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OBJECTIVE: To determine the clinical presentations, complications and mortality in patients with Dandy-Walker Malformation (DWM) after surgery i.e., shunt with y-connector. STUDY DESIGN: Case series. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY: Neurosurgery Ward, JPMC, Karachi, from January 2009 to December 2013. METHODOLOGY: Cases of DWM, with associated hydrocephalus, further confirmed on CT scan of brain, were admitted through OPD. Those who were previously operated, those with other associated co-morbid or anomalies were excluded from this study. Combined drainage of the ventricular system and posterior fossa cyst, via dual shunt i.e. cystoperitoneal and ventriculoperitoneal shunt with y-connector was performed in all patients. Complications and mortality after surgical intervention in these patients were noted upto one month after surgery. The data analysis for descriptive statistics was done on SPSS version 20. RESULTS: In this study of 70 patients, majority of the patients were female aged between 1 - 2 years. Hydrocephalus was the predominant symptom as being present in all patients, followed by cerebellar signs in 60 (86%), and other in 5 (7.14%) patients. Complications of surgery were infection and shunt fracture dislocation in 7 (10%) each, malpositioning and shunt blockage in 6 (8.5%) each within one month of surgery, intracranial haemorrhage in 5 (7.14%) patients. Only one patient (1.42%) expired after surgical intervention. CONCLUSION: In DWM, the commonest presentation is that of hydrocephalus. Shunt malfunction and infection are the commonest complication after shunting. Dual shunt with y-connector has the lowest mortality when compared with other methods for treatment of shunt with y-connector.
Assuntos
Cerebelo/anormalidades , Síndrome de Dandy-Walker/cirurgia , Hidrocefalia/cirurgia , Derivação Ventriculoperitoneal/métodos , Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagem , Pré-Escolar , Síndrome de Dandy-Walker/diagnóstico , Feminino , Humanos , Hidrocefalia/diagnóstico , Lactente , Masculino , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/diagnóstico , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X , Resultado do Tratamento , VentriculostomiaRESUMO
Objective: To elucidate the pattern of inheritance and determine the relative magnitude of various genetic effects for maturity and flowering attributes in subtropical maize. Methods:Four white grain maize inbred lines from flint group of corn, two with late maturity and two with early maturity, were used. These contrasting inbred lines were crossed to form four crosses. Six generations (P1, P2, F1, F2, BC1, and BC2) were developed for each individual cross. These were evaluated in triplicate trial for two consecutive years. Results: Both dominance gene action and epistatic interaction played major role in governing inheritance of days to pollen shedding, 50% silking, anthesis silking interval and maturity. Conclusions: Preponderance of dominance gene action for these traits indicated their usefulness in hybrid programs of subtropical maize.
RESUMO
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To determine the present status of plant communities and their possible association with the habitat in Malam Jabba, Swat, Pakistan.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A study on the phytoecology was conducted in various ecologically important sites of Malam Jabba, Swat, Pakistan from 2002 to 2004. The altitude of these sites ranged from 1 200 m to 3 200 m. Quadrat method was used for evaluation of plants communities and the data on these attributes was converted to relative values. The plant communities were named after 3 leading species with highest importance values. Biological spectrum of the flora based on the life form was prepared by following Raunkiar's life form classes.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The floristic composition and structure of the study area were found to be 200 species belonging to 75 families. Asteraceae, Lamiaceae and Poaceae were important families in the study area. The biological spectrum showed that therophytic and hemicrytophytic life form and micro-nonophyllous leaf sizes were dominant in the area. The air and soil temperatures were decreasing with increasing elevation. Both the air and soil temperatures were relatively higher in south slopes than on the northeast slopes. The vegetation analysis of the area indicated eleven plant communities around the area. The present vegetation is the relics of moist temperate coniferous forest in the area. The communities reflect highly deteriorated conditions. Both the structure and composition of the surrounding vegetation were associated with the types of habitats.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The conservation of the remaining populations of the reported communities will be best achieved by proper time of sustainable harvesting. It is only possible with the participation of local communities.</p>