A qualitative risk assessment methodology for scientific expert panels.

Risk assessment can be either quantitative, i.e. providing a numeric estimate of the probability of risk and the magnitude of the consequences, or qualitative, using a descriptive approach. The French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), formerly the French Food Safety Agency (AFSSA), bases its assessments on the opinions of scientific panels, such as the ANSES Animal Health Scientific Panel (AH-SP). Owing to the lack of relevant data and the very short period of time usually allowed to assess animal health risks on particular topics, this panel has been using a qualitative risk method for evaluating animal health risks or crises for the past few years. Some experts have drawn attention to the limitations of this method, such as the need to extend the range of adjectives used for the lower probabilities and to develop a way to assess consequences. The aim of this paper is to describe the improved method now established by the AH-SP, taking into account the limitations of the first version. The authors describe a new set of levels for probabilities, as well as the items considered when addressing either animal or human health consequences.

Global change: impact, management, risk approach and health measures--the case of Europe.

Global changes, including an increase in trade and global warming, which act on the environment, are likely to impact on the evolution of pathogens and hence of diseases. To anticipate the risks created by this new situation, a French group of experts has developed a method for prioritising animal health risks. This is a two-phase method: the first step is to identify the diseases whose incidence or geographical distribution could be affected by the changes taking place, and the second step is to evaluate the risk of each of these diseases. As a result of this process, six priority diseases were selected: bluetongue, Rift Valley fever, West Nile fever, visceral leishmaniasis, leptospirosis and African horse sickness. The main recommendations were: to develop epidemiological surveillance, to increase knowledge of epidemiological cycles, to develop research into these diseases and to pool cross-border efforts to control them.

[Detection of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) by reverse transcription followed by polymerase chain reaction. Diagnostic validation]. / Détection du virus de la septicémie hémorragique virale (SHV) de la truite arc-en-ciel (Oncorhynchus mykiss) par une transcription inverse suivie d'une amplification en chaîne par polymérase. Validations diagnostiques.

Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) is a fish pathogen that attacks rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) farming. The only diagnostic method recognised by the European community for VHS is based on the detection of the viral agent in cell culture followed by an immunological identification of the pathogen. Reverse transcription followed by a double amplification of the polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for the gene encoding the viral glycoprotein G is proposed here as an alternative method to the virus assay in cell culture. The RT-PCR was found to have three advantages over the viral assay method. First, the RT-PCR was found to be more rapid than the virus assay method (24 h compared to 72-120 h). Second, this method was found to be more sensitive than the virus assay (2.10(-2) pfu of virus were detected per millilitre of viral suspension compared to 2.10(-1) pfu.mL-1 by inoculation of the cell lines EPC and RTG2). Third, the RT-PCR was shown to be specific towards the VHS virus assay (represented by its four serotypes VHS I, VHS II, VHS 23/75 and VHS IV). Moreover no amplification was obtained with the other rhabdoviruses used: infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (American strain Amend 72, WRAC, RB, SRVC) and French reference strain 69/87, eel viruses, spring viraemia of carp virus and pike fry virus. The validation of this method was performed on organs removed from experimentally infected rainbow trout and ovarian fluid samples from farmed broodfish from D0 to D150. By using RT-PCR between D30 and D60, 13 samples from nine experimentally infected trout (ten kidney-spleen pools and three brains) tested positive, whereas only nine samples (four kidney-spleen pools and five brains) from six fish were positive at D30. The last positive response was obtained by RT-PCR at D60 for kidney-spleen pools from three fish. At D150, all the results were negative. From the 60 ovarian fluid samples tested, 28 were VHS positive by the RT-PCR versus 15 by the virus assay method. Eleven out of the 60 broodfish had neutralised anti-VHS, six were negative by RT-PCR and by the virus assay, four were positive by RT-PCR and negative by virus assay and one positive by both methods. The specificity, sensitivity and rapidity of the RT-PCR method makes it an attractive alternative to classical virological methods currently recommended by European Fish Health Surveillance Programmes.

Effect of pesticides (atrazine and lindane) on the replication of spring viremia of carp virus in vitro.

Atrazine and lindane are widely employed as pesticides in agriculture, which by wash off, could contaminate the aquatic environment. In this study, they were tested in vitro on the replication of the virus of Spring Viremia of Carp (SVC) in Epithelioma Papulosum Cyprini cell line. They were dissolved first in DMSO and then in medium at their solubility limit in water (28 and 10 mg/l). The results of the kinetic titers after 72 h showed no statistically significant difference between control and contaminated cells.