Diagnostic assessment of autism spectrum disorder in transgender and gender diverse youth.

Objective: Higher prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) diagnosis and associated traits has been observed among transgender and gender diverse (TGD) youth, and the number of TGD youth requesting evaluation for autism is growing. This study explored the demographic and clinical profiles of TGD youth evaluated in a specialty autism clinic. Method: Retrospective autism evaluation results for 41 TGD youth aged 5-18 years and 67 cisgender-matched controls were included in the study. Results: Approximately, half of TGD youth were diagnosed with autism (TGDASD+; n = 19 vs. TGDASD-; n = 22). There were no group differences in sex assigned at birth, gender identity, FSIQ, race, or ethnicity. Compared to TGDASD- (allistic) youth, TGD autistics had significantly lower adaptive functioning and were more likely to have an IEP eligibility of ASD. Anxiety and mood disorders were more common in TGD youth, whereas language disorders were more prevalent in cisgender controls. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) was more common among TGDASD- youth (72%) than TGDASD+ youth (47%), though not significantly. Conclusions: TGD youth with school-based IEP eligibilities of ASD and lower adaptive functioning are more likely to be diagnosed with ASD upon medical evaluation. The combination of identifying as TGD and having ADHD may heighten suspicion for ASD. Asking about gender identity during autism evaluations for children middle school-aged and older is recommended.

Sociocultural Attunement to Vulnerability in Couple Therapy: Fulcrum for Changing Power Processes in Heterosexual Relationships.

Increasingly, couple therapists are called to promote equity in their clinical practice, yet little research illuminates the intricacy of doing this work. The purpose of this study was to clarify the clinical processes involved when therapists facilitate a more equitable balance of power in couple relationships while utilizing a sociocontextual frame of reference. It is part of larger research explicating Socio-Emotional Relationship Therapy (SERT), an approach that places equity and social justice at the core. The sample included 72 SERT sessions with nine heterosoexual couples in which there was an observable power difference between partners. Using Charmaz's (2014, Constructing grounded theory: A practical guide through qualitative analysis, Sage) grounded theory coding, theoretical sampling, and interpretive methods, we examined therapist/client responses over multiple sessions to explain shifts in the couples' power balance. Analysis identified sociocultural attunement to vulnerability as the core clinical process and detailed five sociocultural expressions: socialized vulnerability, socialized invulnerability, reactive (in)vulnerability, reactive vulnerability, and shared vulnerability. Shifts in power involved each of three therapist stances: (a) identification of the societal power context of vulnerability, (b) therapist leadership and responsive persistence, and (c) facilitating mutual sociocultural attunement to vulnerability to promote shared relational responsibility and influence. Implications address the connections between power and vulnerability in couples work and what therapists can do to more effectively facilitate relational equity.

Cada vez más, se exige a los terapeutas de pareja que promuevan la igualdad en su práctica clínica, sin embargo, existen pocas investigaciones que diluciden la complejidad de hacer este trabajo. El propósito de este estudio fue aclarar los procesos clínicos implicados cuando los terapeutas facilitan un equilibrio de poder más equitativo en las relaciones de pareja y a su vez utilizan un marco de referencia sociocontextual. Este estudio forma parte de una investigación más extensa que expone la terapia relacional socioemocional, un método que ubica a la igualdad y a la justicia social como ejes centrales. La muestra incluyó 72 sesiones de terapia relacional socioemocional con nueve parejas heterosexuales en las cuales había una diferencia de poder visible entre los integrantes de la pareja. Utilizando la codificación en la teoría fundamentada, el muestreo teórico y los métodos interpretativos de Charmaz (2014, Constructing grounded theory: A practical guide through qualitative analysis, Sage), analizamos las respuestas de los terapeutas/los pacientes durante varias sesiones para explicar los cambios en el equilibrio de poder de las parejas. El análisis identificó la adaptación sociocultural a la vulnerabilidad como proceso clínico principal y detalló cinco expresiones socioculturales: la vulnerabilidad socializada, la invulnerabilidad socializada, la (in)vulnerabilidad reactiva, la vulnerabilidad reactiva y la vulnerabilidad compartida. Los cambios en el poder implicaron cada una de tres posturas del terapeuta: (a) identificación del contexto de vulnerabilidad del poder social, (b) liderazgo del terapeuta y persistencia receptiva, y (c) facilitación de la adaptación sociocultural mutua a la vulnerabilidad para promover la responsabilidad y la influencia relacionales compartidas. Las implicancias abordan las conexiones entre el poder y la vulnerabilidad en el trabajo de las parejas y qué pueden hacer los terapeutas para facilitar más eficazmente la igualdad relacional.