Synthesis of pyrido-annelated [1,2,4,5]tetrazines, [1,2,4]triazepine, and [1,2,4,5]tetrazepines for anticancer, DFT, and molecular docking studies.

In this strategy, we attempt to design various novel nitrogen-rich heterocycles in one molecule. Green, simple, and efficient aza-annulations of an active, versatile building block, 1-amino-4-methyl-2-oxo-6-phenyl-1,2-dihydropyridine-3-carbonitrile (1), with different bifunctional reagents were developed under solvent-free conditions, resulting in the bridgehead tetrazines and azepines (triazepine and tetrazepines). Pyrido[1,2,4,5]tetrazines have been synthesized through two pathways; [3 + 3]- and [5 + 1]-annulations. In addition, pyrido-azepines have been developed by applying [4 + 3]-and [5 + 2]-annulations. This protocol establishes an efficient technique for synthesizing essential biological derivatives of 1,2,4,5-tetrazines, 1,2,4-triazepines, and 1,2,4,5-tetrazepine, tolerating a diverse variety of functionalities without the need for catalysis and fast reaction rates in high yields. The National Cancer Institute (NCI, Bethesda, USA) examined twelve compounds produced at a single high dosage (10-5 M). Compounds 4, 8, and 9 were discovered to have potent anticancer action against certain cancer cell types. To explain NCI results, the density of states was calculated to conduct a better description of the FMOs. The molecular electrostatic potential maps were created to explain a molecule's chemical reactivity. In silico ADME experiments were performed to better understand their pharmacokinetic characteristics. Finally, the molecular docking investigations on Janus Kinase-2 (PDB ID: 4P7E) were carried out to study the binding mechanism, binding affinity, and non-bonding contacts.

Encysted metacercariae of family Heterophyidae in infected fish in Dakahlia Governorate, an endemic focus in Egypt.

The study re-evaluated the status of encysted metacercariae (EMC) of Family Heterophyidae in fresh and brackish water fish in an endemic focus in Egypt, as well as to study their morphological pattern. Seasonal variation of EMC was matched with their prevalence and intensity in infected fish. The study covered a period of one year from first of April 2011 to end of March 2012. The total percent of infection in the examined fish was 71.9% and 42.6% for brackish and fresh water respectively. The highest prevalence of the recovered EMC in both sources of water was for Heterophyes heterophyes (57.9%), followed by Pygidiopsis genata (39.7%), other Heterophyes spp. (21.09%), Haplorchis pumilio (19.5%), Phagicola spp (19.5%) and Stictodora tridactyla (6.2%). The highest mean intensity of the recovered EMC in both sources of water was for Pygidiopsis genata (10.27±2.83), followed H. heterophyes (9.45±7.13), Haplorchis pumilio (1.76±2.03), Phagicola spp. (1.59±1.71), other Heterophyes spp. (0.82±0.99) and Stictodora tridactyla (0.48±0.92). By using ANOVA test, there was significant difference in sizes of EMC of Pyigidiopsis genata (P=0.04) and Phagicola spp. EMC (P=0.03) in comparison to corresponding ones in all fish species. By using Student T-test, there was significant higher size of Haplorchis pumilio EMC in Tilapia species in comparison to the corresponding one in Mugil species. Monthly variation showed that summer was the season with the highest prevalence and highest mean intensity of EMC in both brackish and fresh water fish. Also, undifferentiated EMC most properly of genus Centrocestus was demonstrated.

Promoting healthy timing and spacing of pregnancy with young married women in Northern Nigeria: a short report.

The persistence of early and closely spaced pregnancies in Northern Nigeria contributes to maternal and child morbidity and mortality. A technical working group to WHO recommended that following a birth, a woman should space her next pregnancy by at least 24 months, and following a miscarriage or abortion, a woman space her next pregnancy by at least six months. UNICEF, UNFPA and WHO also recommend that a woman delay her first pregnancy until 18. These recommendations comprise the concept of Healthy Timing and Spacing of Pregnancy. The Extending Service Delivery Project (ESD) partnered with the Federation of Muslim Women Association of Nigeria and religious leaders to educate communities about the benefits of using family planning to practice HTSP in five local government areas. Informal discussions with 148 women and 28 men found high recall of the HTSP recommendations and favorable attitudes toward spacing and family planning although many remain concerned about the side effects of contraceptive methods.

Screening of pregnant women for gestational diabetes mellitus.

BACKGROUND: Gestational diabetes mellitus is associated with significant fetal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. It is a definitive risk factor for the future development of type-II diabetes mellitus in the mother. Our objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of screening by 50 gm oral glucose challenge test to detect the gestational diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance in pregnant women. METHODS: This study was conducted in the Department of Gynaecology at Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar. A total of 1000 women were screened in antenatal clinic by giving them 50 gm oral glucose solution and estimation of plasma glucose level 1 hour after glucose intake. Those with plasma glucose in excess of 130 mg/dl (cut off value for screen positive) were subjected to 3 hours oral glucose tolerance test to confirm the diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus. RESULT: Out of 1000 cases tested, 43 were found to have Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and 17 cases had impaired glucose tolerance. The mean age of the patients ranged between 21 and 42 years. Most of the positive patients carried medical and obstetric historic risk factors for diabetes mellitus like obesity, advanced age and parity and bad obstetric history. They also had associated complications of gestational diabetes mellitus like pre eclampsia and polyhydramnios in current pregnancy. Also more than 80% of the patients had family history of risk factors like diabetics mellitus, obesity, hypertension etc. CONCLUSIONS: 50 gm Oral Glucose Challenge Test can be used in pregnant ladies from 24 weeks onward to detect the common disorders of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Impaired Glucose Tolerance.

Trial of scar and vaginal birth after caesarean section.

BACKGROUND: The caesarean section rate has increased to an alarming extent in the last three decades the world over and fear of rupture of uterus in subsequent pregnancy and labour has led to a high rate of repeat caesarean sections. The objective of this study was to determine the final outcome of a trial of scar and Vaginal Birth After Caesarean Section (VBAC) and develop guidelines to reduce the rate of unnecessary repeat caesarean section. METHODS: This study was carried out in Obstetric and Gynecology Unit 'A' of Ayub Teaching Hospital Abbottabad from 01.11.2002 to 31.10.2004. A total of 2652 patients were delivered during this period out of which 297 patients had history of one previous caesarean section. A total of 53 patients had an elective repeat caesarean section and rest of 244 was subjected to a trial of scar. RESULT: Out of 244 patients selected for trial of scar, 165 (67.2%) had a successful uncomplicated vaginal delivery, 7 (3.2%) were delivered by forceps, 11 (5.2%) with vacuum extractor and 61 (24.4%) required a repeat emergency caesarean section. 83% of the patients had a spontaneous onset of labour and 17% needed induction of labour with prostaglandin E2 pesseries and augmentation of the labour with oxytocin. However repeat caesarean section rate was high in the later group. 71.2% of the babies were born with Apgar score > 8 and 24.6% had an Apgar score between 6-8. There were 3 cases of scar dehiscence and one case of ruptured uterus and one baby was lost due to this complication. No serious maternal complication occurred. CONCLUSIONS: More than 75% of the patients with previous one caesarean section for non-recurrent cause can be successfully delivered vaginally. Antenatal booking and follow up, careful case selection for trial of scar and close observations during labour will achieve successful maternal and perinatal outcome. VBAC also saves any future caesarean sections, as currently previous two caesarean sections is an indication for elective caesarean section.

Health education program for mothers of children suffering from iron deficiency anemia in United Arab Emirates.

The present study was designed to assess knowledge, beliefs and practices of mothers regarding factors leading to iron deficiency anemia among children, to develop a health education (HE) program according to the needs of the target group, to determine the effect of the program in terms of changes in mothers' knowledge, practices and beliefs using Health Belief Model (HBM), and to determine the hemoglobin and hematocrite levels of the children of the target group before and after the program. The sample size was 200 anemic children aged 6-24 months and their mothers, 100 of them were randomly assigned to face to face intervention program (experimental group) (I), the other 100 were the control group (II). Only 16% of mothers of group I and 18% of mothers of group II got satisfactory level of knowledge. After the conduction of HE program, the mothers' knowledge was significantly increased among group I, while almost there was no change of the knowledge's level among group II. Only 7% of mothers of group I and 27% of those of group II had high perceived severity. Only 8% of mothers of group I and 14% of those of group II had low perceived barriers. After the program, 58% of mothers in group I got low perceived barriers. Only 28% of mothers of group I and 21% of those of group II had good dietary practice. After the program, 74% of mothers in group I showed good dietary practice. There were highly significant increases in the levels of hemoglobin and hematocrite of children of group I after the program, while the increases were not significant in group II.