[Endovascular aortic repair of endoleaks : Diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes]. / Endovaskuläre Aortenreparatur bei Endoleaks : Diagnose, Behandlung und Ergebnisse.

All patients who underwent endovascular aortic repair (EVAR) need a thorough follow-up, at least yearly. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound and computed tomography angiography (CTA) are the most important modalities for detection of endoleaks, whereby CTA allows better differentiation of endoleak type. High pressure endoleaks (type I and III) are an absolute indication for treatment if they do not resolve spontaneously in the short term. Type II endoleaks are mostly benign and may be routinely controlled if there is no progression of the aneurysm. Type II endoleaks associated with aneurysm progression may be treated with embolization; however, whether they must be treated is a matter of discussion. Nonetheless, a type II endoleak must be treated when progression shortens the aneurysm neck and the threat of a type I endoleak is at hand. Type I endoleaks are the main limitation of stent grafts. An adequate proximal landing zone is the best prevention for type I endoleaks, even if fenestrated stent grafts have to be used. Various fixation devices for short necks are currently under investigation.

[Fenestrated and branched endovascular aortic prostheses : An update]. / Fenestrierte und verzweigte endovaskuläre Aortenprothesen : Ein Update.

BACKGROUND: Today, complex abdominal aortic pathologies involving the visceral arteries and without an adequate proximal neck can be treated using fenestrated/branched endovascular aortic repair (FEVAR/BEVAR) with similar safety and success rates as infrarenal aortic pathologies treated with tubular EVAR. METHODICAL INNOVATIONS AND CHALLENGES: Fenestrations (if the vessel originates from a nondilated aorta) or branches (if the vessel originates from a dilated aorta) may be used for the visceral arteries. Both types of openings are sealed via bridging stent grafts that connect to the target vessel. Multiple manufacturers offer fenestrated or branched endoprostheses, with only a few being CE certified and the majority in Europe being patient-specific custom-made devices. Therefore, they require a certain delivery time which precludes acute patients from such treatment. However, two stent grafts with four branches for thoracoabdominal aneurysms are available off the shelf and are anatomically suitable for the majority of patients, thus, allowing for acute treatment. All FEVAR and BEVAR main bodies require bridging stent grafts, all of which are used off-label. RECOMMENDATIONS: As bridging stent grafts are one of the main reasons for reinterventions, one should be aware of fractures and kinking of the bridging stent grafts during follow-up and should refrain from using single-layered bridging stent grafts in BEVAR.