has been accomplished by a novel cis-selective cyclohexanone annulation, combining the lithium enolate of ester 8, the alpha,beta-unsaturated ester 6, and vinylmagnesium bromide in a single synthetic operation. For completing the total synthesis of 1, a Shapiro-olefination/hydrogenation sequence and a reductive cyanation were employed.