Infección necrotizante de tejidos blandos: experiencia durante 15 años en un hospital pediátrico / Necrotizing soft tissue infections: experience over 15 years in a pediatric hospital

INTRODUCCIÓN: La Infección Necrotizante de tejidos blandos (INTB) tiene una elevada morbimortalidad. El objetivo de este trabajo es describir del manejo perioperatorio de menores de 15 años que cursaron con INTB durante 15 años en un Hospital pediátrico. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: serie de pacientes identificados INTB entre 2000 y 2015 en el Hospital Roberto del Río. Se describen variables demográficas, clínicas, vacuna, tratamiento, cirugías, complicaciones, microorganismos, seguimiento, y fallecimientos. RESULTADOS: 22 pacientes, con mediana de 2 años y 9 meses de edad. 50% estaban cursando con una varicela. Dos fallecieron. Ninguno era previamente vacunado contra el virus varicela zoster. La localización fue tronco (14), extremidades (7), cuello (1). Los pacientes conscientes presentaron hiperestesia cutánea. Se realizó aseo quirúrgico con una mediana de 6,8 horas desde el inicio de la hiperestesia y 2 horas desde la sospecha diagnóstica. Los microorganismos fueron: S. pyogenes (38%) y E. coli (31%). Los antibióticos más frecuentes fueron penicilina más clindamicina. La herida se manejó con cierre primario, injertos y/o colgajos. Cinco evolucionaron con secuelas que necesitaron tratamiento. CONCLUSIÓN: Se identificó que la INTB puede presentarse con varicela. Debe sospecharse en lesiones cutáneas e hiperestesia desproporcionada. Resección amplia y precoz son fundamentales para el tratamiento.

INTRODUCTION: Necrotizing soft tissue infection (NSTI) has a high morbidity and mortality. The objective of this study is to describe the perioperative management of children under 15 years of age who have had this condition for 15 years in a pediatric hospital. MATERIAL AND METHODS: cases series of patients identified by Pathological Anatomy with NSTI during 2000 and 2015 at the Dr. Roberto del Río Hospital. Demographic variables, treatment, antecedents of vaccination, surgeries, complications, microorganisms, follow-up, and deaths are described. RESULTS: 22 patients were identified, with a median of 2 years 9 months of age (interquartile range: 13 months to 5 years y 10 months). 50% of the cases were associated to chickenpox. Two died. No patient was previously vaccinated against varicella zoster virus. The location was trunk (14), extremities (7) and neck (1). All conscious patients presented cutaneous hyperesthesia. Surgical debridement was performed with a median of 6.8 hours from the onset of hyperesthesia and 2 hours from diagnostic suspicion. The most frequent microorganisms were: Streptococcus pyogenes (38%) and Escherichia coli (31%). The most frequent antibiotics used were penicillin plus clindamycin. The wound was handled with primary closure, grafts and / or flaps. Five patients evolved with sequelae that needed treatment. CONCLUSION: It was identified that STNI in children is associated with chickenpox. It should be suspected in cutaneous lesions and disproportionate hyperesthesia. Aggressive resection is essential for treatment

[Cleft lip/palate and flour fortification with folic acid in Chile]. / Fisuras labio-palatinas y fortificación de la harina con ácido fólico en Chile: An exploratory study.

BACKGROUND: The effect of food fortification with folic acid on the incidence of lip-palate fissures (FLP) is under discussion. AIM: To calculate the rate of hospital discharges due to cleft lip and palate (CLP) and explore whether they decreased after the start of folic acid fortification in Chile. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The hospital discharge databases published by the Chilean Ministry of Health were analyzed. The trends of discharge rates due to CLP of children of less than one year of life (ICD-10 Q350-379 code) and live births (lb) were calculated from 1986 to 2012. Variables such as incidence of rubella, poverty rate, obesity in pregnant women, and percentage of women who smoked or drank alcohol in the last month were included. The relative risk (RR) of CLP pre-fortification (1986-1999) and post-fortification (2000-2010) was calculated. Mixed and Prais-Winsten models were used to adjust other variables. RESULTS: The hospital discharge rate due to CLP decreased from 1.88 x 1,000 lb during 1986-1996 to 1.68 x 1,000 lb (RR = 1.09 (95% CI 1.05-1.14, p < 0.001). Prais-Winsten and Mixed models, determined that folic acid fortification is the variable explaining this decrease. During 2004-2011, hospital discharge rates for cleft lip decreased but there was an increase in the figures for cleft lip and palate. CONCLUSIONS: The 9% decrease in hospital discharge rates for CLP is concomitant with wheat folic acid fortification.

Fisuras labio-palatinas y fortificación de la harina con ácido fólico en Chile: an exploratory study / Cleft lip/palate and flour fortification with folic acid in Chile

Background: The effect of food fortification with folic acid on the incidence of lip-palate fissures (FLP) is under discussion. Aim: To calculate the rate of hospital discharges due to cleft lip and palate (CLP) and explore whether they decreased after the start of folic acid fortification in Chile. Material and Methods: The hospital discharge databases published by the Chilean Ministry of Health were analyzed. The trends of discharge rates due to CLP of children of less than one year of life (ICD-10 Q350-379 code) and live births (lb) were calculated from 1986 to 2012. Variables such as incidence of rubella, poverty rate, obesity in pregnant women, and percentage of women who smoked or drank alcohol in the last month were included. The relative risk (RR) of CLP pre-fortification (1986-1999) and post-fortification (2000-2010) was calculated. Mixed and Prais-Winsten models were used to adjust other variables. Results: The hospital discharge rate due to CLP decreased from 1.88 x 1,000 lb during 1986-1996 to 1.68 x 1,000 lb (RR = 1.09 (95% CI 1.05-1.14, p < 0.001). Prais-Winsten and Mixed models, determined that folic acid fortification is the variable explaining this decrease. During 2004-2011, hospital discharge rates for cleft lip decreased but there was an increase in the figures for cleft lip and palate. Conclusions: The 9% decrease in hospital discharge rates for CLP is concomitant with wheat folic acid fortification.

Calf lipo-reshaping.

BACKGROUND: Augmentation and remodelling of the calf is becoming more and more frequent, representing a challenge for the surgeon who must consider this body zone as a functional and aesthetical whole. Historically, calf reshaping has been carried out with silicone implants, mainly in the subaponeurotic plane; nonetheless, as in other body sites it is possible to perform lipoinjection which is a reliable procedure with minimal scarring and a lasting outcome with rare, long-term complications. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between the years 2009 and 2011, five patients (three women and two men) underwent bilateral calf liporemodelling. Follow-up was between 6 and 18 months. The larger perimeter of each calf was measured for follow-up. Magnetic resonance imaging was used to localise the injected fat at the end of the follow-up period in two of the patients. RESULTS: An average of 126.8±21.2 cc was lipoinjected into each calf. The average final augmentation in the larger perimeter of each leg was 2.8 cm. All patients obtained a good aesthetical outcome and were satisfied. No important complications were seen in this series. CONCLUSION: According to our experience and outcomes we can recommend the liporemodelling technique of the calf as a valid alternative for the reshaping of the distal third of the inferior extremity.

Vascular diameter determining the magnification for a microvascular anastomosis.

The purpose of this study was to determine the association between vascular diameters and amount of magnification and to assess the influence of the magnification media on the microanastomosis quality and permeability. Sixty arterial microanostomoses were distributed into three groups: group I (diameter 1.5 mm), group II (1.5 to 2.5 mm), and group III (> 2.5 mm). The models used were carotid artery of Sprague-Dawley rats and carotid and abdominal artery of wild rabbits. In each group, 10 anastomoses were performed with 2.5 x loupes and 10 with 10 x microscope. The total time of anastomosis, the quality of the anastomosis (Gorman scale), and 24-hour permeability rate were measured. The total anastomotic time and quality had statistical differences for the microscope by analyzing the total sample and group I only. The global permeability was 83% for the microscope and 40% for the loupe. The same result was observed in group I but no differences were observed in the other groups. The histology and the survey showed similar results. Microanastomoses performed under a microscope (10 x) were performed in less time, were of better quality, and had higher permeability rates when compared with those performed under a loupe (2.5 x). In vessels < 1.5 mm, these differences were statistically significant but in vessels > 1.5 mm no differences were observed.

Hepatic dysfunction in typhoid fever during pregnancy.

We described the hepatic dysfunction found in 10 cases out of 32 women with typhoid fever during pregnancy. This was associated with late diagnosis and maternal and perinatal complications.

Microanastomosis con lupa o microscopio: estudio experimental prospectivos y aleatorio / Comparison of vascular microanastomoses done using a microscope or a loupe in a experimental surgical model

Objetivos: El resultado final de un colgajo libre depende principalmente de la microanastomosis vascular. Se han descrito muchas técnicas para confeccionarla, sin embargo no existe consenso sobre cual es el medio de magnificación a utilizar. El objetivo de este trabajo es demostrar si la sutura con lupa o microscopio influye en la calidad y permeabilidad de la microanastomosis. Material y Método: En forma prospectiva y aleatoria se realizaron 60 microanastomosis arteriales, distribuidas de la siguiente forma: Grupo I (n=20 , diámetro menor a 1.5 mm), Grupo II (n=20 , entre 1,5-2,5 mm), Grupo III (n=20 , mayor a 2,5 mm). Se utilizaron como modelos arterias carótida de ratas Sprague-Dawley y arteria carótica y ahorta abdominal de conejos silvestres. En cada grupo se efectuaron 10 suturas con lupa Heine 2.5X y 10 con microscopios Zeiss OPMI-1. Participaron 4 microcirujanos en formación después de haber aprobado entrenamiento en modelos inanimados y biológicos. El tiempo total de anastomosis (TTA) se midió desde el primer punto hasta liberar las pinzas vasculares. A las 24 horas postoperatorias un segundo cirujano ciego al tipo de magnificación evaluó permeabilidad y calidad de la anastomosis. La permeabilidad se evaluó con el animal anestesiado seccionando el vaso a distal de la anastomosis y bajo visión directa, considerando permeabilidad adecuada la presencia de un flujo arterial tipo “jet”. Para evaluar la calidad de la anastomosis se utilizó la escala de Gorman. Para el análisis estadístico de las proporciones se utilizó la prueba exacta de Fisher y para las variables continuas se usó la t de Student o la prueba de Wilcoxon según su distribución. Se consideró un error alfa de 0,05 para significación estadística. Resultados: El TTA tuvo diferencias estadísticamente significativas a favor del microscopio en el análisis global de la muestra y en el Grupo I solamente. La escala de Gorman también arrojo diferencias a favor del microscopio al analizar las 60 microanastomosis y las del Grupo I solamente. La permeabilidad total para microscopio fue de 83 por ciento y para la lupa 40 por ciento (p<0,05). Un resultado semejante se observó para el Grupo I, sin diferencias en los otros grupos. El análisis histológico y la encuesta arrojaron resultados semejantes. Conclusiones: Las anastomosis con microscopio se realizan en menos tiempo, son de mejor calidad y tienen mayor permeabilidad que las efectuadas con lupa.

Cierre de periné con colgajo miocutáneo de glúteo mayor en amputación abdominoperineal de recto postradioterapia / Closing the perineum with gluteus major myocutaneous flap in abdominoperineal resection of rectum after radiotherapy

Se presenta una técnica de cierre de periné mediante un colgajo miocutáneo de transposición de glúteo mayor en 7 pacientes portadores de un cáncer de recto inferior sometido a resección abdominoperineal (RAP) y radioterapia preoperatoria. La muestra está constituida por 3 mujeres y 4 hombres con una edad promediode 61 años (56-66). En sólo 2 pacientes se realizó el colgajo en forma diferida a la RAP. Todos los colgajos evolucionan adecuadamente en el preoperatorio inmediato excepto un paciente que presentó infección superficial y que requirió de posteriores injertos. El tiempo de drenaje y la estadia postoperatoria promedio fueron de 11,7 y 16,4 días respectivamente. Al momento del corte del seguimiento 2 pacientes habían fallecido por otra causa y otros 2 lo habían hecho por su enfermedad de base, todos con el colgajo en perfectas condiciones. Dos pacientes se pierden del control al mes de ser operado, sin complicaciones. El único paciente en control actual se encuentra libre de enfermedad y con su colgajo en perfecto estado. Concluimos que esta técnica pérmite un período de cicatrización más breve, con escasa morbilidad y corta estadía postoperatoria lo que sin duda mejora la calidad de vida en nuestros enfermos

Diagnóstico y tratamiento antenatal de taquicardia supraventricular fetal / Antenatal diagnosis and treatment of fetal supraventricular tachicardia

Presentamos un caso clínico de taquicardia supraventricular fetal complicado con hidrops fetalis diagnosticado a las 27 semans de gestación por medio de ecocardiografía fetal. Se realizó tratamiento in utero con digitálicos por vía materna con remisión de la TSV y del hidrops fetalis. A las 34 semanas se obtiene un RN sano con control electrocardiográfico continuo normal