RESUMO
Traumatic diaphragmatic injury is a rare condition with a significant mortality risk and may cause a herniation of an intraperitoneal organ into the pleural space. In the acute phase, traumatic diaphragmatic hernia (TDH) may be repaired with laparotomy or thoracotomy and is often associated with multiple concurrent injuries. This case report highlights a rare clinical scenario of blunt traumatic DH in a 62-year-old male with approximately seven centimeters of stomach herniating into the left pleural space, repaired with minimally invasive surgery. This was done via a transabdominal approach with robotic-assisted laparoscopic hernia repair and institution of biologic mesh and represents an important opportunity that potentially reduces the morbidity risk involved with open surgeries.
RESUMO
Cancer immunotherapies refer to the concept of retraining the immune system to target malignant cells. Multiple immunotherapeutic options exist including immune modulating antibodies, immune stimulating cytokines, chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy, and vaccines. Overall, this field has advanced rapidly as knowledge of the tumor microenvironment, immunological pathways, and biotechnology expands. Specifically, advancements in neoantigen identification, characterization, and formulation into a vaccine show promise. This review is focused on previously United States Food and Drug Administration-approved cancer therapeutic vaccines and neoantigen-based vaccine developments along with the associated relevant clinical trials.
RESUMO
HIV-1 infection and its progression to AIDS remains a significant global health challenge, particularly for low-income countries. Developing a vaccine to prevent HIV-1 infections has proven to be immensely challenging with complex biological acquisition and infection, unforeseen clinical trial disappointments, and funding issues. This paper discusses important landmarks of progress in HIV-1 vaccine development, various vaccine strategies, and clinical trials.