Magneto-responsive biocomposites in wound healing: from characteristics to functions.

The number of patients with non-healing wounds continuously increases, and has become a prominent societal issue that imposes a heavy burden on both patients and the entire healthcare system. Although traditional dressings play an important role in wound healing, the complexity and diversity of the healing process pose serious challenges in this field. Magneto-responsive biocomposites, with their excellent biocompatibility, remote spatiotemporal controllability, and unique convenience, demonstrate enticing advantages in the field of wound dressings. However, current research on magneto-responsive biocomposites as wound dressings lacks comprehensive and in-depth reviews, which to some extent, restricts the deeper understanding and further development of this field. Based on this, this paper reviews the latest advances in magnetic responsive wound dressings for wound healing. First, we review the process of skin wound healing and parameters for assessing repair progress. Then, we systematically discuss the preparation strategies and unique characteristics of magneto-responsive biocomposites, focusing on magneto-induced orientation, magneto-induced mechanical stimulation, and magnetocaloric effect. Subsequently, this review elaborates the multiple mechanisms of magneto-responsive biocomposites in promoting wound healing, including regulating cell behavior, enhancing electrical signal, controlling drug release, and accelerating tissue reconstruction. Finally, we further propose the development direction and future challenges of magnetic responsive biomaterials as wound dressings in clinical application.

Carry-over rate of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances to raw milk and human exposure risks in different regions of China.

The widespread presence of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in various environmental matrices and their adverse health effects have gained worldwide attention. Therefore, numerous studies have focused on human exposure to PFAS through different pathways, such as fish and drinking water, and little attention has been paid to milk consumption. This study aimed to explore the transfer of PFAS by investigating the occurrence of PFAS in cow feed, drinking water, and raw milk from 20 regions of China and to assess the risk of human exposure to PFAS from raw milk. In total, 13, 15, and 7 PFAS were detected in cow feed, drinking water, and raw milk with total concentrations (∑PFAS) of 5.59 ± 2.91 ng/g (mean ± standard deviation), 11.91 ± 23.12 ng/L, and 0.15 ± 0.13 ng/mL, respectively. Perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPeA) was dominant with a concentration of 2.28 ± 1.75 ng/g, approximately 40.7 % of ∑PFAS in feed. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) were the dominant compounds found in drinking water at 4.80 ± 14.37 and 3.01 ± 6.06 ng/L, respectively. Additionally, PFOA (0.08 ± 0.09 ng/mL) was the most significant compound in raw milk, contributing 51.5 % of ∑PFAS. Moreover, the results of the carry-over rate (COR) were as follows: perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS, 29.58 %) > PFOA (15.78 %) > perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (PFBS, 9.45 %). According to the reference dose (RfD) established by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) in 2018, there is a potential toxicological hazard of PFOA exposure for preschool children through milk consumption. Notably, the health risk from PFOS for 1-year-old children in Central China exceeded that observed for humans in other regions and age groups. Our results showed that PFOS and PFOA were more likely to accumulate in cows and to be constantly transferred to milk, thus increasing the human health risk, especially in children.

GenBase: A Nucleotide Sequence Database.

The rapid advancement of sequencing technologies poses challenges in managing the large volume and exponential growth of sequence data efficiently and on time. To address this issue, we present GenBase (https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/genbase), an open-access data repository that follows the International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration (INSDC) data standards and structures, for efficient nucleotide sequence archiving, searching, and sharing. As a core resource within the National Genomics Data Center (NGDC), of the China National Center for Bioinformation (CNCB; https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn), GenBase offers bilingual submission pipeline and services, as well as local submission assistance in China. GenBase also provides a unique Excel format for metadata description and feature annotation of nucleotide sequences, along with a real-time data validation system to streamline sequence submissions. As of April 23, 2024, GenBase received 68,251 nucleotide sequences and 689,574 annotated protein sequences across 414 species from 2319 submissions. Out of these, 63,614 (93%) nucleotide sequences and 620,640 (90%) annotated protein sequences have been released and are publicly accessible through GenBase's web search system, File Transfer Protocol (FTP), and Application Programming Interface (API). Additionally, in collaboration with INSDC, GenBase has constructed an effective data exchange mechanism with GenBank and started sharing released nucleotide sequences. Furthermore, GenBase integrates all sequences from GenBank with daily updates, demonstrating its commitment to actively contributing to global sequence data management and sharing.

Temperature effects on plasmalogen profile and quality characteristics in Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) during depuration.

The quality of Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) can be affected by many factors during depuration, in which temperature is the major element. In this study, we aim to determine the quality and plasmalogen changes in C. gigas depurated at different temperatures. The quality was significantly affected by temperature, represented by varying survival rate, glycogen content, total antioxidant capacity, alkaline phosphatase activity between control and stressed groups. Targeted MS analysis demonstrated that plasmalogen profile was significantly changed during depuration with PUFA-containing plasmalogen species being most affected by temperature. Proteomics analysis and gene expression assay further verified that plasmalogen metabolism is regulated by temperature, specifically, the plasmalogen synthesis enzyme EPT1 was significantly downregulated by high temperature and four plasmalogen-related genes (GPDH, PEDS, Pex11, and PLD1) were transcriptionally regulated. The positive correlations between the plasmalogen level and quality characteristics suggested plasmalogen could be regarded as a quality indicator of oysters during depuration.

Giardia intestinalis extracellular vesicles induce changes in gene expression in human intestinal epithelial cells in vitro.

Giardiasis is a common waterborne zoonotic disease caused by Giardia intestinalis. Upon infection, Giardia releases excretory and secretory products (ESPs) including secreted proteins (SPs) and extracellular vesicles (EVs). Although the interplay between ESPs and intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) has been previously described, the functions of EVs in these interactions and their differences from those of SPs require further exploration. In the present study, EVs and EV-depleted SPs were isolated from Giardia ESPs. Proteomic analyses of isolated SPs and EVs showed 146 and 91 proteins, respectively. Certain unique and enriched proteins have been identified in SPs and EVs. Transcriptome analysis of Caco-2 cells exposed to EVs showed 96 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), with 56 upregulated and 40 downregulated genes. Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) indicated that Caco-2 genes related to metabolic processes, the HIF-1 signaling pathway, and the cAMP signaling pathway were affected. This study provides new insights into host-parasite interactions, highlighting the potential significance of EVs on IECs during infections.

Clinical phenotype of a Kallmann syndrome patient with IL17RD and CPEB4 variants.

Background: This study aimed to characterize the clinical phenotype and genetic variations in patients with Kallmann syndrome (KS). Methods: This study involved the collection and analysis of clinical data from an individual with sporadic KS. Following this, peripheral blood samples were obtained from the patient and his parents. Genomic deoxyribonucleic acid was extracted and subjected to whole-exome sequencing and genomic copy number variation (CNV) detection. Finally, Sanger sequencing was performed to validate the suspected pathogenic variants. Results: Whole-exome sequencing confirmed that the child carried both the IL17RD variant (c.2101G>A, p.Gly701Ser) inherited from the mother and the new CPEB4 variant (c.1414C>T, p.Arg472*). No pathogenic CNVs were identified in CNV testing. Conclusion: Bioinformatics analysis shows that the IL17RD protein undergoing Gly701Ser mutation and is speculated to be phosphorylated and modified, thereby disrupting fibroblast growth factor signaling. This study also suggested that the CPEB4 might play a crucial role in the key signaling process affecting olfactory bulb morphogenesis. Overall, the findings of this study broaden the gene expression profile of KS-related pathogenic genes. This offers a new avenue for exploring the pathogenic mechanism of KS and provides valuable insights for precise clinical diagnosis and treatment strategies for this condition.

Acetyl-CoA-dependent ac4C acetylation promotes the osteogenic differentiation of LPS-stimulated BMSCs.

The impaired osteogenic capability of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) caused by persistent inflammation is the main pathogenesis of inflammatory bone diseases. Recent studies show that metabolism is disturbed in osteogenically differentiated BMSCs in response to Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment, while the mechanism involved remains incompletely revealed. Herein, we demonstrated that BMSCs adapted their metabolism to regulate acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) availability and RNA acetylation level, ultimately affecting osteogenic differentiation. The mitochondrial dysfunction and impaired osteogenic potential upon inflammatory conditions accompanied by the reduced acetyl-CoA content, which in turn suppressed N4-acetylation (ac4C) level. Supplying acetyl-CoA by sodium citrate (SC) addition rescued ac4C level and promoted the osteogenic capacity of LPS-treated cells through the ATP citrate lyase (ACLY) pathway. N-acetyltransferase 10 (NAT10) inhibitor remodelin reduced ac4C level and consequently impeded osteogenic capacity. Meanwhile, the osteo-promotive effect of acetyl-CoA-dependent ac4C might be attributed to fatty acid oxidation (FAO), as evidenced by activating FAO by L-carnitine supplementation counteracted remodelin-induced inhibition of osteogenesis. Further in vivo experiments confirmed the promotive role of acetyl-CoA in the endogenous bone regeneration in rat inflammatory mandibular defects. Our study uncovered a metabolic-epigenetic axis comprising acetyl-CoA and ac4C modification in the process of inflammatory osteogenesis of BMSCs and suggested a new target for bone tissue repair in the context of inflammatory bone diseases.

Plant genomic resources at National Genomics Data Center: assisting in data-driven breeding applications.

Genomic data serve as an invaluable resource for unraveling the intricacies of the higher plant systems, including the constituent elements within and among species. Through various efforts in genomic data archiving, integrative analysis and value-added curation, the National Genomics Data Center (NGDC), which is a part of the China National Center for Bioinformation (CNCB), has successfully established and currently maintains a vast amount of database resources. This dedicated initiative of the NGDC facilitates a data-rich ecosystem that greatly strengthens and supports genomic research efforts. Here, we present a comprehensive overview of central repositories dedicated to archiving, presenting, and sharing plant omics data, introduce knowledgebases focused on variants or gene-based functional insights, highlight species-specific multiple omics database resources, and briefly review the online application tools. We intend that this review can be used as a guide map for plant researchers wishing to select effective data resources from the NGDC for their specific areas of study. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42994-023-00134-4.

Effects of the family customised online FOCUS programme on patients with heart failure and their informal caregivers: a multicentre, single-blind, randomised clinical trial.

Background: Living with heart failure can severely affect the physical and mental health of patients with heart failure and their caregivers. Available dyadic self-care interventions for heart failure are scarce, especially in China. We aimed to develop and test the family FOCUS programme. Methods: This single-blind, randomised, controlled study was conducted at four hospitals in Tianjin, China. Patients with heart failure (aged at least 18 years) and their caregiver (dyads) were randomly assigned to either the intervention (n = 71) or control (n = 71) group in a 1:1 ratio. The primary outcomes of this study were patient self-care, with three specific dimensions (self-care maintenance, symptom perception, and self-care management), and caregiver contribution to self-care, mirroring these three dimensions. The outcomes were assessed at baseline (T0) and 4 (T1), 12 (T2), and 24 (T3) weeks post-discharge, respectively. This work is registered on ChiCTR, ChiCTR2100053168. Findings: Between May 20, 2022, and September 30, 2022, 142 dyads with heart failure were enrolled. The intervention group exhibited dropout rates of 6%, 8.5%, and 18.3% at 4, 12, and 24 weeks after discharge, while the control group showed 9.9%, 12.3%, and 25.4%. Compared with the control group, patients in the intervention group reported improved self-care maintenance (ß: 8.5, 95% CI: 0.7, 16.4) and management (ß: 7.2, 95% CI: 0.1, 14.3) at T1, as well as improved symptom perception at both T1 (ß: 9.7, 95% CI: 1.5, 17.9) and T2 (ß: 9.6, 95% CI: 0.6, 18.6). Furthermore, caregiver contributions to self-care maintenance, self-care management, and symptom perception (excluding T3) exhibited significant improvements at all timepoints. Interpretation: Although the significant improvements in patients' self-care were not long-lasting, this study suggested that the family FOCUS programme consistently enhanced caregivers' contributions to self-care. Future work could explore the effect of the family FOCUS programme on families with multiple chronic conditions. Funding: The National Natural Science Foundation of China.

Screening of 1.17 million newborns for inborn errors of metabolism using tandem mass spectrometry in Shanghai, China: A 19-year report.

BACKGROUND: Inborn errors of metabolism (IEMs) frequently result in progressive and irreversible clinical consequences if not be diagnosed or treated timely. The tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS)-based newborn screening (NBS) facilitates early diagnosis and treatment of IEMs. The aim of this study was to determine the characteristics of IEMs and the successful deployment and application of MS/MS screening over a 19-year time period in Shanghai, China, to inform national NBS policy. METHODS: The amino acids and acylcarnitines in dried blood spots from 1,176,073 newborns were assessed for IEMs by MS/MS. The diagnosis of IEMs was made through a comprehensive consideration of clinical features, biochemical performance and genetic testing results. The levels of MS/MS testing parameters were compared between various IEM subtypes and genotypes. RESULTS: A total of 392 newborns were diagnosed with IEMs from January 2003 to June 2022. There were 196 newborns with amino acid disorders (50.00%, 1: 5910), 115 newborns with organic acid disorders (29.59%, 1: 10,139), and 81 newborns with fatty acid oxidation disorders (20.41%; 1:14,701). Phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency, methylmalonic acidemia and primary carnitine deficiency were the three most common disorders. Some hotspot variations in eight IEM genes (PAH, SLC22A5, MMACHC, MMUT, MAT1A, MCCC2, ACADM, ACAD8), 35 novel variants and some genotype-biochemical phenotype associations were identified. CONCLUSIONS: A total of 28 types of IEMs were identified, with an overall incidence of 1: 3000 in Shanghai, China. Our study offered clinical guidance for the implementation of MS/MS-based NBS and genetic counseling for IEMs in this city.

BioKA: a curated and integrated biomarker knowledgebase for animals.

Biomarkers play an important role in various area such as personalized medicine, drug development, clinical care, and molecule breeding. However, existing animals' biomarker resources predominantly focus on human diseases, leaving a significant gap in non-human animal disease understanding and breeding research. To address this limitation, we present BioKA (Biomarker Knowledgebase for Animals, https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/bioka), a curated and integrated knowledgebase encompassing multiple animal species, diseases/traits, and annotated resources. Currently, BioKA houses 16 296 biomarkers associated with 951 mapped diseases/traits across 31 species from 4747 references, including 11 925 gene/protein biomarkers, 1784 miRNA biomarkers, 1043 mutation biomarkers, 773 metabolic biomarkers, 357 circRNA biomarkers and 127 lncRNA biomarkers. Furthermore, BioKA integrates various annotations such as GOs, protein structures, protein-protein interaction networks, miRNA targets and so on, and constructs an interactive knowledge network of biomarkers including circRNA-miRNA-mRNA associations, lncRNA-miRNA associations and protein-protein associations, which is convenient for efficient data exploration. Moreover, BioKA provides detailed information on 308 breeds/strains of 13 species, and homologous annotations for 8784 biomarkers across 16 species, and offers three online application tools. The comprehensive knowledge provided by BioKA not only advances human disease research but also contributes to a deeper understanding of animal diseases and supports livestock breeding.

A rhoptry protein, localizing in the bulb region of rhoptries, could induce protective immunity against Eimeria tenella infection.

Background: Rhoptry organelle proteins (ROPs) secreted by apicomplexan parasites play important roles during parasites invasion and survival in host cells, and are potential vaccine candidates against apicomplexan diseases. Eimeria tenella (E. tenella) is one of the most noteworthy apicomplexan species, which causes hemorrhagic pathologies. Although dozens of putative E. tenella ROP sequences are annotated, most ROP proteins are not well studied. Methods: In this study, an E. tenella ROP21 gene was identified and the recombinant EtROP21 protein (rEtROP21) was expressed in Escherichia coli. The developmental expression levels, localization, and protective efficacy against E. tenella infection in chickens were studied. Results: An EtROP21 gene fragment with an open reading frame (ORF) of 981 bp was obtained from the Beijing strain of E. tenella. The rEtROP21 has a molecular weight of approximately 50 kDa and was recognized by rEtROP21-immunized mouse serum. Two specific protein bands, about 43 KDa and 95 KDa in size, were detected in the whole sporozoite proteins using the rEtROP21-immunized chicken serum. RT-qPCR analysis of the E. tenella ROP21 gene (EtROP21) revealed that its mRNA levels were higher in merozoites and sporozoites than in sporulated and unsporulated oocysts. Immunofluorescence and immunoelectron analyses showed that the EtROP21 protein predominantly localizes in the bulb region of rhoptries distributed at anterior, posterior, and perinuclear regions of E. tenella sporozoites. Immunization and challenge experiments revealed that immunizing chickens with rEtROP21 significantly increased their average body weight gain while decreasing mean lesion score and oocyst output (P <0.05). When compared with the challenged control group, the rEtROP21-immunized group was associated with a significantly higher relative weight gain (90.2%) and a greater reduction in oocyst output (67%) (P <0.05). The anticoccidial index of the rEtROP21-immunized group was 163.2. Chicken serum ELISA revealed that the levels of the specific anti- rEtROP21 antibody, IFN-γ, and IL-4 were significantly higher in the rEtROP21-immunized group than in the challenged control group (P <0.05). Conclusion: These results indicate that rEtROP21 can induce a high level of specific immune response and it is a potential candidate for the development of vaccines against E. tenella infection in chickens.

Rapid Radiation Synthesis of a Flexible, Self-Healing, and Adhesive Ionogel with Environmental Tolerance for Multifunctional Strain Sensors.

Ionogels are increasingly used in flexible strain sensors, but it is still challenging to incorporate multifunctional properties such as flexibility, self-healing, adhesion, temperature resistance, and electrical conductivity. Herein, a facile and rapid one-step photoinitiated polymerization strategy is employed to prepare multifunctional ionogels by filling a hydrophobic and conductive ionic liquid into a flexible, hydrophobic fluoropolymer matrix. Thanks to the presence of abundant noncovalent interactions (hydrogen-bonding and ion-dipole interactions), the ionogels exhibit high transparency, excellent mechanical properties, self-healing ability, and adhesion. Moreover, rich C-F bonds in the fluoropolymer matrix can eliminate the interference of water molecules, resulting in excellent environmental tolerance such as high and low temperature resistance, waterproofness, and anticorrosion. Furthermore, the ionogel-based wearable strain sensor can sensitively detect and differentiate human movements and subtle muscle movements and serve as a Morse code signal transmitter for information transmission. The presented work provides an effective method to develop versatile flexible conductive ionogels for wearable devices and ionotronics.

Confocal Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy to Image Retinal Ganglion Cells in Real-Time.

Real-time imaging of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) provides an opportunity for detailed investigation of retinal development, disease mechanisms, and the evaluation of interventions affecting ocular structures. Here we use a transgenic model to describe a step-by-step protocol for visualizing RGC survival in real-time by using confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (cSLO).

Magnetically anisotropic hydrogels for tissue engineering.

Many soft tissues of the human body possess hierarchically anisotropic structures, exhibiting orientation-specific mechanical properties and biological functionality. Hydrogels have been proposed as promising scaffold materials for tissue engineering applications due to their water-rich composition, excellent biocompatibility, and tunable physico-chemical properties. However, conventional hydrogels with homogeneous structures often exhibit isotropic properties that differ from those of biological tissues, limiting their further application. Recently, magnetically anisotropic hydrogels containing long-range ordered magneto-structures have attracted widespread interest owing to their highly controllable assembly strategy, rapid magnetic responsiveness and remote spatiotemporal regulation. In this review, we summarize the latest progress of magnetically anisotropic hydrogels for tissue engineering. The fabrication strategy of magnetically anisotropic hydrogels from magnetic nanofillers with different dimensions is systemically introduced. Then, the effects of magnetically anisotropic cues on the physicochemical properties of hydrogels and the cellular biological behavior are discussed. And the applications of magnetically anisotropic hydrogels in the engineering of different tissues are emphasized. Finally, the current challenges and the future perspectives for magnetically anisotropic hydrogels are presented.

Molecular characterization and protective efficacy of vacuolar protein sorting 29 from Eimeria tenella.

Introduction: Vacuolar protein sorting 29 (VPS29) is a core component of the retromer-retriever complex and is essential for recycling numerous cell-surface cargoes from endosomes. However, there are no reports yet on VPS29 of Eimeria spp. Methods: Here, we cloned and prokaryotically expressed a partial sequence of Eimeria tenella VPS29 (EtVPS29) with RT-PCR and engineered strain of Escherichia coli respectively. The localization of the VPS29 protein in E. tenella sporozoites was investigated with immunofluorescence (IFA) and overexpression assays. And its protective efficacy against E. tenella infection was investigated in chickens with the animal protection test. Results: An EtVPS29 gene fragment with an ORF reading frame of 549 bp was cloned. The band size of the expressed recombinant protein, rEtVPS29, was approximately 39 kDa and was recognized by the chicken anti-E. tenella positive serum. EtVPS29 protein was observed widely distributing in the cytoplasm of E. tenella sporozoites in the IFA and overexpression assays. rEtVPS29 significantly increased average body weight gain and decreased mean lesion score and oocyst output in chickens. The relative weight gain rate in the rEtVPS29-immunized group was 62.9%, which was significantly higher than that in the unimmunized and challenged group (P < 0.05). The percentage of reduced oocyst output in the rEtVPS29 immunized group was 32.2%. The anticoccidial index of the rEtVPS29-immunized group was 144.2. Serum ELISA also showed that rEtVPS29 immunization induced high levels of specific antibodies in chickens. Discussion: These results suggest that rEtVPS29 can induce a specific immune response and is a potential candidate for the development of novel vaccines against E. tenella infections in chickens.

Investigation on the potential adverse outcome pathway of the sensitive endpoint for nephrotoxicity induced by gardenia yellow based on an integrated strategy using bioinformatics analysis and in vitro testing validation.

To explore the potential the adverse outcome pathway of Gardenia Yellow (GY)-induced sensitive endpoint for nephrotoxicity, an integrated strategy was applied in the present study. Using bioinformatic analysis, based on the constructed Protein-protein interaction networks, Gene Ontology function and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analysis on the core target network were performed to illustrate the potential gene targets and signal pathways. Then, the most enriched pathway was validated with Cell counting kit-8 assays and Western blot analysis in embryonic kidney epithelial 293 cell models. According to the findings, GY may interact with 321 targets related to the endpoint. The five targets on the top ranking in the PPI network were STAT3, SRC, HRAS, AKT1, EP300. Among them, PI3K/Akt was the most enriched pathway. In vitro testing showed that GY exerted a proliferative effect on the cell variability in a dose-dependent manner. GY at concentration of 1000 µg/ml and stimulation for 30 min can significantly enhance the expression of phosphorylated Akt. Thus, after the quantitative weight of evidence evaluation, Akt phosphorylation induced PI3K/Akt activation was speculated as a molecular initiating event leading to a proliferative and inflammatory response in renal tubular epithelial cells.

Pathogenicity and drug resistance of the Eimeria tenella isolate from Yiwu, Zhejiang province, eastern China.

Chicken coccidiosis can cause severe enteritis with high mortality, which causes serious economic losses to the global breeding industry each year. The most virulent species is Eimeria tenella (E. tenella), but the infectivity of different E. tenella varies among geographic strains. At present, there are no reports related to the pathogenicity and drug resistance of E. tenella in Yiwu, Zhejiang province, China. A total of 600 fecal samples were collected from 10 farms in Zhejiang province, the overall oocyst prevalence was 54.2% (325/600). The prevalence was significantly higher (P < 0.01) in chickens under 40 d (97.5%) than that in chickens between 60 and 85-days-old (40.5%) and chickens over 90-days-old (24.5%). E. tenella stain was isolated from fecal samples of chickens in Yiwu and the pathogenicity of this isolate was determined, and then we recorded the survival rate, bloody stool score, lesion score, average weight gain. The results showed that all of the chickens infected with 5 × 105 sporulated oocysts of E. tenella died after the seventh day of infection, the bloody stool score and average lesion score of chickens from group 1 (5 × 105), group 2 (5 × 104), group 3 (5 × 103) and group 4 (5 × 102) decreased successively; the average weight gain (g) and relative weight gain (%) increased successively; the weight gain of the low-dose E. tenella infection groups (5 × 103 and 5 × 102) were higher than the other 2 groups (5 × 105 and 5 × 104) (P < 0.05). Finally, The E. tenella isolate was tested for sensitivity to 6 anticoccidial drugs (sulfachloropyrazine sodium, amproline, toltrazuril, clopidol, salinomycin, and nicarbazine) using 4 indexes including anticoccidial index(ACI), percent of optimum anticoccidial activity (POAA), reduction of lesion scores (RLS), and relative oocyst production (ROP). The results showed that this isolate has developed severe resistance to drugs of salinomycin and nicarbazine, moderate resistance to amproline and clopidol, slight resistance to toltrazuril, while the E. tenella isolate performed more sensitive to sulfachloropyrazine sodium.

Photo-crosslinkable hyaluronic acid microgels with reactive oxygen species scavenging capacity for mesenchymal stem cell encapsulation.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have gained increasing attention in various biomedical applications. However, conventional therapeutic approaches, such as direct intravenous injection, are associated with low cell survival due to the shear force during injection and the oxidative stress microenvironments in the lesion area. Herein, a photo-crosslinkable antioxidant hydrogel based on tyramine- and dopamine-modified hyaluronic acid (HA-Tyr/HA-DA) was developed. Meanwhile, human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs) were encapsulated in HA-Tyr/HA-DA hydrogel using a microfluidic system to create size-controllable microgels (hUC-MSCs@microgels). The HA-Tyr/HA-DA hydrogel was demonstrated to have good rheology, biocompatibility, and antioxidant properties for cell microencapsulation. The hUC-MSCs encapsulated in microgels showed a high viability and a significantly improved the survival rate under oxidative stress conditions. Therefore, the presented work provides a promising platform for MSCs microencapsulation, which may further improve the stem cell-based biomedical applications.