Antioxidant and cytotoxicity activity of a nanoemulsion from Satureja kermanica (Lamiaceae).

OBJECTIVE: Satureja kermanica is a native species with a relatively wide distribution in Iran, which has been studied less. Due to the low stability of the plants, in this study, the methanolic extract of S. kermanica (MSK) along with a nanoemulsion (NEK) preparation was evaluated in terms of antioxidant and cytotoxic activity. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The aerial parts of S. kermanica were collected and after studying the organoleptic characteristics and quality control parameters, were extracted with methanol. Total phenolic compounds and total flavonoids of the plant were measured. A nanoemulsion preparation was prepared using ultrasonication method from S. kermanica extract. After measuring the particle size of nanoemulsion, both MSK and NEK were evaluated for their antioxidant and cytotoxic activity using DPPH scavenging assay and MTT colorimetric method on breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) respectively. RESULTS: Phytochemical studies exhibited the presence of secondary metabolites including flavonoids, tannins, steroids and carbohydrates in the plant. Based on the histogram of the SBL nanosizer, the average diameter of nanoemulsion was determined as 37.09nm. Both MSK and NEK showed dose-dependent antioxidant and cytotoxic activity. The IC50 value of MSK and NEK for DPPH inhibition was 30.105±2.781 58.14±0.84µg/mL and for toxicity toward MCF-7 cell line was 1251.088 and 201.745±4.554µg/mL respectively. CONCLUSION: MSK and NEK showed antioxidant and cytotoxic activity, but in NEK, the antioxidant and cytotoxic potential of the plant was more prominent, which may be due to the rapid release of the bioactive component from the nanoemulsion.

Ameliorating Effect of Standardized Extract From Textured Soy Protein (Glycine max L.) on Memory Deficit and Learning Insufficiency in Scopolamine-induced Amnesia.

Introduction: Textured soy protein (TSP) and nuts are two processed forms of soybean (Glycine max L.) that are widely consumed for nutritional purposes in Iran. Recently, we have reported the antioxidant and anticholinesterase effects of raw soybean (RS) attributed to isoflavones, such as genistein. In this work, we aimed to compare in vitro antioxidant and anticholinesterase effects of TSP, nuts, and RS to select the most effective one for learning capacity and spatial memory studies. Methods: Genistein content was determined using high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC), while diphenylpicrylhydrazil (DPPH) radical scavenging and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) were used to study antioxidant evaluation and Ellman's colorimetric method was used to measure anticholinesterase. TSP extract (TSPE) was administered to male rats (100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg, intraperitoneally [i.p] for 7 days) before scopolamine injection (1 mg/kg). Learning capacity and spatial memory were evaluated using passive avoidance test (PAT) and Morris water maze (MWM) methods compared to physostigmine and piracetam. Results: The greatest antioxidant and anticholinesterase effect was observed for TSPE, which significantly prolonged initially latency in PTA (P<0.05) and improved all indicators in the MWM test at 200 mg/kg. Conclusion: The memory-improving effect of TSPE may be due to its antioxidant and anticholinesterase effect as well as neuroprotective effects of its isoflavones. Highlights: Different samples (nuts-raw soybeans-TSP) prepared from soybeans.All samples exhibited antioxidant and anti-cholinesterase effects in vitro studies.TSP showed the most biological activity and the greatest genistein content.TSP significantly improved memory and learning indicators at 200 mg/kg.These effects are attributed to its antioxidant and anticholinesterase activity.Plant isoflavones have neuroprotective effects. Plain Language Summary: Alzheimer's disease (AD), is one of the problems of the elderly society, which has a lot of emotional and financial costs. AD is a type of progressive brain disease in which neurons are destroyed and memory is lost. This disease currently has no definitive treatment and the only way is to prevent the disease from spreading. Much research has been devoted to finding suitable and effective treatments for AD. Many food and herbal medicines have shown to be effective in controlling this disease. Soybean is a plant that is widely used as food and snacks in Iran in different ways. In this study, we prepared three preparation from soya beans which have been widely used by Iranian people including raw soya, nut (roasted form) and textured soy protein (TSP). The effect of these preparations have been studied on memory and learning in amnestic rats through different pharmacological studies. The results indicated that TSP due to antioxidant and anticholinesterase activity significantly can augment memory enhancing and learning ability Alzheimer's disease (AD), is one of the problems of the elderly society, which has a lot of emotional and financial costs. AD is a type of progressive brain disease in which neurons are destroyed and memory is lost. This disease currently has no definitive treatment and the only way is to prevent the disease from spreading. Much research has been devoted to finding suitable and effective treatments for AD. Many food and herbal medicines have shown to be effective in controlling this disease. Soybean is a plant that is widely used as food and snacks in Iran in different ways. In this study, we prepared three preparation from soya beans which have been widely used by Iranian people including raw soya, nut (roasted form) and textured soy protein (TSP). The effect of these preparations have been studied on memory and learning in amnestic rats through different pharmacological studies. The results indicated that TSP due to antioxidant and anticholinesterase activity significantly can augment memory enhancing and learning ability. TSP also contains some phytochemicals such as phytoestrogens which have shown neuroprotective activity in different studies.

Pharmacokinetic profile of diosgenin and trigonelline following intravenous and oral administration of fenugreek seed extract and pure compound in rabbit.

Diosgenin (DI) and trigonelline (TRG) are the main bioactive compounds of fenugreek seed. A micro-extraction method using magnetic nanocomposites coupled with ion-pairing reversed phase HPLC (RP-HPLC) method was used to determine the analytes in rabbit plasma. The main PK parameters after oral administration of pure DI and the extract were: Cmax: 0.48, 0.057 µg/ml; tmax: 1, 2 h; and t1/2ß: 6.23, 15.04 h, respectively. Pure TRG and the extract PK parameters were: Cmax: 0.121, 0.081 µg/ml; tmax: 1.30, 1.30 h; and t1/2ß: 20.06, 24.70 h, respectively. Generally, the PK profile of the two compounds was best fitted on the two-compartment model.[Formula: see text].