Methods for detection and quantification of gelatin from different sources.

Gelatin is a water-soluble protein obtained from the collagen of various animal origins (porcine, bovine, fish, donkey, horse, and deer hide) and has diverse applications in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetics industries. Porcine and bovine gelatins are extensively used in food and non-food products; however, their acceptance is limited due to religious prohibitions, whereas fish gelatin is accepted in all religions. In Southeast Asia, especially in China, gelatin obtained from donkey and deer skins is used in medicines. However, both sources suffer from adulteration (mixing different sources of gelatin) due to their limited availability and high cost. Unclear labeling and limited information about actual gelatin sources in gelatin-containing products cause serious concern among societies for halal and fraud authentication of gelatin sources. Therefore, authenticating gelatin sources in gelatin-based products is challenging due to close similarities between the composition differences and degradation of DNA and protein biomarkers in processed gelatin. Thus, different methods have been proposed to identify and quantify different gelatin sources in pharmaceutical and food products. To the best of our knowledge, this systematic and comprehensive review highlights different authentication techniques and their limitations in gelatin detection and quantification in various commercial products. This review also describes halal authentication and adulteration prevention strategies of various gelatin sources, mainly focussing on research gaps, challenges, and future directions in this research area.

Smartphone-Assisted EY@MOF-5-Based Dual-Emission Fluorescent Sensor for Rapid On-Site Detection of Daclatasvir and Nitenpyram.

Fluorescent metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are promising sensing materials with tunable and robust structural properties and remarkable luminescent capabilities. In this study, a novel dual-emission fluorescent metal-organic framework (EY@MOF-5) composite is synthesized by a one-pot bottle-around-ship approach. Eosin Y (EY) is encapsulated in MOF-5 to enhance its fluorescence properties and selectivity, effectively addressing typical MOF-5 limitations. EY@MOF-5 serves as a versatile dual-functional fluorescent sensor for two different analytes, daclatasvir (DCT) and nitenpyram (NTP), showing an impressive linear range of 10-200 nM and 0.1-300 µM, with detection limits of 233 pM and 65 nM, respectively. The established method is ultrafast, highly sensitive, and extremely selective for DCT and NTP detection in complex biological and food samples. Fluorescence results are compared and validated with the recommended UPLC method. Then, a smartphone-integrated sensing system is introduced for on-site, real-time, and quantitative analysis of DCT and NTP. The smartphone-assisted intelligent sensing method manifests promising results for DCT and NTP monitoring in biological and food samples, demonstrating its promising potential for the on-site detection of biologically and environmentally significant analytes.