Infertility-related stress and its relationship with emotional divorce among Iranian infertile people.

BACKGROUND: Infertility affects different aspects of couples' lives, so it may cause problems in couples' emotional relationships by increasing marital conflicts. This study aimed to determine Infertility-related stress and its relationship with emotional divorce among Iranian infertile people. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional observational study on 200 infertile people. The research environment was one of the well-equipped infertility centers in Tehran, Iran. Continuous sampling was employed. The data collection tools included a general information form, the Fertility Problem Inventory (FPI), and the Emotional Divorce Scale (EDS). RESULTS: The findings revealed a significant direct relationship between infertility-related stress and all its subscales with emotional divorce in both infertile women and men. In infertile women, the most concern was the need for parenthood, while the lowest concerns were the relationship and sexual concerns. Multiple linear regression analysis indicated that social and relationship concerns predicted 44% of emotional divorce, with social concern being the more influential factor. In infertile men, the need for parenthood was the most significant concern, while relationship and social concerns were less prominent. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that relationship concern predicted 50% of emotional divorce in infertile men. In both infertile men and women, social and relationship concerns explained 45% of the variance in emotional divorce. Among these two variables, relationship concern had a more impact in predicting emotional divorce. Also, there was no statistically significant difference between women and men regarding infertility-related stress and its subscales, except for sexual concern. CONCLUSION: The study highlights the importance of the need for parenthood as a main concern among infertile individuals. Increased infertility-related stress and its subscales contribute to higher levels of emotional divorce among this population. Additionally, relationship concern was the lowest concern in infertile people. But it significantly predicts emotional divorce among infertile individuals.

Investigating and comparing the dimensions of worry of Iranian primiparous women in each trimester of pregnancy.

BACKGROUND: Pregnancy and childbirth are considered natural events in the life cycle of women. However, it is also a stressful experience along with physiological and psychological changes. Therefore, it is important to study the dimensions that cause more worry in each of the pregnant trimesters. This study aimed to determine and compare the dimensions of worry of Iranian primiparous women in each trimester of pregnancy. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 300 primiparous women (n = 100 in each trimester) referred to seven health centers affiliated with the Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. The sampling was multistage. We collected data from a demographic and fertility questionnaire and the Cambridge Worry Scale (CWS). RESULTS: The mean score of worry during the entire pregnancy was 28.16. The mean and standard deviation of the worry score in the first trimester was (27.35 ± 12.22). The second trimester was (27.80 ± 12.53) and the third trimester was (29.34 ± 11.11). The highest mean score of worry in the first and third trimmers was the dimension of own health. The second trimester was the dimension of socio-medical. The lowest mean score of worry in all trimmers was the dimension of relationships. Among CWS-related items, the highest mean score of worry in the first trimester was giving birth (3.34) and the possibility of miscarriage (3.22). In the second trimester was the possibility of going into labour too early (3.3) and the possibility of miscarriage (3.12), and in the third trimester was the possibility of going into labour too early (3.33) and giving birth (3.27). The lowest mean score of worry in all three trimesters was related to problems with the law. CONCLUSION: pregnancy worry in the third trimester was more than the other two trimesters, and worrying about own health was the most important dimension of worry for pregnant women. Paying attention to the dimensions of worry of pregnant women helps design appropriate interventions to increase the mental and physical health of pregnant women.

Comparison of the effect of vaginal misoprostol and evening primrose oil capsule with misoprostol alone on the consequences of abortion in women with intrauterine fetal death: a randomized clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Misoprostol is the choice drug for inducing an abortion with intrauterine fetal death, but it has several side effects that increase with accumulating the dose received. Induction abortion with cheap and non-invasive methods with minimal complications is essential. This study aimed to compare the effect vaginal misoprostol plus vaginal evening primrose oil capsule with vaginal misoprostol alone on the consequences of abortion in pregnant women with intrauterine fetal death at 12-20 weeks of pregnancy. METHODS: This study is a randomized, triple-blind clinical trial with two parallel groups at a ratio of 1:1. We randomized 82 women with indications of termination of pregnancy due to intrauterine fetal death into two groups. The experimental group (n = 42) received 200 mcg of misoprostol tablet with 1000 mg evening primrose oil capsule intravaginal. The control group (n = 40) received 200 mcg of misoprostol tablet with 1000 mg evening primrose oil placebo capsule intravaginal. Both groups received the drugs every 4 h for up to five doses. The primary outcome was the mean induction-to-fetal expulsion interval. Secondary outcomes were the mean dose of misoprostol, the highest pain intensity in the induction-to-fetal expulsion interval, the frequency of participants requiring blood transfusion, curettage, and the frequency of side effects of misoprostol or evening primrose oil. Pain intensity was measured through the Visual Analog Scale. RESULTS: The mean age of the experimental group was 32.30 ± 6.19 years, and the control group was 30.27 ± 7.68 years. The mean gestational age of the experimental group was 15.29 ± 2.26 weeks, and the control group was 15.10 ± 1.89 weeks. The mean induction-to-fetal expulsion interval in the experimental group (3.12 ± 2.17 h) was significantly lower than that in the control group (8.40 ± 4.1 h) (p < 0.001). The mean dose of misoprostol received in the experimental group (271.42 ± 115.39 mcg) was significantly lower than that in the control group (520 ± 201.53 mcg) (p < 0.001). Also, the mean pain intensity in the experimental group (5.02 ± 0.60) was significantly lower than that in the control group (8.65 ± 1.001) (p < 0.001). The two groups were not significantly different in the frequency of blood transfusion requirements, analgesia and drug side effects. The need for curettage in the experimental group (4.8%) was significantly lower than that in the control group (47.5%) (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Vaginal administration of evening primrose oil with misoprostol reduced duration of time of fetal expulsion, pain intensity, mean dose of misoprostol received, and the need for curettage in participants. Therefore, we suggest this method for induced abortion in women with intrauterine fetal death. TRIAL REGISTRATION: IRCT20181207041873N3. Dated 16/2/2021 prospectively registered https://en.irct.ir/user/trial/53681/view .

The role of men's forgiveness in marital satisfaction and coping strategies of infertile iranian women.

BACKGROUND: Infertility and its related problems create tensions in infertile women, which may lead to reduced marital satisfaction and the use of ineffective coping strategies. Considering the important role of forgiveness, marital satisfaction and effective coping strategies in the quality of life of infertile couples, and taking into account the growing number of Iranian infertile couples, this study was conducted to determine the relationship between men's forgiveness, marital satisfaction, and coping strategies of infertile Iranian women. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 200 Iranian infertile couples. The research environment was the most equipped infertility center in the west of Iran. Sampling was continuous. Data collection tools used included a self-generated demographic and fertility questionnaire, the Family Forgiveness Scale (FFS), the Index of Marital Satisfaction (IMS), and the Ways of Coping Questionnaire-revised (WOCQ-R). RESULTS: Husbands' forgiveness had a significant direct relationship with the marital satisfaction of infertile women (r = -0.27, p < 0.001). However, there was no significant correlation between Husbands' forgiveness, emotion-focused, and problem-focused coping of infertile women. Among the subscales of forgiveness, only the subscale of recognition had inversely correlated with the emotional coping of infertile women. CONCLUSION: The results showed that the higher the forgiveness of husbands, the higher the marital satisfaction of infertile women. Also, with the increase of husbands' forgiveness in the recognition subscale, the use of emotion-focused coping decreased in infertile women. Based on the results with empowering the husbands of infertile women with forgiveness skills, it is possible to take a step towards marital satisfaction and thus improve the quality of life of infertile women.

Correlation between religious coping, demographic and fertility factors, and pregnancy anxiety of Iranian primiparous women: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Anxiety during pregnancy can have side effects for both the mother and the baby. Therefore, it is necessary to study the factors that affect anxiety during pregnancy. This study aimed to investigate the role of religious coping and demographic and fertility factors in predicting pregnancy anxiety in Iranian primiparous women. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study on 300 primiparous women (n = 100 in each trimester of pregnancy) referred to seven health centers affiliated to the Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. The sampling method was multistage. It lasted from July 2018 till August 2019. Data collection tools included the demographic and fertility questionnaire, valid and reliable Iranian Religious Coping Scale (IRCS), and standard State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). RESULTS: Religious practices, benevolent reappraisal, and active religious coping had a significant inverse relationship with state and trait anxiety. Whereas negative and passive religious coping had a significant direct relationship with state and trait anxiety. The mean scores of state anxiety had a significant relationship with the women's education, spouse's education and occupation, economic status and housing status. There was no relationship between state anxiety and fertility variables. Based on multiple linear regression, negative and active religious coping predicted 27% of state anxiety and 15% of trait anxiety. Among these two variables, the negative religious coping was the more effective in predicting state and trait anxiety. CONCLUSION: With increasing positive religious coping, the anxiety of pregnant women decreased. Whereas with increasing negative religious coping, their anxiety increased. Our results emphasize the role of negative religious coping in predicting pregnancy anxiety.

Relationship between Religious Coping, Pain Severity, and Childbirth Self-Efficacy in Iranian Primipara Women.

BACKGROUND: One of the important goals of midwifery support and care is to control labor pain and increase the ability to cope with pain. The use of religious coping may be effective in counteracting the stressors of labor, especially labor pain, as well as increasing the self-efficacy of labor. This study was conducted to determine the relationship between religious coping, pain severity, and childbirth self-efficacy in Iranian primipara women. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study was performed on 200 Iranian primiparous women referred to eight health centers in the capital of Hormozgan Province who were intending to have a normal vaginal delivery (NVD) in the Persian Gulf and Sharifi Hospitals. The sampling was multistage. Data were collected by demographic and fertility questionnaires, the Iranian Religious Coping Scale, the Childbirth Self-Efficacy Inventory, and the Visual Analog Scale for pain measurement. RESULTS: Among the dimensions of religious coping, benevolent reappraisal had a significant direct relationship with pain severity, and negative religious coping had a significant inverse relationship with pain severity. In the case of childbirth self-efficacy subscales, the results showed dimensions of religious practices, benevolent reappraisal, and active religious coping had a significant direct relationship with outcome expectancy, and negative religious coping had a significant indirect relationship with outcome expectancy. Also, there was a significant direct relationship between religious practices and efficacy expectancy and a significant inverse relationship between negative and passive religious coping and efficacy expectancy. CONCLUSION: With increasing some dimensions of positive religious coping, the severity of labor pain and childbirth self-efficacy increases, and with increasing dimensions of negative and passive religious coping, childbirth self-efficacy decreases. These correlations were weak in all the mentioned results.

Designing and validation of a reproductive health need assessment tool for women experienced domestic violence.

BACKGROUND: Violence as a serious health problem and one of the main manifestations of gender inequality brings about adverse health effects for women. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to recognize the reproductive health status of women subjected to violence in order to provide the health services they need. Considering that one of the ways to determine reproductive health status is the use of valid questionnaires in this field, this study aimed to determine the components of reproductive health in domestic violated women and design a valid and reliable assessment tool. METHODS: The present study was conducted based on a mixed-method design. The first part of the study (qualitative section) was conducted based on conventional content analysis. In this part, unstructured in-depth interviews were conducted with 18 violated women and 9 experts. In the next stage, the item pool was formed and the Reproductive Health Needs of Violated Women Scale was designed based on the review of the literature and the results of the qualitative section with 39 items using the Waltz approach. For psychometric assessment of the above instrument, face and content validity, item analysis, and construct validity were examined using exploratory factor analysis. RESULTS: Based on the results of factor analysis, the four following factors were extracted with a total variance of 47.62: "men's participation", "self-care", "support and health services", as well as "sexual and marital relationships. The internal consistency of the instrument was calculated at α = 0.70-0.89 and α = 0.94 for different constructs and the whole instrument, respectively. Moreover, intra-cluster correlation coefficients were obtained at ICC = 0.96-0.99 and ICC = 0.98 for constructs and the whole instruments, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the results of the current study, the present scale is a tool that specifically assesses the reproductive health needs of violated women and has appropriate validity and reliability. The results of the assessment using the aforementioned instruments can be of great help in promoting the reproductive health of women subjected to violence.

Violence against women is a significant public health problem, as well as is a fundamental violation of women's human rights. Violence can negatively affect women's physical, mental, sexual and reproductive health. So there is obviously a need to measure this issue to provide necessary services for women experiencing violence. In current work an appropriate instrument was developed on the basis of the qualitative findings and a literature review. For this purpose, the inductive-deductive method was used to design the expressions and items of the tool. Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used to determine face and content validity. The construct validity was investigated by exploratory factor analysis; in this part of study the sample included three hundred and fifty violated women. The final version of the scale have four factors with total variance of 47.62 and 39 items which are evaluated by Likert scale. The current tool was valid and reliable to measure the reproductive health needs in domestic violated women.

Confirmatory factor analysis and psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire-Appearance Scales (MBSRQ-AS) in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.

PURPOSE: Body image is a multidimensional and complex psychological construct. Since the Multidimensional Body Self-Relation Questionnaire-Appearance Scale (MBSRQ-AS) is a questionnaire that measures body image as a multidimensional construct. This study aimed to translate and evaluate the psychometric properties of the Persian version of MBSRQ-AS. METHODS: This methodological study was conducted on 251 women with polycystic ovary syndrome referring to polyclinics of hospitals that were covered by Iran University of Medical Sciences, with age ranging from 18 to 46 years old (M = 27.35; SD = 6.32). The mean body mass index (BMI) was 25.59 kg/m2 (SD = 4.9). A forward-backward translation procedure was applied. Then face and content validity was inducted. RESULTS: Face and content validity of the Persian MBSRQ-AS was established. Confirmatory factor analyses showed good fit indices for the five-factor structure (appearance evaluation, appearance orientation, body areas satisfaction, overweight preoccupation, and self-classified weight). The internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha ranged from 0.71 to 0.85) and test-retest reliability by calculating the intraclass correlation coefficient ranged from 0.75 to 0.91 was adequate. CONCLUSION: This study confirms the factor structure of the MBSRQ-AS. The Persian version of MBSRQ-AS has acceptable psychometric properties. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III, case-control analytic study.

Exploring the intensity, barriers and correlates of physical activity In Iranian pregnant women: a cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the intensity, barriers and correlates of physical activity (PA) in Iranian pregnant women. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was carried out with 300 eligible pregnant women referred to the Ilam health centres and bases using stratified random sampling with proportional allocation. Data collection tools included a demographic and obstetrical history questionnaire, the Pregnancy Physical Activity Questionnaire and the Exercise Benefits/Barriers Scale. The association between demographic and obstetrical characteristics and PA intensity and barriers were studied using multiple linear regression models. RESULTS: The mean and SD of the total score of PA intensity were 47.15 and 26.25 metabolic equivalent of task (MET)-hour/week, respectively. The highest and the lowest barriers were related to the time expenditure (42.77±18.04) and family discouragement (50.72±24.99) constructs, respectively. The PA intensity was significantly associated with prepregnancy or early pregnancy body mass index (B=25.6), ethnicity (B=16.94), level of education (B=-8.77), number of children (B=5.95), gestational age (B=0.81), participation in childbirth preparation classes (B=-11.27), habitual exercise before pregnancy (B=6.09), income (B=-9.22). The PA barriers were significantly associated with ethnicity (B=-4.96), income (B=2.23) and habitual exercise before pregnancy (B =-1.35). CONCLUSION: PA intensity may be enhanced by encouraging individuals to be more physically active before pregnancy. Additionally, strategies to enhance support from friends and family to engage in PA throughout pregnancy and PA interventions focused on women with lower levels of income and education are required.

Comparison of effect of auriculotherapy and mefenamic acid on the severity and systemic symptoms of primary dysmenorrhea: a randomized clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Primary dysmenorrhea (PD) is the most common complaint in young women and adolescents. Side effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can limit their use. Therefore, non-pharmacological pain relief methods such as auriculotherapy may play an important role in PD management. This study was conducted to compare the effect of auriculotherapy and mefenamic acid on the severity and systemic symptoms of PD. METHODS: In a randomized clinical trial, 83 students were randomized into two groups. In the auriculotherapy group, electrical stimulation of the ear was conducted once a week for two menstrual cycles. In each cycle close to menstruation, ear seeds were inserted on pressure points to be pressed in times of pain. In the mefenamic acid group, subjects took mefenamic acid capsules upon seeing the initial symptoms of menstruation until the pain reduces. The primary outcomes were mean pain intensity and systemic symptoms associated with it. Pain intensity was measured through the visual analog scale (VAS) and the verbal multidimensional scoring system (VMS). Systemic symptoms were assessed using VMS, as well as the yes/no question form. RESULTS: Mean pain intensity with the VAS was significantly lower in the auriculotherapy group than the mefenamic acid group in the first and second cycles of intervention. There was a significant difference in VMS grade between both groups during the second cycle of intervention. In terms of the systemic symptoms in the second cycle of intervention, no subjects had dysmenorrhea grade 3 (common systemic symptoms) in the auriculotherapy group. Whereas in the mefenamic acid group, 16.7% of the subjects still had dysmenorrhea grade 3. There was no significant difference between the two groups in the frequency of systemic symptoms of PD. There was a significant decrease in the frequency of fatigue and diarrhea in both groups. However, there was a significant reduction in the frequency of nausea, headache, and anger in the auriculotherapy group. CONCLUSION: Mean pain intensity with the VAS was lower with the auriculotherapy. Also, 65.9% of auriculotherapy group subjects were in the dysmenorrhea grades 0 and 1. Therefore, auriculotherapy is recommended because of its fewer complications and more effect on PD. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov IRCT20181207041873N1. Registered on February 24, 2019. https://en.irct.ir/user/trial/35967/view.

The effect of face-to-face and virtual prenatal care training of spouses on the pregnancy experience and fear of childbirth of primiparous women: A controlled quasi-experimental study.

INTRODUCTION: The spouse has a special role in promoting the health of mothers and infants during pregnancy, childbirth, and postpartum. Women's health during pregnancy requires the participation and cooperation of their spouses. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the effect of face-to-face and virtual prenatal care training of spouses on the pregnancy experience and fear of childbirth of primiparous women. METHODS: This is a quasi-experimental clinical trial that was conducted on primiparous pregnant women referring to three prenatal clinics in Tehran, Iran. Sampling was done by available method and pregnant women were divided into three groups of face-to-face training (n = 35), virtual training (n = 35), and control (n = 33). The content of training program in the virtual and face-to-face groups was similar and included; nutrition during pregnancy, emotional support, fetal growth and development, advantages and disadvantages of vaginal delivery, planning for delivery, infant care, and danger signs for infants, which were presented in four sessions. The samples in the control group did not receive any training. In the 18th and 20th weeks of pregnancy, the demographic information form, pregnancy experience scale, and version A of the Wijma delivery expectancy/experience questionnaires were completed, and once again in the 37th and 38th weeks of pregnancy, the pregnancy experience scale and version A of the Wijma delivery expectancy/experience questionnaires were completed. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant difference in the mean score of pregnancy experience after the intervention between the face-to-face training and control groups (p = 0.001). There was a statistically significant difference in the mean score of uplifts between the two groups of face-to-face training and control (p = 0.01), and also between virtual training and control groups (p = 0.02). There was a statistically significant difference between the two groups of face-to-face training and control in terms of and hassles score after the intervention (p = 0.04). There was a statistically significant difference between the two groups of face-to-face training and control (p = 0.02) and also between virtual training and control (p = 0.04) in terms of the mean score of fear of childbirth after the intervention. CONCLUSION: The results of this study showed that teaching prenatal care to spouses of primiparous women by face-to-face and virtual methods can be a useful intervention in improving the pregnancy experience and reducing the fear of childbirth among primiparous women.

Implementation of Virtual and Face-to-Face Childbirth Preparation Training for the Spouses of the Primiparous Women to Reduce the Fear of Childbirth, Improve the Pregnancy Experience, and Enhance Mother- and Father-Infant Attachment: Protocol for a Quasiexperimental Clinical Trial.

BACKGROUND: Men have a special role to play in promoting maternal and child health during pregnancy, childbirth, and postpartum period. The health of women also requires the participation and cooperation of men. The aim of this study is to compare the effect of virtual and face-to-face childbirth preparation training for spouses of the primiparous women on the pregnancy experience, fear of childbirth (FOC), and mother- and father-infant attachment. METHODS: The primiparous women attending the prenatal clinics of Lolagar Hospital and Azadi and Tehransar health centers of Tehran along with their husbands will be studied. The inclusion criteria for the women's husbands are the first experience of becoming a father, being at least 18 years of age, and the ability to read and write. The exclusion criteria for women's husbands are the history of physical/mental illness; being a smoker; and consuming alcohol, drugs, or psychotropic substances. The participants will be selected by the convenience sampling method and will be divided into three groups of study A, study B, and control. Spouses in study groups A and B will receive childbirth training through virtual and face-to-face methods with similar content, respectively. The control group only receives ordinary prenatal care. At the 18-20 weeks of gestation, demographic information, pregnancy experience scale (PES), and version A of Wijma delivery expectancy/experience questionnaire (WDEQ-A) will be completed. At 37-38 weeks of gestation, the PES and WDEQ-A questionnaires will be completed again and maternal postnatal attachment scale (MPAS) and postnatal paternal-infant attachment questionnaire (PPAQ) will be completed by the parents 12 weeks after the delivery. Discussion. Improving the experience of pregnancy, especially reducing the FOC and creating a positive attitude towards it, is a vital strategy to promote vaginal childbirth and reduce the number of cesarean sections requested by women. Achieving this will reduce the cost of health care and improve the quality of life during pregnancy, after childbirth, and during the growth and development of infants. Ethics and Dissemination. This research has been funded by the Iran University of Medical Sciences, approved by the Thailand Registry of Clinical Trials, and will commence in May 2020. Results will be disseminated through peer-reviewed journals and shared with the academic and medical community to pregnancy and childbirth outcomes. This trial is registered with TCTR20200515011.

Psychological well-being of infertile women and its relationship with demographic factors and fertility history: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Infertility leads to a wide range of psychological injuries that may reduce psychological well-being. This study aimed to determine the psychological well-being of infertile women and its relation with demographic factors and fertility history. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 300 infertile women referred to three infertility centres, Tehran, Iran. The sampling was continuous. We collected data from a self-generated demographic and fertility questionnaire and Ryff's Psychological Well-being Scale (PWB). Data analysis was done by independent t-test, one way ANOVA. The significance level was set at P < 0.05. RESULTS: The results showed that there was no significant relationship between demographic variables including age, occupation of each couple, spousal's education, economic status and place of residence with PWB, but the mean score of PWB was significantly different in women's educational levels (P = 0.03). There was also a significant difference between the mean score of PWB among different groups in the duration of marriage (P = 0.01). Fertility characteristics variables include the duration of infertility, duration of treatment of infertility, and current treatment were not the relation with PWB. However, the mean score of PWB in the number of IVF (P = 0.003) and the failed IVF pregnancies (P = 0.01) had a significant statistical difference. CONCLUSION: The results showed that PWB related to several variables. Paying attention to these variables can help in the preparation and development of counseling or educational programs.

Predictors of mothers' postpartum body dissatisfaction based on demographic and fertility factors.

BACKGROUND: There are fundamental and rapid changes in body shape during pregnancy, some of which persist for an extended time after delivery and may cause dissatisfaction with body shape. Therefore, we conducted this study to determine predictors of body dissatisfaction at six months postpartum based on demographic and fertility factors. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 300 women who referred to seven health centers affiliated with Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. The sampling was multistage and we collected data from a demographic and fertility questionnaire and Cooper's Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ-34). The independent t-test, Mann-Whitney U test, chi-square test, one-way ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis, Pearson correlation coefficient, and multiple linear regression were used for data analysis. The level of significance was set at P < 0.05. RESULTS: The mean age of participating women was 29.77 (standard deviation: 5.9) years. Body dissatisfaction had a statistically significant association with variables such as body mass index (BMI) at six months postpartum, gestational age, the receipt of information about body shape, spouse's views on the shape of a woman's body, and mode of delivery. These variables predicted 34% of body dissatisfaction based on multiple linear regression. CONCLUSION: Postpartum body dissatisfaction is related to a several variables. Paying attention to these variables will help to plan and improve postpartum counseling and educational programs.

Comparison the effects of topical application of olive and calendula ointments on Children's diaper dermatitis: A triple-blind randomized clinical trial.

This study compares the effective of of topical application of olive and calendula ointments on childrens' diaper dermatitis (DD). This triple-blind clinical trial was conducted on 73 healthy children under the age of 2 years with non-severe and not infected DD, referred to a pediatric healthcare center in Tabriz, Iran. The children were assigned to 1.5% olive ointment (n = 37) and 1.5% calendula ointment (n = 39) using a random block method with the ratio of 2:2. The severity of DD in both groups was measured and compared on a six-point scale on days 0 (before the intervention) and 3, 5, and 7 after interventions. The findings releaved there was not significant stastistical difference between the olive oil and calendula groups in terms of severity of DD in the third, fifth and seventh days. No adverse effect was reported from either of the medications in this study. The external validity and consequently the ability to generalize the findings may be diminished as this study was conducted at a single site. Owing to olive ointment and calendula ointment providing the same results in the healing of DD, olive ointment can be used as an alternative case to DD.

Psychometric properties of the Farsi version of the women's perceptions of vaginal examination during labor questionnaire.

BACKGROUND: Vaginal examination is the essential part of obstetric care in women's life. Although the assessment of women's perceptions of vaginal examination is important, no appropriate instrument in Farsi is available. Therefore, the present study was conducted to evaluate validity and reliability of the Farsi version of the women's perceptions of vaginal examination during labor questionnaire. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study was carried out with 350 women who had vaginal childbirth between December 2016 and May 2017. The women were asked to fill out the demographic characteristics' form and the women's perceptions of vaginal examination during labor questionnaire. Construct validity, internal consistency, and stability of the questionnaires were evaluated using confirmatory factor analysis, calculation of the Cronbach's alpha coefficient, and Spearman-Brown correlation coefficient, respectively. The SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) v. 21 and LISREL (linear structural relations) 8.80 were used for the data analysis. RESULTS: Confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the Farsi version of the women's perceptions of vaginal examination during labor questionnaire had appropriate structure. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the questionnaire was reported as 0.76. The Spearman-Brown correlation coefficient also showed an appropriate test-retest reliability. CONCLUSION: Validity and reliability of this questionnaire can appropriately measure the women's perceptions of vaginal examination during labor among Iranian women.