Income Disparity and Healthcare Utilization: Lessons from Indonesia's National Health Insurance Claim Data.

BACKGROUND: Indonesia's National Health Insurance Program, known as Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional (JKN), has a variety of membership pathways for those wishing to gain access. Claim data from JKN offers a cost-effective way of observing who is accessing healthcare services and what types of services are being used. This study is a novel attempt to measure disparities amongst JKN users in their engagement with services, providing an opportunity to reflect on patterns of use. METHODS: Using claims data collected from JKN users between 2015-2016, we used the Ordinary Least Square estimation model to compare health services utilization among subsidized and non-subsidized users. We focused primarily on the individual use of the hospital for outpatient and inpatient treatment. RESULTS: Analysis reveals that subsidized users access primary healthcare services more frequently than non-subsidized users. Conversely, non-subsidized users access secondary and tertiary health care services more frequently than other users. Subsidized users who utilize secondary and tertiary health care tend to suffer more severe health illnesses than non-subsidized members. CONCLUSIONS: This study concludes that income disparity affects healthcare utilization. Non-subsidized members are more likely than subsidized members to access secondary and tertiary health care services. Our study offers evidence of the potential underutilization of secondary and tertiary healthcare (STHC) by subsidized members, which could lead to inefficiency since subsidized members seeking STHC treatment had severe health conditions, thus needing to be treated longer and requiring higher healthcare expenditures.

Corporate social responsibility and customer's responses: CSR authenticity and government intervention during the COVID-19 pandemic.

COVID-19 had unparalleled social and economic impacts in many countries, including Indonesia. Companies are urged to develop corporate social responsibility (CSR) in this challenging environment to support society. As CSR enters a more developed stage, the government's role in initiating and promoting it has also been recognized. First, this study explores the company's motives for engaging in CSR, as well as the role of government by interviewing three CSR officials. Further, this study investigates the effects of CSR motives, CSR authenticity, and corporate brand image on community well-being and customer citizenship behavior, with government intervention as a moderating variable, by an online survey to analyze nine hypotheses. Using purposive sampling, 652 respondents from five local companies in Indonesia participated in the survey, and the data were analyzed using SmartPLS. The interviews showed two CSR motives and the role of government, and the survey showed mixed results on the impact of CSR motives on CSR authenticity and corporate brand image, the positive impacts of CSR authenticity and corporate brand image on community well-being, and customer citizenship behavior. Although high levels of government intervention are noticeable, this variable was not found to be a significant moderator. This study highlights the importance of how customers perceive CSR motives and authenticity, so companies should consider it when developing CSR activities. Engaging in CSR initiatives during a crisis may improve a company's brand image and customer citizenship behavior. However, companies should appropriately manage their CSR communications to avoid customers' suspicion about the CSR motives.

A decade of systematic literature review on Airbnb: the sharing economy from a multiple stakeholder perspective.

Airbnb, which launched its business in 2009, has experienced explosive growth by creating value through the sharing economy business model. The Airbnb business model helps property owners exploit underutilized assets. However, along with its rapid growth, controversies have arisen among many stakeholders, especially the traditional hotel industry, communities, and policymakers. This study reviews academic articles to pinpoint the factors involved in the relationships among Airbnb and its multiple stakeholders. The aim is to identify the benefits, drawbacks, and issues surrounding Airbnb. The analysis is based on the perspectives of six Airbnb stakeholders: guests, hosts, employees, communities, competitors, and policymakers. A variety of scholarly journals indexed in the Scopus database were reviewed, with 282 included in the final analysis. The analysis will be useful for academics, practitioners, and policymakers alike, as it summarizes the Airbnb relevant actors, identifies key factors that influence stakeholder behavior, and assesses the power and level of influence of each stakeholder. Ultimately, the study points to potential directions for future research on Airbnb.

Perceptions of nutritional value, sensory appeal, and price influencing customer intention to purchase frozen beef: Evidence from Indonesia.

The lack of public understanding of frozen meat encourages consumers to buy only fresh meat, which has caused imported frozen meat to remain unabsorbed by the market despite the growing demand for meat. This study aims to analyze consumer perceptions that affect the intention to purchase frozen meat, which is mediated by the attitude toward frozen meat. Several factors were tested: perceived nutritional content, perceived sensory appeal, and perceived price. The method used in this study is quantitative ̶ an online questionnaire collects data from 536 customers who are the buyers and decision-makers in buying meat in their household. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to analyze the data. The results of this study indicate that higher consumer perceptions of nutritional content, sensory appeal, and price lead to higher attitudes toward frozen meat and in turn, increase purchase intention.

Generic and Islamic attributes for non-Muslim majority destinations: application of the three-factor theory of customer satisfaction.

To provide Muslim-friendly tourism and attract Muslim tourists, destination marketers must not only consider the generic attributes commonly available at the destination, they must also ensure the availability of attributes that serve the needs of Muslim tourists: Islamic attributes. This study identifies and classifies generic and Islamic attributes as basic, performance, and excitement factors in accordance with the three-factor theory of customer satisfaction to emphasise that the three factors may have different impacts on tourist satisfaction. This study also examines the influence of the three factors on satisfaction and the consequences of satisfaction on tourists' behavioural and attitudinal loyalty. A survey was conducted with 604 Muslim tourists who visited non-Muslim destinations. The results showed that all generic attributes influenced Muslim tourists' satisfaction, whereas for Islamic attributes, only the classification of excitement factors significantly affected their satisfaction. The consequences of satisfaction were also found to have a significant effect on increasing tourists' behavioural and attitudinal loyalty.