Two new species of Platensina Enderlein (Diptera, Tephritidae, Tephritinae, Dithrycini) from India.

Two new species of Platensina Enderlein, P.rabbanii David & Hancock, sp. nov., and P.flavistigma David & Hancock, sp. nov., are described from Meghalaya and southern India, respectively. Platensinarabbanii can be differentiated from P.alboapicalis Hering by the presence of a single hyaline indentation in cell r1 and the apical hyaline band in cell r2+3 restricted to the apex; P.flavistigma differs from P.quadrula Hardy by the presence of a yellow/fulvous pterostigma and shape of the epandrium. DNA barcode sequences of P.acrostacta (Wiedemann), P.flavistigma and P.platyptera Hendel were obtained and reported. Postabdominal descriptions and illustrations of P.acrostacta, P.platyptera and P.zodiacalis (Bezzi) are also provided along with keys to all 23 species and the 7 known from India.

A new genus of fruit fly in subfamily Dacinae (Diptera: Tephritidae) from India.

A new genus and species of fruit fly, Dacimita curvifasciatus David & Hancock, gen. et sp. n. is described from Meghalaya, India. It morphologically resembles Ichneumonopsis Hardy and Monacrostichus Bezzi, the former of uncertain tribal placement and the latter included in tribe Dacini. Phylogenetic analysis based on morphological and molecular characters revealed Dacimita curvifasciatus to be best placed in tribe Gastrozonini in subfamily Dacinae.

Biogeography, Speciation and Taxonomy within the genus Bactrocera Macquart with application to the Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) complex of fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae).

The genus Bactrocera Macquart comprises a large group of some 750 species distributed across the Asia-Pacific and Afrotropical regions. Most of these have been described and revised by Drew (1989), Drew & Hancock (1994) and Drew & Romig (2013, 2022). A taxonomic study of such a large and diverse group of species provides valuable information that can be used in the elucidation of concepts on biogeography and evolution that are presented in this paper. While a wider discussion of this genus and its many complexes of sibling species awaits a future publication, in this paper we discuss the Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) complex in light of current knowledge of biogeography and evolution in the Asia-Pacific region. Within the dorsalis complex, 70 species were recognized in South-East Asia by Drew & Romig (2013) and eight listed for Papua New Guinea and Australia by Drew (1989). Seventy-nine species are now included in this paper. Within this complex, two major groups occur, one with species responding to methyl eugenol and the other to cue lure. The 34 non-cue lure responding group of species are discussed, most of which respond to methyl eugenol and seven of which are recognized as having pest status, namely, B. carambolae Drew & Hancock, B. caryeae (Kapoor), B. dorsalis (Hendel), B. kandiensis Drew & Hancock, B. occipitalis (Bezzi), B. ochroma Drew & Romig and B. papayae Drew & Hancock. An eighth species, Bactrocera invadens Drew, Tsuruta & White is included in this discussion on the basis of its molecular similarity to B. dorsalis. The remaining group of 45 species, mostly cue lure-responding and including the pest species B. pyrifoliae Drew & Hancock and B. syzygii White & Tsuruta, are also discussed. Morphological and ecological data are presented for each pest species and their biosecurity risks assessed. In addition, new data based on further research on the male aedeagus have demonstrated that B. carambolae, B. occipitalis, B. papayae and B. invadens are markedly different from B. dorsalis in the dimensions and shape of the glans and preglans appendix. Based on this evidence, and that presented by Drew & Romig (2016), the withdrawal of B. papayae and B. invadens from synonymy with B. dorsalis by Drew & Romig (2016) remains valid, while the similarity in aedeagus characters between B. papayae and B. philippinensis further supports the synonymisation of these two species. The remainder of the 34 non-cue lure responding species are distributed from the Indian subcontinent, across South-East Asia, Papua New Guinea and north-eastern Australia, some with restricted geographic distributions and specific host plant species. Comments on the reliability of molecular phylogenies in the Dacini are included, with the published mitogenome of 'Dacus longicornis' regarded, on morphological evidence, as data based on a misidentification of Dacus (Mellesis) polistiformis (Senior-White), and the recent synonymy of B. albistrigata (de Meijere) with B. frauenfeldi (Schiner) considered to be based on insufficient evidence.

Taxonomic notes on the genus Elaphromyia Bigot (Diptera: Tephritidae: Tephritinae: Pliomelaenini) in India, with description of a new species.

A new species of Elaphromyia, E. juncta David, Hancock Sachin, sp. n. is described from India. It can be differentiated from the morphologically similar E. siva Frey and E. pterocallaeformis (Bezzi) by the wing pattern, epandrial characters, morphology of spicules on the eversible membrane and spermathecal shape. Elaphromyia siva Frey and E. yunnanensis Wang are recorded for the first time from India. Records of E. pterocallaeformis (Bezzi) from southern India are regarded as misidentifications. A key to the 7 known non-African species is included.

A new species, new postabdominal descriptions and a new synonymy in Euphranta Loew (Diptera: Tephritidae: Trypetinae: Adramini).

A new species of Euphranta, E. flavothoracica David, Hancock Sachin, sp. n. is described from India and placed in the zeylanica group of species. Postabdominal structures of E. cassiae (Munro), E. crux (Fabricius) and E. klugii (Wiedemann) are described. A revised key to the 16 species of Euphranta known from India is provided. A new generic and specific synonymy is established: Euphranta Loew, 1862 = Ichneumonomacula Chen, 2020, syn. n. and Dacus figuratus Walker, 1856 (=Euphranta figurata (Walker, 1856))= Ichneumonomacula wangyongi Chen, 2020, syn. n.

A new species of Euphranta Loew (Diptera: Tephritidae: Trypetinae: Adramini) from India.

A new species of Euphranta Loew, E. siruvani David, Hancock Sankararaman, sp. n. is described from India. Postabdominal structures of E. hyalipennis David Freidberg and E. haldwanica Hancock Goodger are illustrated and described. A revised key to Euphranta from India is also provided.

A new species of Acrotaeniostola Hendel and new records of Gastrozonini and Ceratitidini (Diptera: Tephritidae) from India.

A new species of Acrotaeniostola Hendel, A. connexa sp. n. of tribe Gastrozonini, is described from India. Acroceratitis incompleta Hardy of tribe Gastrozonini and Ceratitella sobrina (Zia) of tribe Ceratitidini have been recorded for the first time from India. The genus Ceratitella Malloch and tribe Ceratitidini are recorded for the first time from India.

TWO NEW SPECIES AND A NEW RECORD OF DACUS FABRICIUS (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE) FROM INDIA.

Two new species of the genus Dacus Fabricius, namely D. (Mellesis) jacobi David Sachin and D. (Mellesis) viraktamathi David Hancock of tribe Dacini are described from India. Dacus (Mellesis) maculipterus White is recorded for the first time from India. An updated key to species of genus Dacus from India, Bhutan and Sri Lanka is also provided.

A new species of Hemilea Loew and two new records of Trypetini (Diptera: Tephritidae: Trypetinae) from India.

A new species of Hemilea Loew, H. totu David, Hancock Sachin, sp. n., is described from India. Paratrypeta appendiculata (Hendel) and Vidalia thailandica Hancock Drew are recorded for the first time from India and a key to species of Hemilea from India and Myanmar is provided.

Erratum: K. J. DAVID amp; D. L. HANCOCK (2019) TAXONOMIC NOTES ON GENUS COELOTRYPES BEZZI (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE: TRYPETINAE) WITH DESCRIPTION OF TWO NEW SPECIES ZOOTAXA, 4563: 584-594.

N/A.

Taxonomic notes on genus Coelotrypes Bezzi (Diptera: Tephritidae: Trypetinae) with description of two new species.

Two new species of Coelotrypes Bezzi, C. meremmiae sp. n. and C. paralatilimbatus sp. n. are described from India. Postabdominal structures and the third instar larva of C. luteifasciatus (Senior-White) are also illustrated and described. A key to Oriental species of Coelotrypes is provided.

New species, new records and updated subgeneric key of Bactrocera Macquart (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae: Dacini) from India.

Two new species of genus Bactrocera Macquart, namely B. (Sinodacus) brevipunctata David and Hancock, sp. nov. and B. (Bactrocera) furcata David and Hancock, sp. nov., are described from India. B. (B.) aethriobasis Hardy, B. (B.) rubigina Wang & Zhao, B. (B.) syzygii Tsuruta & White and B. (B.) tuberculata (Bezzi) are recorded for the first time from India. Updated keys to twelve subgenera of Bactrocera and Indian species of Bactrocera (Bactrocera) are also provided.

A new species of Gastrozona Bezzi (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae: Gastrozonini) with an updated key to species from India.

Gastrozona nigrifemur sp. nov., is described from India. Postabdominal structures of G. fasciventris (both male and female), G. soror (female) and G. montana (male) are described and illustrated. An updated key to Indian species of Gastrozona is provided.

Two new species of Acroceratitis Hendel (Diptera: Tephritidae) and an updated key for the species from India.

Two new species of genus Acroceratitis Hendel, namely A. parastriata David & Hancock , sp. nov. and A. breviscapa David, Ramani & Hancock, sp. nov., are described from India. A. histrionica (de Meijere) is recorded for the first time from India. An updated key to Indian species of Acroceratitis is also provided.

New species and records of Euphranta Loew and other Adramini (Diptera: Tephritidae: Trypetinae) from south and southeast Asia.

Seven new species of Euphranta Loew are described, viz., Euphranta dysoxyli David, sp. nov., E. hyalipennis David & Freidberg, sp. nov, E. diffusa David, sp. nov., E. haldwanica Hancock & Goodger, sp. nov. and E. thandikudi David, sp. nov. from India; E. neochrysopila David, Freidberg, Hancock & Goodger, sp. nov. from Sri Lanka and E. ridleyi Hancock & Goodger, sp. nov. from Singapore. Notes are provided on the identities of E. corticicola (Hering) and E. klugii (Wiedemann); E. signatifacies Hardy is synonymised with E. klugii; E. dissoluta (Bezzi) and E. burtoni Hardy are synonymised with E. crux (Fabricius) and Dimeringophrys parilis (Hardy) is reinstated as a valid species. Coelotrypes latilimbatus (Enderlein), Dimeringophrys pallidipennis Hardy, D. parilis (Hardy) and Hardyadrama excoecariae Lee are newly recorded from India, E. crux from Sri Lanka and E. klugii from Indonesia. An unnamed species of Coelopacidia Enderlein from India is illustrated. An illustrated key to species of Euphranta Loew from India is also provided.

Studies investigating the possible involvement of adenosine in the antisecretory action of morphine.

1. Fluid secretion was induced in the jejunum of anesthetised rats using vasoactive intestinal peptide. 2. The adenosine antagonist, DPCPX (0.1 mg/kg), suppressed the antisecretory action of morphine (10 mg/kg), but naloxone (80 micrograms/kg) did not inhibit the antisecretory response of the adenosine agonist, NECA (40 micrograms/kg), at a dose previously shown to antagonize the antisecretory response of morphine. 3. NECA (40 (micrograms/kg) reversed secretion in pithed and reserpine-pretreated (5 mg/kg subcutaneously) rats. 4. It is proposed that adenosine acts as a mediator of the morphine antisecretory effect at a site distal to the noradrenergic neurons involved in the action of morphine.

Functional characterization of the adenosine receptor mediating inhibition of peristalsis in the rat jejunum.

1. The non-selective adenosine agonist, 5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA), is a potent inhibitor of morphine withdrawal diarrhoea in rats. More recently we found that NECA exerts its antidiarrhoeal effect by inhibiting secretion in both the jejunum and ileum and also by inhibiting peristalsis in the ileum. The specific aim of this study was to characterize the receptor in the rat jejunum mediating inhibition of peristalsis via functional studies using a range of metabolically stable adenosine analogues based on the pharmacological criteria of relative agonist and antagonist potencies. 2. Peristalsis in the rat isolated jejunum was achieved by raising the pressure to between 7-11 cmH2O for 3 min followed by a 3 min rest period (pressure at zero). The mean rate of peristalsis during inflation was 7.3 +/- 0.1 peristaltic waves per 3 min and this rate remained consistent for up to 30 min, in 5 separate tissues. The inhibitory effects of the adenosine analogues were quantified by expressing their effects as a % reduction in the mean number of peristaltic contractions derived from the control tissues. 3. The rank order of agonist potency to reduce the rate of peristalsis was: N6-cyclopentyladenosine (CPA) > NECA > R(-)-N6-(2-phenylisopropyl)adenosine (R-PIA) > chloroadenosine (2-CADO) > S-PIA > 2-phenylaminoadenosine (CV-1808). This order complies well with the rank order of agonist potency that represents the activation of the A1 receptor subtype (CPA > R-PIA = CHA = > NECA > 2-CADO > S-PIA > CV-1808). 4. The selective A1 adenosine antagonist 1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine (DPCPX) and the nonselective adenosine antagonist 8-phenyltheophylline (8-PT) at their respective concentrations of 10 nM and 2 microM caused parallel rightward shifts in the concentration-response curve to the non-selective Al/A2 agonist NECA. DPCPX was significantly more potent at inhibiting NECA than 8-PT as revealed by their apparent pA2 values; DPCPX (9.5) and 8-PT (7.26). The high affinity of DPCPX relative to that of 8-PT suggests the presence of an Al and not an A2B receptor. In addition, the high affinity of DPCPX(pA2:9.37) against the selective Al agonist CPA, further confirms the presence of the Al receptor subtype.5. In this study we found that the Al adenosine receptor is involved in regulating in vitro peristalsis which is different from the adenosine receptor regulating inhibition of secretion (A2B) in the same region of intestine of the same species. We propose that A2B adenosine agonists could be of clinical value in the management of diarrhoea that is due to microbiological organisms where antimotility effects are not desired.

Evidence for peptidase activity in the rat intestine.

1. Cholinergic contraction was induced in segments of rat jejunum by transmural stimulation (10 Hz, 1 ms for 8 s). The synthetic delta-opiate agonist, DADLE (100 nM), caused a prolonged inhibition of the cholinergic response. 2. The naturally occurring opioid peptides, dynorphin A (1-13) (200 nM), leu-enkephalin (400 nM), met-enkephalin (200 nM) and the synthetic delta-agonist, DSLET (30 nM), also caused large inhibitions in the response. 3. Each of these peptides lost a significant amount of their original activity at 6 min, which was reduced by a mixture of peptidase inhibitors consisting of bestatin (30 microM), thiorphan (10 microM), captopril (10 microM) and L-leucyl-L-leucine (2 mM). 4. The enkephalinase inhibitor, thiorphan (10 microM), significantly lengthened the time at which met-enkephalin was active, but not to the same extent as the mixture of peptidase inhibitors. However, the mixture of peptidase inhibitors did not significantly alter the cholinergic contraction in the absence of opioid peptides. 5. It is concluded that peptidases, including enkephalinase, are present in the rat intestine. However, the model presently described does not release functional amounts of endogenous opioid peptides, nor does it become tolerant to the effect of stimulating its delta-opioid receptors.