RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Data regarding the influence of the APOBEC3B deletion on infectious diseases remain limited and shown discrepancies. OBJECTIVES: To characterize the APOBEC3B deletion polymorphism status and its association with prevalence of co-infection with blood-borne pathogens in Indonesian HIV-infected individuals. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 597 HIV-positive blood samples were tested for the hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), Torque Teno virus (TTV), GB virus-C (GBV-C), and Toxoplasma gondii. Nucleic acid was extracted from plasma samples and used for the molecular detection of HIV RNA, HBV DNA, HCV RNA, TTV DNA, and GBV-C RNA, whereas HBsAg, anti-HCV, IgM and IgG anti-T. gondii were detected through serological testing. The APOBEC3B deletion polymorphism was genotyped by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS: The deletion genotype was associated with HCV viremia (p<0.001) as well as elevated IgG anti-T. gondii (adjusted OR [aOR]=3.4). The deletion genotype was also associated with decreased levels of HBsAg (aOR=0.03), and anti-HCV (aOR=0.1). D/D was frequently found in HIV-infected individuals with CD4+T cells<14% (aOR=5.8). The intact genotype was associated with a reduced likelihood of a CD4+T cell count<200 cells/µL (aOR=0.2) but a higher prevalence of TTV co-infection (aOR=8.6). CONCLUSIONS: The APOBEC3B deletion polymorphism was found to be associated with HBV, HCV, TTV, and T. gondii co-infection in Indonesian HIV-infected individuals.
Assuntos
Citidina Desaminase/genética , Infecções por Vírus de DNA/epidemiologia , Infecções por Vírus de DNA/genética , Deleção de Genes , Hepatite B/epidemiologia , Hepatite B/genética , Hepatite C/epidemiologia , Hepatite C/genética , Polimorfismo Genético , Toxoplasmose/epidemiologia , Toxoplasmose/genética , Adulto , Idoso , Biomarcadores , Coinfecção , Infecções por Vírus de DNA/diagnóstico , Feminino , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Genótipo , Infecções por HIV , Hepacivirus , Hepatite B/diagnóstico , Vírus da Hepatite B , Hepatite C/diagnóstico , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Antígenos de Histocompatibilidade Menor , Prevalência , Torque teno virus/genética , Torque teno virus/imunologia , Toxoplasma , Toxoplasmose/diagnóstico , Adulto JovemRESUMO
In Indonesia, Toxoplasma and its associations with blood-borne viruses have been poorly studied. In order to study the association between anti-Toxoplasma antibodies and blood-borne viral antibodies, blood samples from 497 participants (375 inmates from four prisons in Central Java, Indonesia and 122 HIV patients at a Voluntary Counseling and Testing Clinic in Surakarta, Indonesia) were tested for serological markers of Toxoplasma, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis D virus (HDV) and human T-lymphotropic virus types I and II (HTLV-1/2). Anti-Toxoplasma IgG and IgM positivity rates were 41.6% and 3.6%, respectively. One point two percent of participants was positive for both anti-Toxoplasma IgG and IgM antibodies. Sixteen point five percent, 11.3%, 2.6% and 2.8% of participants were positive for anti- Toxoplasma IgG combined with anti-HCV antibodies, anti-Toxoplasma IgG combined with anti-HIV antibodies, anti-Toxoplasma IgM combined with anti-HIV antibodes and anti-Toxoplasma IgG combined with both anti-HIV and anti-HCV antibodies, respectively. Anti-Toxoplasma IgM seropositivity was associated with anti-HIV (aOR = 4.3; 95% CI: 1.112-16.204, p = 0.034). Anti-Toxoplasma IgG antibodies were associated with anti-HCV (aOR = 2.8; 95% CI: 1.749-4.538, p < 0.001) and history of injection drug use (aOR = 3.1; 95% CI: 1.905-5.093, p < 0.001). In conclusion, we recommend patients with HIV, HCV infection and injection drug users should be screened for Toxoplasma infection in Indonesia.
